Organic Rankine Cycle Market by Components (Condensers, Evaporator, Pumps), Working Fluid Type (Hydrocarbons, Refrigerants, Siloxanes), Cycle Type, Capacity, Application, End-User - Global Forecast 2025-2032
Description
The Organic Rankine Cycle Market was valued at USD 920.63 million in 2024 and is projected to grow to USD 968.04 million in 2025, with a CAGR of 5.38%, reaching USD 1,400.69 million by 2032.
A concise orientation to Organic Rankine Cycle fundamentals that frames component roles, working fluid choices, and strategic value for low-grade heat electrification
The Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) represents a proven thermodynamic approach for converting low- to medium-grade thermal resources into electrical power, unlocking energy that conventional steam cycles cannot economically harvest. Driven by advancements in component design, improved working fluids, and tighter system integration, ORC technology is emerging as a practical pathway for decarbonizing power supply across diverse industrial applications. This introduction synthesizes the foundational principles of ORC systems, clarifies the role of key subsystems, and frames the strategic value of ORC deployment within contemporary energy transition objectives.
ORC systems operate by circulating an organic working fluid through an evaporator, turbine, condenser, and pump. The selection and optimization of each element-condensers, evaporators, pumps, and turbines-determine overall efficiency, operational flexibility, and lifecycle performance. As a result, system architects are increasingly focused on matching cycle design and working fluid to the specific heat source, whether biomass combustion, geothermal gradients, concentrated solar thermal fields, or industrial waste heat streams. The introduction concludes by establishing how ORC technologies bridge operational reliability with sustainability targets, creating immediate opportunities for energy-intensive sectors seeking to reduce greenhouse gas footprints while improving energy efficiency and resiliency.
Emerging technological and commercial shifts reshaping Organic Rankine Cycle adoption through advanced components, modularization, and data-driven operations
The ORC landscape is undergoing transformative shifts driven by technology maturation, supply chain evolution, and policy incentives that prioritize decarbonization. Key engineering advances include improved turbine blade geometries and advanced heat exchanger materials that enable higher thermal glide tolerance and reduce parasitic losses. Concurrently, growing familiarity with alternative working fluids-spanning hydrocarbons, engineered refrigerants, and siloxanes-has expanded the operational envelope for ORC systems, permitting deployment across a broader range of source temperatures and duty cycles.
Market dynamics are also changing as manufacturers pursue modular, factory-built ORC packages that accelerate field commissioning and reduce balance-of-plant risks. Integration of digital control systems and predictive maintenance analytics has improved availability and lowered levelized operating costs, creating a competitive advantage for suppliers that can offer end-to-end service agreements. At the same time, customers are shifting procurement criteria to emphasize lifecycle emissions, serviceability, and interoperability with existing plant controls. These trends collectively indicate a move from pilot deployments and bespoke installations to more standardized, repeatable solutions that can scale with industrial decarbonization initiatives.
Assessment of how United States tariff measures in 2025 are altering procurement strategies, manufacturing footprints, and risk mitigation for ORC project sponsors
The United States tariff actions announced for 2025 introduce a material variable into procurement strategies, supply-chain planning, and project timelines for ORC deployments. Tariff measures targeting specific imported components and assemblies can influence the cost structure of key subsystems such as specialized heat exchangers, high-efficiency turbines, and certain precision-manufactured pumps. In response, original equipment manufacturers and project developers are reassessing sourcing strategies to mitigate exposure to ad valorem duties, embargoes, or classification changes that could increase landed costs or prolong lead times.
Consequently, several adaptive paths are emerging. First, there is a renewed emphasis on nearshoring or reshoring critical component manufacturing to limit tariff vulnerabilities and compress logistics chains. Second, consortium-driven procurement and long-term strategic supplier agreements are being used to lock pricing and secure capacity, while manufacturers explore design-for-manufacturability adjustments that substitute tariff-sensitive inputs without materially affecting performance. Third, project financiers and offtakers are requiring more detailed supply-chain transparency and contingency planning as a precondition for investment. In combination, these responses underscore a market pivot toward resilience and cost certainty, rather than purely lowest-cost sourcing, and they will shape deployment rhythm and vendor selection through 2025 and beyond.
Targeted segmentation insights that tie component performance, working fluid selection, cycle architecture, and end-use applications to commercial strategy and R&D priorities
Segment-driven insight reveals where ORC technology creates differentiated value and how players should align product and commercial strategies accordingly. When analyzing systems by components, attention must be given to the performance and reliability trade-offs introduced by condensers, evaporators, pumps, and turbines, since incremental gains at subsystem level compound into substantive cycle efficiency improvements. In parallel, differentiation by working fluid type-hydrocarbons, refrigerants, and siloxanes-creates distinct safety, environmental, and performance profiles that dictate site-specific compliance needs and maintenance regimes.
Cycle type segmentation-subcritical, supercritical, and transcritical-highlights varying thermal efficiency opportunities and material challenges, and thus informs where R&D investment will generate the highest marginal returns. Capacity segmentation between large-scale, medium-scale, and small-scale ORC systems clarifies deployment pathways from utility-scale power plants to distributed industrial applications, and it helps match financing models to project size. Application-driven segmentation across biomass energy, geothermal power plants, solar power generation, and waste heat recovery reveals how heat source characteristics influence package configuration and O&M intensity. Finally, end-user segmentation spanning energy and utilities, manufacturing, marine, and oil and gas emphasizes the importance of tailored value propositions; each vertical applies different uptime requirements, installation constraints, and lifecycle priorities, meaning commercialization approaches must be customized to secure long-term contracts and service revenues.
High-impact regional insights describing how Americas, EMEA, and Asia-Pacific market dynamics and policies are influencing ORC deployment pathways and supply chains
Regional dynamics are shaping where ORC technology will scale most rapidly and where localized capabilities will determine competitive advantage. In the Americas, policy incentives for emissions reduction, combined with a strong industrial base and established geothermal and biomass resources, create fertile ground for both utility and industrial-scale ORC projects. North American project developers are prioritizing modular, skid-mounted solutions to reduce on-site construction complexity and to address diverse regulatory environments across jurisdictions.
Across Europe, the Middle East, and Africa, regulatory frameworks emphasizing circular economy principles and industrial decarbonization are driving interest in waste heat recovery and biomass-to-power projects, while capital markets reward demonstrable emissions reductions. The region’s heterogeneous policy landscape is prompting suppliers to offer flexible contracting models and to form cross-border partnerships that can address varied permitting and grid-integration challenges. In Asia-Pacific, high growth in manufacturing, prolific availability of geothermal and biomass resources in select countries, and aggressive national clean-energy agendas are accelerating ORC adoption. This region is also seeing rapid vertical integration of supply chains, with local manufacturers scaling up to meet regional demand and to reduce import exposure. Taken together, regional contrasts will influence product roadmaps, go-to-market strategies, and partnership choices for global vendors and project developers.
Strategic behaviors and competitive positioning among ORC ecosystem participants focusing on integration, service monetization, and partnership-driven innovation
Major companies in the ORC ecosystem are pursuing strategies that combine product innovation with broader commercial offerings to capture lifetime value. Equipment manufacturers are evolving from component suppliers into systems integrators that bundle performance guarantees, long-term service contracts, and digital monitoring solutions. This shift aligns incentives across project lifecycles and creates recurring revenue streams while reducing end-customer operational risk. Strategic partnerships between turbine manufacturers, heat exchanger specialists, and control-system providers are increasingly common, enabling faster scalability and shared intellectual property advantages.
At the same time, service providers and engineering firms are expanding capabilities in site assessment, retrofit engineering, and performance optimization to address the retrofit market for existing industrial plants. Financial firms and utilities are also entering arrangements that provide project-level capital and structured offtake agreements, thereby lowering barriers for industrial and commercial adopters. Competitive differentiation is emerging around proprietary working fluid management practices, low-maintenance turbine designs, and modular fabrication approaches that reduce field labor. Leadership in these areas often correlates with substantial investments in testing facilities and collaborative R&D with academia, which in turn accelerates time-to-market for next-generation ORC packages.
Actionable strategic priorities for executives to de-risk ORC deployment, optimize supply chains, and monetize lifecycle services for sustained competitive advantage
Industry leaders should prioritize actions that reduce deployment friction, manage supply-chain risk, and maximize lifecycle value. First, executives should accelerate investments in modular system design and standard interfaces to enable rapid factory assembly and simplified field commissioning; this reduces on-site labor costs and shortens the timeline from contract award to energy production. Second, firms should diversify supplier bases for tariff-sensitive components and consider nearshoring key manufacturing capabilities to build cost predictability and shorten lead times. Third, companies must develop robust working fluid strategies that balance thermal performance with environmental compliance and safety requirements, including contracts that guarantee supply continuity and quality control.
Additionally, leaders should integrate digital twin platforms and predictive maintenance into their service offerings to improve availability and demonstrate quantifiable performance guarantees to customers. Collaboration with end-users to pilot hybrid configurations and to validate system performance under real-world conditions will accelerate contract conversions. Finally, organizational focus on talent development-specifically training in ORC-specific commissioning, maintenance, and system optimization-will reduce operational risks and enhance customer satisfaction. By pursuing these priorities, companies can strengthen their competitive position while contributing meaningfully to client decarbonization goals.
A rigorous research methodology combining primary interviews, site assessments, literature review, supply-chain mapping, and expert validation to ensure robust, actionable insights
The research underpinning this executive summary relies on a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods designed to ensure analytic rigor and practical relevance. Primary data was collected through structured interviews with equipment manufacturers, project developers, component suppliers, and end-user engineering teams to capture firsthand perspectives on technology performance and procurement constraints. This primary research was augmented by site visits and technical assessments of operating ORC installations to observe real-world performance characteristics, maintenance practices, and system integration challenges.
Secondary research sources included peer-reviewed engineering literature, standards documentation, regulatory filings, and patent databases to map innovation trajectories and identify emerging design patterns. Supply-chain mapping techniques were applied to trace component flows, identify concentration risks, and evaluate tariff exposure. Finally, expert validation workshops were conducted with independent technical advisors and industry consultants to vet assumptions and to refine practical recommendations. Throughout the process, results were triangulated across data sources to ensure consistency and to produce robust insights that reflect both current capabilities and near-term technological trajectories.
Key concluding perspectives on the strategic role of ORC systems in industrial decarbonization and the organizational capabilities required to scale deployment effectively
Organic Rankine Cycle technology stands at an inflection point where engineering maturity, industrial demand, and policy drivers converge to enable broader adoption. The cumulative effect of component innovations, working fluid diversification, and digital integration is enhancing the economic and operational proposition for ORC projects across multiple applications. However, external factors such as tariff changes and localized manufacturing dynamics will influence procurement strategies and the pace of deployment, requiring proactive supply-chain management and adaptive design approaches.
Looking ahead, ORC systems will play a distinct role in decarbonization portfolios by capturing low-grade heat resources that would otherwise remain unused. Success will favor organizations that combine technological excellence with flexible commercial models, resilient sourcing strategies, and strong after-sales capabilities. In sum, stakeholders that align product development with regulatory trends, prioritize system standardization, and invest in lifecycle service models will be best positioned to convert emerging opportunities into sustained commercial success.
Note: PDF & Excel + Online Access - 1 Year
A concise orientation to Organic Rankine Cycle fundamentals that frames component roles, working fluid choices, and strategic value for low-grade heat electrification
The Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) represents a proven thermodynamic approach for converting low- to medium-grade thermal resources into electrical power, unlocking energy that conventional steam cycles cannot economically harvest. Driven by advancements in component design, improved working fluids, and tighter system integration, ORC technology is emerging as a practical pathway for decarbonizing power supply across diverse industrial applications. This introduction synthesizes the foundational principles of ORC systems, clarifies the role of key subsystems, and frames the strategic value of ORC deployment within contemporary energy transition objectives.
ORC systems operate by circulating an organic working fluid through an evaporator, turbine, condenser, and pump. The selection and optimization of each element-condensers, evaporators, pumps, and turbines-determine overall efficiency, operational flexibility, and lifecycle performance. As a result, system architects are increasingly focused on matching cycle design and working fluid to the specific heat source, whether biomass combustion, geothermal gradients, concentrated solar thermal fields, or industrial waste heat streams. The introduction concludes by establishing how ORC technologies bridge operational reliability with sustainability targets, creating immediate opportunities for energy-intensive sectors seeking to reduce greenhouse gas footprints while improving energy efficiency and resiliency.
Emerging technological and commercial shifts reshaping Organic Rankine Cycle adoption through advanced components, modularization, and data-driven operations
The ORC landscape is undergoing transformative shifts driven by technology maturation, supply chain evolution, and policy incentives that prioritize decarbonization. Key engineering advances include improved turbine blade geometries and advanced heat exchanger materials that enable higher thermal glide tolerance and reduce parasitic losses. Concurrently, growing familiarity with alternative working fluids-spanning hydrocarbons, engineered refrigerants, and siloxanes-has expanded the operational envelope for ORC systems, permitting deployment across a broader range of source temperatures and duty cycles.
Market dynamics are also changing as manufacturers pursue modular, factory-built ORC packages that accelerate field commissioning and reduce balance-of-plant risks. Integration of digital control systems and predictive maintenance analytics has improved availability and lowered levelized operating costs, creating a competitive advantage for suppliers that can offer end-to-end service agreements. At the same time, customers are shifting procurement criteria to emphasize lifecycle emissions, serviceability, and interoperability with existing plant controls. These trends collectively indicate a move from pilot deployments and bespoke installations to more standardized, repeatable solutions that can scale with industrial decarbonization initiatives.
Assessment of how United States tariff measures in 2025 are altering procurement strategies, manufacturing footprints, and risk mitigation for ORC project sponsors
The United States tariff actions announced for 2025 introduce a material variable into procurement strategies, supply-chain planning, and project timelines for ORC deployments. Tariff measures targeting specific imported components and assemblies can influence the cost structure of key subsystems such as specialized heat exchangers, high-efficiency turbines, and certain precision-manufactured pumps. In response, original equipment manufacturers and project developers are reassessing sourcing strategies to mitigate exposure to ad valorem duties, embargoes, or classification changes that could increase landed costs or prolong lead times.
Consequently, several adaptive paths are emerging. First, there is a renewed emphasis on nearshoring or reshoring critical component manufacturing to limit tariff vulnerabilities and compress logistics chains. Second, consortium-driven procurement and long-term strategic supplier agreements are being used to lock pricing and secure capacity, while manufacturers explore design-for-manufacturability adjustments that substitute tariff-sensitive inputs without materially affecting performance. Third, project financiers and offtakers are requiring more detailed supply-chain transparency and contingency planning as a precondition for investment. In combination, these responses underscore a market pivot toward resilience and cost certainty, rather than purely lowest-cost sourcing, and they will shape deployment rhythm and vendor selection through 2025 and beyond.
Targeted segmentation insights that tie component performance, working fluid selection, cycle architecture, and end-use applications to commercial strategy and R&D priorities
Segment-driven insight reveals where ORC technology creates differentiated value and how players should align product and commercial strategies accordingly. When analyzing systems by components, attention must be given to the performance and reliability trade-offs introduced by condensers, evaporators, pumps, and turbines, since incremental gains at subsystem level compound into substantive cycle efficiency improvements. In parallel, differentiation by working fluid type-hydrocarbons, refrigerants, and siloxanes-creates distinct safety, environmental, and performance profiles that dictate site-specific compliance needs and maintenance regimes.
Cycle type segmentation-subcritical, supercritical, and transcritical-highlights varying thermal efficiency opportunities and material challenges, and thus informs where R&D investment will generate the highest marginal returns. Capacity segmentation between large-scale, medium-scale, and small-scale ORC systems clarifies deployment pathways from utility-scale power plants to distributed industrial applications, and it helps match financing models to project size. Application-driven segmentation across biomass energy, geothermal power plants, solar power generation, and waste heat recovery reveals how heat source characteristics influence package configuration and O&M intensity. Finally, end-user segmentation spanning energy and utilities, manufacturing, marine, and oil and gas emphasizes the importance of tailored value propositions; each vertical applies different uptime requirements, installation constraints, and lifecycle priorities, meaning commercialization approaches must be customized to secure long-term contracts and service revenues.
High-impact regional insights describing how Americas, EMEA, and Asia-Pacific market dynamics and policies are influencing ORC deployment pathways and supply chains
Regional dynamics are shaping where ORC technology will scale most rapidly and where localized capabilities will determine competitive advantage. In the Americas, policy incentives for emissions reduction, combined with a strong industrial base and established geothermal and biomass resources, create fertile ground for both utility and industrial-scale ORC projects. North American project developers are prioritizing modular, skid-mounted solutions to reduce on-site construction complexity and to address diverse regulatory environments across jurisdictions.
Across Europe, the Middle East, and Africa, regulatory frameworks emphasizing circular economy principles and industrial decarbonization are driving interest in waste heat recovery and biomass-to-power projects, while capital markets reward demonstrable emissions reductions. The region’s heterogeneous policy landscape is prompting suppliers to offer flexible contracting models and to form cross-border partnerships that can address varied permitting and grid-integration challenges. In Asia-Pacific, high growth in manufacturing, prolific availability of geothermal and biomass resources in select countries, and aggressive national clean-energy agendas are accelerating ORC adoption. This region is also seeing rapid vertical integration of supply chains, with local manufacturers scaling up to meet regional demand and to reduce import exposure. Taken together, regional contrasts will influence product roadmaps, go-to-market strategies, and partnership choices for global vendors and project developers.
Strategic behaviors and competitive positioning among ORC ecosystem participants focusing on integration, service monetization, and partnership-driven innovation
Major companies in the ORC ecosystem are pursuing strategies that combine product innovation with broader commercial offerings to capture lifetime value. Equipment manufacturers are evolving from component suppliers into systems integrators that bundle performance guarantees, long-term service contracts, and digital monitoring solutions. This shift aligns incentives across project lifecycles and creates recurring revenue streams while reducing end-customer operational risk. Strategic partnerships between turbine manufacturers, heat exchanger specialists, and control-system providers are increasingly common, enabling faster scalability and shared intellectual property advantages.
At the same time, service providers and engineering firms are expanding capabilities in site assessment, retrofit engineering, and performance optimization to address the retrofit market for existing industrial plants. Financial firms and utilities are also entering arrangements that provide project-level capital and structured offtake agreements, thereby lowering barriers for industrial and commercial adopters. Competitive differentiation is emerging around proprietary working fluid management practices, low-maintenance turbine designs, and modular fabrication approaches that reduce field labor. Leadership in these areas often correlates with substantial investments in testing facilities and collaborative R&D with academia, which in turn accelerates time-to-market for next-generation ORC packages.
Actionable strategic priorities for executives to de-risk ORC deployment, optimize supply chains, and monetize lifecycle services for sustained competitive advantage
Industry leaders should prioritize actions that reduce deployment friction, manage supply-chain risk, and maximize lifecycle value. First, executives should accelerate investments in modular system design and standard interfaces to enable rapid factory assembly and simplified field commissioning; this reduces on-site labor costs and shortens the timeline from contract award to energy production. Second, firms should diversify supplier bases for tariff-sensitive components and consider nearshoring key manufacturing capabilities to build cost predictability and shorten lead times. Third, companies must develop robust working fluid strategies that balance thermal performance with environmental compliance and safety requirements, including contracts that guarantee supply continuity and quality control.
Additionally, leaders should integrate digital twin platforms and predictive maintenance into their service offerings to improve availability and demonstrate quantifiable performance guarantees to customers. Collaboration with end-users to pilot hybrid configurations and to validate system performance under real-world conditions will accelerate contract conversions. Finally, organizational focus on talent development-specifically training in ORC-specific commissioning, maintenance, and system optimization-will reduce operational risks and enhance customer satisfaction. By pursuing these priorities, companies can strengthen their competitive position while contributing meaningfully to client decarbonization goals.
A rigorous research methodology combining primary interviews, site assessments, literature review, supply-chain mapping, and expert validation to ensure robust, actionable insights
The research underpinning this executive summary relies on a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods designed to ensure analytic rigor and practical relevance. Primary data was collected through structured interviews with equipment manufacturers, project developers, component suppliers, and end-user engineering teams to capture firsthand perspectives on technology performance and procurement constraints. This primary research was augmented by site visits and technical assessments of operating ORC installations to observe real-world performance characteristics, maintenance practices, and system integration challenges.
Secondary research sources included peer-reviewed engineering literature, standards documentation, regulatory filings, and patent databases to map innovation trajectories and identify emerging design patterns. Supply-chain mapping techniques were applied to trace component flows, identify concentration risks, and evaluate tariff exposure. Finally, expert validation workshops were conducted with independent technical advisors and industry consultants to vet assumptions and to refine practical recommendations. Throughout the process, results were triangulated across data sources to ensure consistency and to produce robust insights that reflect both current capabilities and near-term technological trajectories.
Key concluding perspectives on the strategic role of ORC systems in industrial decarbonization and the organizational capabilities required to scale deployment effectively
Organic Rankine Cycle technology stands at an inflection point where engineering maturity, industrial demand, and policy drivers converge to enable broader adoption. The cumulative effect of component innovations, working fluid diversification, and digital integration is enhancing the economic and operational proposition for ORC projects across multiple applications. However, external factors such as tariff changes and localized manufacturing dynamics will influence procurement strategies and the pace of deployment, requiring proactive supply-chain management and adaptive design approaches.
Looking ahead, ORC systems will play a distinct role in decarbonization portfolios by capturing low-grade heat resources that would otherwise remain unused. Success will favor organizations that combine technological excellence with flexible commercial models, resilient sourcing strategies, and strong after-sales capabilities. In sum, stakeholders that align product development with regulatory trends, prioritize system standardization, and invest in lifecycle service models will be best positioned to convert emerging opportunities into sustained commercial success.
Note: PDF & Excel + Online Access - 1 Year
Table of Contents
190 Pages
- 1. Preface
- 1.1. Objectives of the Study
- 1.2. Market Segmentation & Coverage
- 1.3. Years Considered for the Study
- 1.4. Currency
- 1.5. Language
- 1.6. Stakeholders
- 2. Research Methodology
- 3. Executive Summary
- 4. Market Overview
- 5. Market Insights
- 5.1. Integration of waste heat recovery systems into industrial processes using ORC technology to enhance energy efficiency
- 5.2. Deployment of modular micro ORC units for remote and off-grid applications in renewable energy projects
- 5.3. Development of advanced working fluids to improve thermal efficiency and environmental compliance in ORC systems
- 5.4. Adoption of digital twin and IoT monitoring to optimize performance and predictive maintenance of ORC plants
- 5.5. Scaling up biomass-fired ORC power plants in emerging economies to support sustainable rural electrification
- 5.6. Collaboration between turbine manufacturers and waste heat producers to customize ORC solutions for process industries
- 5.7. Government incentive programs driving investments in low-carbon waste heat to power projects using ORC cycles
- 6. Cumulative Impact of United States Tariffs 2025
- 7. Cumulative Impact of Artificial Intelligence 2025
- 8. Organic Rankine Cycle Market, by Components
- 8.1. Condensers
- 8.2. Evaporator
- 8.3. Pumps
- 8.4. Turbines
- 9. Organic Rankine Cycle Market, by Working Fluid Type
- 9.1. Hydrocarbons
- 9.2. Refrigerants
- 9.3. Siloxanes
- 10. Organic Rankine Cycle Market, by Cycle Type
- 10.1. Subcritical Cycle
- 10.2. Supercritical Cycle
- 10.3. Transcritical Cycle
- 11. Organic Rankine Cycle Market, by Capacity
- 11.1. Large-Scale ORC Systems
- 11.2. Medium-Scale ORC Systems
- 11.3. Small-Scale ORC Systems
- 12. Organic Rankine Cycle Market, by Application
- 12.1. Biomass Energy
- 12.2. Geothermal Power Plants
- 12.3. Solar Power Generation
- 12.4. Waste Heat Recovery
- 13. Organic Rankine Cycle Market, by End-User
- 13.1. Energy & Utilities
- 13.2. Manufacturing
- 13.3. Marine
- 13.4. Oil & Gas
- 14. Organic Rankine Cycle Market, by Region
- 14.1. Americas
- 14.1.1. North America
- 14.1.2. Latin America
- 14.2. Europe, Middle East & Africa
- 14.2.1. Europe
- 14.2.2. Middle East
- 14.2.3. Africa
- 14.3. Asia-Pacific
- 15. Organic Rankine Cycle Market, by Group
- 15.1. ASEAN
- 15.2. GCC
- 15.3. European Union
- 15.4. BRICS
- 15.5. G7
- 15.6. NATO
- 16. Organic Rankine Cycle Market, by Country
- 16.1. United States
- 16.2. Canada
- 16.3. Mexico
- 16.4. Brazil
- 16.5. United Kingdom
- 16.6. Germany
- 16.7. France
- 16.8. Russia
- 16.9. Italy
- 16.10. Spain
- 16.11. China
- 16.12. India
- 16.13. Japan
- 16.14. Australia
- 16.15. South Korea
- 17. Competitive Landscape
- 17.1. Market Share Analysis, 2024
- 17.2. FPNV Positioning Matrix, 2024
- 17.3. Competitive Analysis
- 17.3.1. ABB Ltd.
- 17.3.2. Againity AB
- 17.3.3. Air Squared, Inc.
- 17.3.4. ALFA LAVAL AB
- 17.3.5. Atlas Copco AB
- 17.3.6. Calnetix Technologies LLC
- 17.3.7. CLEAN ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
- 17.3.8. DeVeTec GmbH
- 17.3.9. Dürr Aktiengesellschaft
- 17.3.10. ElectraTherm, Inc.
- 17.3.11. Enogia SA
- 17.3.12. Exergy International S.r.l.
- 17.3.13. General Electric Company
- 17.3.14. Heatlift SAS
- 17.3.15. Kaishan USA
- 17.3.16. Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd.
- 17.3.17. ORCAN ENERGY AG
- 17.3.18. Ormat Technologies, Inc.
- 17.3.19. Siemens AG
- 17.3.20. Terrapin Geothermics
- 17.3.21. Triogen B.V.
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