Opioid Induced Constipation Market by Product Type (Combination Therapies, Laxatives, Peripherally Acting Mu-Opioid Receptor Antagonists), Route of Administration (Oral, Rectal), Distribution Channel - Global Forecast 2025-2032
Description
The Opioid Induced Constipation Market was valued at USD 70.10 million in 2024 and is projected to grow to USD 75.03 million in 2025, with a CAGR of 6.94%, reaching USD 119.94 million by 2032.
An urgent clinical and commercial framing that captures how opioid associated bowel dysfunction reshapes treatment priorities, patient expectations, and care delivery pathways
Opioid induced constipation presents a persistent clinical challenge that intersects patient quality of life, opioid therapy adherence, and health system resource allocation. As opioid use continues across acute and chronic care pathways, clinicians and payers confront the dual imperative of managing pain while mitigating gastrointestinal adverse effects that undermine treatment goals. This landscape has prompted intensified attention to both symptomatic therapies and mechanism-targeted agents, creating a more diverse therapeutic toolkit and a more complex decision matrix for prescribers.
Recent advances in pharmacology, alongside evolving care models, have reshaped how constipation linked to opioid therapy is identified and treated. Clinical guidelines increasingly emphasize proactive assessment, early intervention, and individualized regimens based on patient comorbidities and concomitant medications. Concurrently, stakeholder expectations have shifted: patients demand treatments that restore function with minimal cognitive or systemic side effects, and health systems favor interventions that reduce downstream utilization. Taken together, these dynamics create opportunities for differentiated value propositions and reinforce the need for targeted evidence generation to support adoption across care settings.
How pharmacologic innovation, formulation diversity and evidence demands are redefining clinical choices and commercial strategies across opioid associated bowel dysfunction
The therapeutic landscape for opioid related constipation is undergoing transformative shifts driven by scientific, regulatory, and market forces. Advances in peripheral opioid receptor antagonists have introduced agents that aim to reverse opioid effects on gut motility without compromising central analgesia, prompting a reassessment of treatment algorithms that had long relied on traditional laxatives and combination approaches. These pharmacologic innovations alter clinician choice architecture and create new opportunities for positioning based on mechanism of action, onset of effect, and tolerability.
Beyond molecule-level change, delivery formats and patient-centric design have gained prominence. Oral solid and liquid formulations, as well as rectal options such as enemas and suppositories, reflect a broader recognition that route of administration and formulation attributes materially affect adherence and patient satisfaction. In parallel, an increased focus on real-world evidence and payer outcomes has raised the bar for demonstrating value. As a result, manufacturers and clinical leaders must adapt commercial strategies to emphasize differentiated clinical endpoints, pragmatic trial data, and health economic outcomes that resonate with both clinicians and payers.
Navigating the evolving tariff and trade environment to protect supply continuity, price positioning and access for therapies addressing opioid induced bowel dysfunction
The policy environment and tariff landscapes in 2025 have introduced layers of complexity for supply chain planning and pricing strategies relevant to therapies addressing constipation induced by opioid therapy. Changes in import duties and cross-border trade policies can influence component costs, manufacturing location decisions, and final pricing structures, especially for products reliant on active pharmaceutical ingredients sourced globally. In response, manufacturers are reassessing supplier diversification, regional manufacturing footprints, and inventory strategies to maintain service levels while protecting margin profiles.
Concurrently, payers and procurement bodies are tightening scrutiny on cost drivers and therapeutic value, which affects formulary negotiation dynamics. Stakeholders now place greater emphasis on total cost of care implications, including impacts on emergency visits and secondary interventions. These pressures amplify the importance of clear, evidence-based value narratives. For commercial teams, the imperative is to translate clinical differentiation into demonstrable economic outcomes, leveraging local real-world data where possible to counteract the headwinds created by tariff-driven cost variability and to sustain patient access across channels.
Segment-specific clinical and commercial intelligence that connects product mechanisms, formulation attributes and route of administration to distinct patient and payer use cases
Effective segmentation clarifies where clinical need, patient preference, and commercial opportunity converge, and the product typology reflects meaningful differences in mechanism, onset, and expected outcomes. Based on product type, the landscape spans combination therapies, laxatives, and peripherally acting mu-opioid receptor antagonists, with the laxatives category further differentiated into osmotic laxatives, stimulant laxatives, and stool softeners, and the peripherally acting mu-opioid receptor antagonists subdivided across agents including alvimopan, methylnaltrexone, naldemedine, and naloxegol. These distinctions influence both formulary evaluation and prescriber choice, since mechanism-targeted agents typically position on efficacy for opioid specific motility impairment while traditional laxatives remain relevant for symptomatic relief and cost-sensitive settings.
Administration route also dictates clinical use cases and patient adherence patterns. Based on oral formulation, the market is studied across liquid and solid options, with liquid presentations further classified into solutions and suspensions, and solid presentations segmenting into capsules and tablets. Liquid forms often suit populations with swallowing difficulties or those requiring titration, whereas solid oral forms provide convenience and stable dosing for ambulatory patients. In addition, rectal administration covers enemas and suppositories, which retain a role in acute management or where rapid local effect is preferred. Understanding these intersecting segments allows product teams to align clinical messaging, label claims, and support programs with the contexts in which each formulation and mechanism delivers the most compelling value.
A regional perspective that explains how payer architecture, regulatory pathways and clinical practice variation impact product adoption and access across global markets
Regional dynamics shape reimbursement pathways, clinical guidelines, and patient access in materially different ways, creating distinct imperatives for stakeholders operating across geographies. The Americas feature heterogeneous payer mixes and high emphasis on health economic demonstration; clinicians in this region increasingly rely on comparative effectiveness and patient-reported outcomes to guide therapy selection, while large integrated delivery networks seek interventions that reduce avoidable utilization. Consequently, commercial strategies that combine rigorous real-world evidence with targeted stakeholder engagement tend to gain traction more rapidly.
In Europe, Middle East & Africa, regulatory harmonization and national formulary processes create a mosaic of access pathways where local evidence generation and price negotiation are central. Countries with centralized reimbursement systems demand detailed cost-effectiveness profiles, whereas markets with fragmented private payers prioritize clinical differentiation that aligns with specialist guidelines. In Asia-Pacific, rapid uptake of innovative agents often coexists with strong emphasis on affordability and scalable distribution. Markets in this region can pivot quickly when clinical champions and reimbursement mechanisms align, making early clinical partnerships and demonstration projects particularly valuable for market entry and expansion.
Competitive and strategic intelligence that reveals how evidence generation, patient support and partnership models determine differentiation and uptake in a crowded therapeutic space
Competitive dynamics reflect a blend of legacy symptomatic options and newer mechanism-targeted therapies, producing a market where differentiation is increasingly defined by clinical nuance, evidence depth, and support services rather than by single attributes alone. Established laxative classes remain familiar to prescribers for routine management, but companies that invest in head-to-head evidence, patient support programs, and outcomes-based communication have improved their positioning among specialists and formulary committees. For newer peripherally acting antagonists, securing clinical champions and generating pragmatic data that demonstrates real-world tolerability and functional improvement is essential for broader uptake.
Strategic partnerships between pharmaceutical developers, specialty pharmacies, and health systems are emerging as important levers to expand access and streamline patient transitions across care settings. Manufacturers that proactively address barriers such as prior authorization friction, administration convenience, and patient education capture higher adherence and satisfaction. In addition, companies that align clinical trial design with payer evidence requirements and that prepare tailored value dossiers for regional decision-makers gain a competitive advantage when entering complex reimbursement environments.
Actionable strategic priorities for manufacturers and health system leaders to build clinical credibility, payer alignment and supply resilience in opioid associated bowel dysfunction
Industry leaders should prioritize a set of pragmatic actions that convert insight into measurable outcomes across clinical, commercial, and regulatory dimensions. First, invest in comparative and pragmatic evidence that aligns with payer endpoints and captures patient-reported outcomes tied to daily functioning, given the centrality of quality of life in treatment value. Second, optimize portfolio positioning by matching mechanism and formulation attributes to identified patient segments and care pathways, ensuring that labeling and educational materials resonate with both primary care and specialist audiences.
Third, reinforce supply chain resilience by diversifying input sources and considering regional manufacturing or contract manufacturing partnerships to mitigate tariff-related and logistics risks. Fourth, develop payer engagement strategies that present total cost of care analyses and real-world utilization data to shorten formulary review timelines. Fifth, enhance patient access through streamlined prior authorization support and digital adherence tools that complement clinical benefits. By executing these actions in concert, organizations can accelerate adoption, protect margins, and deliver tangible improvements in patient-centered outcomes.
A transparent, evidence-driven methodology combining clinical trials, guideline analysis, real-world studies and expert interviews to support actionable insights and prioritized evidence gaps
This research synthesis integrates evidence from peer-reviewed clinical literature, guideline reviews, regulatory approvals, and a curated set of real-world studies to triangulate insights relevant to opioid induced constipation management. Primary sources include randomized controlled trials, observational cohorts, and post-marketing safety reports that speak to mechanism-specific efficacy and tolerability. In addition, the analysis draws on guideline statements and position papers from relevant specialty societies to contextualize clinical practice patterns and standard-of-care considerations.
Where available, pragmatic and health economic studies informed assessment of utilization patterns and driver analyses of downstream resource use. Expert interviews with clinicians, formulary decision-makers, and supply chain specialists provided qualitative perspective on adoption barriers and regional nuances. The methodology emphasizes transparency in source attribution, rigorous appraisal of study quality, and synthesis techniques that prioritize convergent findings, while noting areas where evidence remains limited and where further real-world or comparative research would most effectively reduce decision uncertainty.
A forward-looking synthesis that ties clinical differentiation, evidence priorities and operational readiness to long-term access and patient outcome improvement in opioid related bowel dysfunction
Opioid induced constipation remains a clinically meaningful adverse effect that compromises patient experience and complicates analgesic regimens, yet the therapeutic landscape now offers more targeted and patient-centric options than in prior eras. The interplay of mechanism-specific therapies, diverse formulations, and evolving payer expectations creates both opportunities and responsibilities for manufacturers, clinicians, and health system leaders. Continued emphasis on aligning evidence generation with the metrics that matter to payers and patients will determine which interventions achieve sustained adoption.
Looking ahead, stakeholders that integrate pragmatic evidence, operational readiness, and tailored access strategies will be best positioned to translate clinical differentiation into real-world impact. Areas for continued focus include long-term safety data, effectiveness in complex comorbid populations, and comparative research that informs guideline evolution. By concentrating on patient-centered endpoints and economic narratives that reflect the full care continuum, the field can advance solutions that meaningfully improve function and adherence while enabling clinicians to manage pain responsibly.
Note: PDF & Excel + Online Access - 1 Year
An urgent clinical and commercial framing that captures how opioid associated bowel dysfunction reshapes treatment priorities, patient expectations, and care delivery pathways
Opioid induced constipation presents a persistent clinical challenge that intersects patient quality of life, opioid therapy adherence, and health system resource allocation. As opioid use continues across acute and chronic care pathways, clinicians and payers confront the dual imperative of managing pain while mitigating gastrointestinal adverse effects that undermine treatment goals. This landscape has prompted intensified attention to both symptomatic therapies and mechanism-targeted agents, creating a more diverse therapeutic toolkit and a more complex decision matrix for prescribers.
Recent advances in pharmacology, alongside evolving care models, have reshaped how constipation linked to opioid therapy is identified and treated. Clinical guidelines increasingly emphasize proactive assessment, early intervention, and individualized regimens based on patient comorbidities and concomitant medications. Concurrently, stakeholder expectations have shifted: patients demand treatments that restore function with minimal cognitive or systemic side effects, and health systems favor interventions that reduce downstream utilization. Taken together, these dynamics create opportunities for differentiated value propositions and reinforce the need for targeted evidence generation to support adoption across care settings.
How pharmacologic innovation, formulation diversity and evidence demands are redefining clinical choices and commercial strategies across opioid associated bowel dysfunction
The therapeutic landscape for opioid related constipation is undergoing transformative shifts driven by scientific, regulatory, and market forces. Advances in peripheral opioid receptor antagonists have introduced agents that aim to reverse opioid effects on gut motility without compromising central analgesia, prompting a reassessment of treatment algorithms that had long relied on traditional laxatives and combination approaches. These pharmacologic innovations alter clinician choice architecture and create new opportunities for positioning based on mechanism of action, onset of effect, and tolerability.
Beyond molecule-level change, delivery formats and patient-centric design have gained prominence. Oral solid and liquid formulations, as well as rectal options such as enemas and suppositories, reflect a broader recognition that route of administration and formulation attributes materially affect adherence and patient satisfaction. In parallel, an increased focus on real-world evidence and payer outcomes has raised the bar for demonstrating value. As a result, manufacturers and clinical leaders must adapt commercial strategies to emphasize differentiated clinical endpoints, pragmatic trial data, and health economic outcomes that resonate with both clinicians and payers.
Navigating the evolving tariff and trade environment to protect supply continuity, price positioning and access for therapies addressing opioid induced bowel dysfunction
The policy environment and tariff landscapes in 2025 have introduced layers of complexity for supply chain planning and pricing strategies relevant to therapies addressing constipation induced by opioid therapy. Changes in import duties and cross-border trade policies can influence component costs, manufacturing location decisions, and final pricing structures, especially for products reliant on active pharmaceutical ingredients sourced globally. In response, manufacturers are reassessing supplier diversification, regional manufacturing footprints, and inventory strategies to maintain service levels while protecting margin profiles.
Concurrently, payers and procurement bodies are tightening scrutiny on cost drivers and therapeutic value, which affects formulary negotiation dynamics. Stakeholders now place greater emphasis on total cost of care implications, including impacts on emergency visits and secondary interventions. These pressures amplify the importance of clear, evidence-based value narratives. For commercial teams, the imperative is to translate clinical differentiation into demonstrable economic outcomes, leveraging local real-world data where possible to counteract the headwinds created by tariff-driven cost variability and to sustain patient access across channels.
Segment-specific clinical and commercial intelligence that connects product mechanisms, formulation attributes and route of administration to distinct patient and payer use cases
Effective segmentation clarifies where clinical need, patient preference, and commercial opportunity converge, and the product typology reflects meaningful differences in mechanism, onset, and expected outcomes. Based on product type, the landscape spans combination therapies, laxatives, and peripherally acting mu-opioid receptor antagonists, with the laxatives category further differentiated into osmotic laxatives, stimulant laxatives, and stool softeners, and the peripherally acting mu-opioid receptor antagonists subdivided across agents including alvimopan, methylnaltrexone, naldemedine, and naloxegol. These distinctions influence both formulary evaluation and prescriber choice, since mechanism-targeted agents typically position on efficacy for opioid specific motility impairment while traditional laxatives remain relevant for symptomatic relief and cost-sensitive settings.
Administration route also dictates clinical use cases and patient adherence patterns. Based on oral formulation, the market is studied across liquid and solid options, with liquid presentations further classified into solutions and suspensions, and solid presentations segmenting into capsules and tablets. Liquid forms often suit populations with swallowing difficulties or those requiring titration, whereas solid oral forms provide convenience and stable dosing for ambulatory patients. In addition, rectal administration covers enemas and suppositories, which retain a role in acute management or where rapid local effect is preferred. Understanding these intersecting segments allows product teams to align clinical messaging, label claims, and support programs with the contexts in which each formulation and mechanism delivers the most compelling value.
A regional perspective that explains how payer architecture, regulatory pathways and clinical practice variation impact product adoption and access across global markets
Regional dynamics shape reimbursement pathways, clinical guidelines, and patient access in materially different ways, creating distinct imperatives for stakeholders operating across geographies. The Americas feature heterogeneous payer mixes and high emphasis on health economic demonstration; clinicians in this region increasingly rely on comparative effectiveness and patient-reported outcomes to guide therapy selection, while large integrated delivery networks seek interventions that reduce avoidable utilization. Consequently, commercial strategies that combine rigorous real-world evidence with targeted stakeholder engagement tend to gain traction more rapidly.
In Europe, Middle East & Africa, regulatory harmonization and national formulary processes create a mosaic of access pathways where local evidence generation and price negotiation are central. Countries with centralized reimbursement systems demand detailed cost-effectiveness profiles, whereas markets with fragmented private payers prioritize clinical differentiation that aligns with specialist guidelines. In Asia-Pacific, rapid uptake of innovative agents often coexists with strong emphasis on affordability and scalable distribution. Markets in this region can pivot quickly when clinical champions and reimbursement mechanisms align, making early clinical partnerships and demonstration projects particularly valuable for market entry and expansion.
Competitive and strategic intelligence that reveals how evidence generation, patient support and partnership models determine differentiation and uptake in a crowded therapeutic space
Competitive dynamics reflect a blend of legacy symptomatic options and newer mechanism-targeted therapies, producing a market where differentiation is increasingly defined by clinical nuance, evidence depth, and support services rather than by single attributes alone. Established laxative classes remain familiar to prescribers for routine management, but companies that invest in head-to-head evidence, patient support programs, and outcomes-based communication have improved their positioning among specialists and formulary committees. For newer peripherally acting antagonists, securing clinical champions and generating pragmatic data that demonstrates real-world tolerability and functional improvement is essential for broader uptake.
Strategic partnerships between pharmaceutical developers, specialty pharmacies, and health systems are emerging as important levers to expand access and streamline patient transitions across care settings. Manufacturers that proactively address barriers such as prior authorization friction, administration convenience, and patient education capture higher adherence and satisfaction. In addition, companies that align clinical trial design with payer evidence requirements and that prepare tailored value dossiers for regional decision-makers gain a competitive advantage when entering complex reimbursement environments.
Actionable strategic priorities for manufacturers and health system leaders to build clinical credibility, payer alignment and supply resilience in opioid associated bowel dysfunction
Industry leaders should prioritize a set of pragmatic actions that convert insight into measurable outcomes across clinical, commercial, and regulatory dimensions. First, invest in comparative and pragmatic evidence that aligns with payer endpoints and captures patient-reported outcomes tied to daily functioning, given the centrality of quality of life in treatment value. Second, optimize portfolio positioning by matching mechanism and formulation attributes to identified patient segments and care pathways, ensuring that labeling and educational materials resonate with both primary care and specialist audiences.
Third, reinforce supply chain resilience by diversifying input sources and considering regional manufacturing or contract manufacturing partnerships to mitigate tariff-related and logistics risks. Fourth, develop payer engagement strategies that present total cost of care analyses and real-world utilization data to shorten formulary review timelines. Fifth, enhance patient access through streamlined prior authorization support and digital adherence tools that complement clinical benefits. By executing these actions in concert, organizations can accelerate adoption, protect margins, and deliver tangible improvements in patient-centered outcomes.
A transparent, evidence-driven methodology combining clinical trials, guideline analysis, real-world studies and expert interviews to support actionable insights and prioritized evidence gaps
This research synthesis integrates evidence from peer-reviewed clinical literature, guideline reviews, regulatory approvals, and a curated set of real-world studies to triangulate insights relevant to opioid induced constipation management. Primary sources include randomized controlled trials, observational cohorts, and post-marketing safety reports that speak to mechanism-specific efficacy and tolerability. In addition, the analysis draws on guideline statements and position papers from relevant specialty societies to contextualize clinical practice patterns and standard-of-care considerations.
Where available, pragmatic and health economic studies informed assessment of utilization patterns and driver analyses of downstream resource use. Expert interviews with clinicians, formulary decision-makers, and supply chain specialists provided qualitative perspective on adoption barriers and regional nuances. The methodology emphasizes transparency in source attribution, rigorous appraisal of study quality, and synthesis techniques that prioritize convergent findings, while noting areas where evidence remains limited and where further real-world or comparative research would most effectively reduce decision uncertainty.
A forward-looking synthesis that ties clinical differentiation, evidence priorities and operational readiness to long-term access and patient outcome improvement in opioid related bowel dysfunction
Opioid induced constipation remains a clinically meaningful adverse effect that compromises patient experience and complicates analgesic regimens, yet the therapeutic landscape now offers more targeted and patient-centric options than in prior eras. The interplay of mechanism-specific therapies, diverse formulations, and evolving payer expectations creates both opportunities and responsibilities for manufacturers, clinicians, and health system leaders. Continued emphasis on aligning evidence generation with the metrics that matter to payers and patients will determine which interventions achieve sustained adoption.
Looking ahead, stakeholders that integrate pragmatic evidence, operational readiness, and tailored access strategies will be best positioned to translate clinical differentiation into real-world impact. Areas for continued focus include long-term safety data, effectiveness in complex comorbid populations, and comparative research that informs guideline evolution. By concentrating on patient-centered endpoints and economic narratives that reflect the full care continuum, the field can advance solutions that meaningfully improve function and adherence while enabling clinicians to manage pain responsibly.
Note: PDF & Excel + Online Access - 1 Year
Table of Contents
187 Pages
- 1. Preface
- 1.1. Objectives of the Study
- 1.2. Market Segmentation & Coverage
- 1.3. Years Considered for the Study
- 1.4. Currency
- 1.5. Language
- 1.6. Stakeholders
- 2. Research Methodology
- 3. Executive Summary
- 4. Market Overview
- 5. Market Insights
- 5.1. Rising uptake of peripherally acting mu-opioid receptor antagonists in hospitalized patients with chronic cancer pain management
- 5.2. Expansion of novel oral small molecule treatments targeting opioid-induced constipation symptoms in outpatient settings
- 5.3. Integration of digital therapeutics and mobile health apps for real-time monitoring of opioid-induced constipation severity
- 5.4. Increasing investment in extended-release combination opioid formulations with built-in constipation mitigation mechanisms
- 5.5. Impact of recent FDA label expansions for naloxegol and naldemedine on opioid-induced constipation treatment algorithms
- 5.6. Market penetration of linaclotide and plecanatide beyond irritable bowel syndrome for opioid-induced constipation off-label use
- 5.7. Adoption of patient-centric reimbursement models to improve access to expensive opioid-induced constipation therapies
- 5.8. Influence of clinical guidelines advocating early intervention for opioid-induced constipation among palliative care populations
- 5.9. Role of telemedicine consultations in optimizing management strategies for opioid-induced constipation in rural healthcare settings
- 5.10. Emergence of over-the-counter opioid-induced constipation remedies and their effect on prescription market dynamics
- 6. Cumulative Impact of United States Tariffs 2025
- 7. Cumulative Impact of Artificial Intelligence 2025
- 8. Opioid Induced Constipation Market, by Product Type
- 8.1. Combination Therapies
- 8.2. Laxatives
- 8.2.1. Osmotic Laxatives
- 8.2.2. Stimulant Laxatives
- 8.2.3. Stool Softeners
- 8.3. Peripherally Acting Mu-Opioid Receptor Antagonists
- 8.3.1. Alvimopan
- 8.3.2. Methylnaltrexone
- 8.3.3. Naldemedine
- 8.3.4. Naloxegol
- 9. Opioid Induced Constipation Market, by Route of Administration
- 9.1. Oral
- 9.2. Rectal
- 10. Opioid Induced Constipation Market, by Distribution Channel
- 10.1. Hospital Pharmacies
- 10.2. Retail Pharmacies
- 10.3. Online Pharmacies
- 10.4. Specialty Pharmacies
- 11. Opioid Induced Constipation Market, by Region
- 11.1. Americas
- 11.1.1. North America
- 11.1.2. Latin America
- 11.2. Europe, Middle East & Africa
- 11.2.1. Europe
- 11.2.2. Middle East
- 11.2.3. Africa
- 11.3. Asia-Pacific
- 12. Opioid Induced Constipation Market, by Group
- 12.1. ASEAN
- 12.2. GCC
- 12.3. European Union
- 12.4. BRICS
- 12.5. G7
- 12.6. NATO
- 13. Opioid Induced Constipation Market, by Country
- 13.1. United States
- 13.2. Canada
- 13.3. Mexico
- 13.4. Brazil
- 13.5. United Kingdom
- 13.6. Germany
- 13.7. France
- 13.8. Russia
- 13.9. Italy
- 13.10. Spain
- 13.11. China
- 13.12. India
- 13.13. Japan
- 13.14. Australia
- 13.15. South Korea
- 14. Competitive Landscape
- 14.1. Market Share Analysis, 2024
- 14.2. FPNV Positioning Matrix, 2024
- 14.3. Competitive Analysis
- 14.3.1. AstraZeneca PLC
- 14.3.2. Bausch Health Companies Inc.
- 14.3.3. Cubist Pharmaceuticals LLC
- 14.3.4. Daewoong Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.
- 14.3.5. Egalet Corporation
- 14.3.6. GlaxoSmithKline PLC
- 14.3.7. Ironwood Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
- 14.3.8. Johnson & Johnson
- 14.3.9. Merck & Co., Inc.
- 14.3.10. Mundipharma International Limited
- 14.3.11. Nektar Therapeutics
- 14.3.12. Pfizer Inc.
- 14.3.13. Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd.
- 14.3.14. Purdue Pharma L.P.
- 14.3.15. Shionogi & Co., Ltd.
- 14.3.16. Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited
- 14.3.17. Trevena, Inc.
- 14.3.18. Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated
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