Industrial Hose Market by Hose Type (Braided Hose, Coiled Hose, Corrugated Hose), Material (Metal, Polyvinyl Chloride, Rubber), Pressure Type, End User Industry, Sales Channel - Global Forecast 2025-2032
Description
The Industrial Hose Market was valued at USD 11.20 billion in 2024 and is projected to grow to USD 11.77 billion in 2025, with a CAGR of 5.40%, reaching USD 17.07 billion by 2032.
Establishing Comprehensive Context for the Industrial Hose Landscape as Emerging Technologies and Operational Demands Drive Market Evolution Globally
The industrial hose market sits at a critical inflection point, shaped by accelerating technological advancements, evolving regulatory environments, and shifting end user demands. This introduction aims to frame the contours of the market, illuminating how innovations in materials science, digital integration, and sustainability standards are redefining product specifications and operational expectations. As end users strive for greater efficiency and resilience in fluid and gas conveyance, manufacturers and supply chain stakeholders are compelled to rethink design paradigms, quality benchmarks, and service modalities.
In this context, the convergence of smart manufacturing techniques with next-generation polymer and metal composites underscores a broader transformation that transcends traditional product categories. Industry participants must therefore cultivate a holistic understanding of material performance, lifecycle management, and environmental compliance to anticipate the trajectory of market growth. This foundation sets the stage for a deeper exploration of the transformative shifts, regulatory impacts, and segmentation dynamics that will govern competitive positioning and commercialization strategies in the years ahead.
Unraveling the Multi-Faceted Shifts Reshaping Industrial Hose Innovation Through Digitalization Sustainability and Regulatory Pressures
The industrial hose sector is experiencing transformative shifts that extend beyond incremental product refinements. Digitalization is taking center stage with the integration of sensor arrays, IoT connectivity and predictive analytics, enabling real-time monitoring of pressure, temperature and flow characteristics. These capabilities not only enhance operational safety but also support proactive maintenance regimes, minimizing downtime and optimizing total cost of ownership. At the same time, additive manufacturing and advanced extrusion techniques are facilitating rapid prototyping of complex hose geometries, accelerating innovation cycles and customer customization.
Moreover, sustainability imperatives are reshaping procurement priorities, with end users demanding eco-friendly materials, improved energy efficiency, and enhanced recyclability. This has elevated circular economy principles, prompting manufacturers to adopt closed-loop manufacturing practices and develop bio-based elastomers and recyclable thermoplastics. Regulatory landscapes are also tightening, compelling industry players to adhere to stricter emissions standards and environmental reporting frameworks. Taken together, these dynamics are rewriting the rulebook for new product development, supply chain resilience and strategic partnerships.
Assessing the Broad Ramifications of 2025 Tariff Measures on United States Import Costs Supply Chain Strategies and Competitive Dynamics
United States tariffs slated for implementation in 2025 are poised to exert significant pressure on the international supply chain for industrial hose components and raw materials. As levies target specific imports of synthetic elastomers, metal alloys and polymer blends, manufacturers sourcing from overseas will confront elevated input costs that could reverberate through pricing strategies. In response, a number of global producers are actively reevaluating sourcing footprints, exploring domestic partnerships, and diversifying supplier portfolios to mitigate exposure to tariff volatility.
Concurrently, distribution partners and end users are recalibrating procurement timetables to pre-empt tariff-induced surcharges, locking in prices through long-term contracts or accelerated purchases. This reactive behavior underscores the importance of strategic agility; companies equipped with advanced cost modeling and supply chain visibility are better positioned to absorb or pass through additional expenses. As a result, effective tariff management and risk hedging will emerge as critical competencies for stakeholders aiming to maintain margin integrity and customer loyalty in a heightened trade barriers environment.
Delving into Core Segmentation Patterns Reveals Critical Insights Across Hose Types Materials Pressure Ratings End-User Applications and Sales Channels
An examination of hose type segmentation reveals divergent growth vectors across braided, coiled, corrugated and reinforced configurations. Braided hoses are meeting demand for enhanced tensile strength and flexibility, particularly in automotive assembly and manufacturing applications. Coiled options, prized for compact storage and rapid deployment, are gaining traction in maintenance and fluid transfer operations. Corrugated hoses deliver superior vibration dampening and pressure tolerance, making them indispensable in chemical and petrochemical processing environments. Reinforced hoses, often layered with fabric or wire mesh, continue to dominate high-pressure sectors such as oil and gas extraction.
Material-based segmentation analysis indicates that metal hoses are prized for high-temperature and corrosive media handling, whereas polyvinyl chloride variants appeal to cost-sensitive applications with moderate pressure requirements. Rubber hoses maintain their status as a go-to solution for general-purpose fluid conveyance, while silicon-based alternatives excel in pharmaceutical and food & beverage contexts due to their inert properties. Thermoplastic hoses, with their lightweight profiles and recyclability, are increasingly adopted across industries seeking sustainable solutions.
Pressure-type segmentation highlights the critical differentiation among high, medium and low pressure categories. High-pressure hoses are engineered to withstand extreme conditions in hydraulic systems and oilfield equipment. Medium-pressure offerings address the bulk of industrial conveyance tasks, balancing durability with cost-effectiveness. Low-pressure hoses serve less demanding scenarios such as irrigation and pneumatic line connections. End user industry segmentation underscores robust uptake across agriculture, automotive, chemical & petrochemical, construction, food & beverage, manufacturing, oil & gas and pharmaceutical verticals, each presenting distinct performance and compliance requirements. Sales channel segmentation reveals the enduring relevance of offline distribution through industrial distributors and OEM partnerships, alongside a rapid acceleration of online procurement fueled by digital marketplaces and e-procurement platforms.
Exploring Regional Dynamics and End-Use Demands That Shape Industrial Hose Requirements in the Americas EMEA and Asia-Pacific
Regional analysis spotlights the Americas as a hub for extensive infrastructure renewal and expansion across oil & gas pipelines, agricultural irrigation networks and manufacturing facilities. This landscape fuels demand for high-performance hoses and specialized corrosion-resistant materials. In contrast, Europe, Middle East & Africa exhibit a heterogeneous market driven by strict environmental standards in northern Europe, petrochemical investment in the Middle East and burgeoning construction activity in parts of Africa. These variations necessitate regionally tailored product portfolios and regulatory compliance strategies.
Asia-Pacific stands out for its rapid industrialization and urbanization, underpinned by large-scale infrastructure projects, automotive production lines and burgeoning renewable energy initiatives. The region’s appetite for cost-effective thermoplastic and rubber hoses is complemented by a growing interest in premium solutions featuring smart monitoring capabilities. Collectively, these regional currents define the competitive battleground and investment priorities for global manufacturers and distributors seeking to solidify their presence across diverse end-use markets.
Uncovering Competitive Strategies and Innovation Approaches Deployed by Major and Niche Players to Gain Market Advantage
The competitive landscape is characterized by a mixture of multinational conglomerates and specialized hose manufacturers, each leveraging unique capabilities to capture market share. Leading players are channeling investments into advanced R&D facilities, forging strategic alliances with material innovators, and expanding production capacities through greenfield projects and targeted acquisitions. Several firms have differentiated themselves by integrating digital offerings-such as condition-monitoring platforms and predictive maintenance tools-into their product portfolios, thus enhancing customer value propositions.
At the same time, emerging players are carving out niches by focusing on ultra-high-pressure applications, bespoke material formulations, and rapid prototyping services. Partnerships between hose manufacturers and OEMs are growing more prevalent, creating integrated solutions tailored to specific process requirements. In parallel, service providers specializing in field installation, inspection and hose testing are consolidating to offer end-to-end lifecycle management, signaling a shift from transactional sales toward comprehensive asset management offerings.
Actionable Strategies for Industry Leaders to Harness Digitalization Sustainability and Supply Chain Resilience in Industrial Hose Market
Industry leaders should embark on strategic initiatives that prioritize end-to-end digital integration, embedding smart sensors and analytics into hose assemblies to elevate service capabilities and foster recurring revenue streams. It is imperative to deepen collaborations with material science firms to accelerate the development of sustainable, high-performance elastomers and composite blends that address evolving regulatory and customer demands. Furthermore, diversifying geographic production footprints and strengthening supplier relationships will bolster resilience against trade disruptions and input cost fluctuations.
Leaders must also recalibrate go-to-market models by balancing direct channel engagement with digital sales ecosystems, ensuring seamless procurement experiences and enhanced post-sales support. Pursuing circular economy practices-through the adoption of recyclable thermoplastics and remanufacturing programs-will not only mitigate environmental impacts but also resonate with increasingly sustainability-focused clientele. By executing these recommendations, established and emerging players alike can position themselves to capture growth, optimize operational efficiency and reinforce competitive differentiation.
Detailed Explanation of Research Framework Integrating Primary Interviews Secondary Data and Advanced Analytical Protocols
This research is grounded in a multi-tiered methodology combining primary and secondary data sources to validate insights and ensure robust analysis. Expert interviews with key executives, technical specialists and procurement managers were conducted to glean firsthand perspectives on market dynamics, innovation priorities and supply chain challenges. These qualitative inputs were triangulated with quantitative data drawn from proprietary company filings, trade registries, regulatory databases and peer-reviewed journals.
Advanced data modeling techniques were deployed to assess the implications of tariff scenarios, segmentation trends and regional developments. Supplementary desk research included an exhaustive review of industry publications, patent filings and standards documentation to chart emerging material technologies and digital integration practices. Rigorous cross-validation protocols were applied throughout to maintain data integrity and credibility, enabling decision-makers to rely on actionable intelligence and strategic frameworks tailored to the industrial hose domain.
Synthesis of Critical Findings Underscoring the Nexus of Innovation Sustainability and Trade Dynamics in Industrial Hose Sector
In conclusion, the industrial hose market stands at a crossroads defined by digital transformation, sustainability mandates and evolving trade landscapes. Innovators who integrate smart monitoring capabilities and eco-friendly materials will set new benchmarks for performance, safety and environmental stewardship. Proactive tariff management and strategic supply chain diversification will prove essential to mitigate cost volatility and sustain competitive positioning.
By applying targeted segmentation insights, regional analyses and competitive intelligence, stakeholders can align product development and go-to-market strategies with emergent industry requirements. The recommendations outlined herein offer a blueprint for capturing growth opportunities and strengthening resilience against market disruptions. As the sector continues to evolve, access to precise intelligence and expert counsel will remain a critical differentiator for organizations striving to lead in this dynamic landscape.
Note: PDF & Excel + Online Access - 1 Year
Establishing Comprehensive Context for the Industrial Hose Landscape as Emerging Technologies and Operational Demands Drive Market Evolution Globally
The industrial hose market sits at a critical inflection point, shaped by accelerating technological advancements, evolving regulatory environments, and shifting end user demands. This introduction aims to frame the contours of the market, illuminating how innovations in materials science, digital integration, and sustainability standards are redefining product specifications and operational expectations. As end users strive for greater efficiency and resilience in fluid and gas conveyance, manufacturers and supply chain stakeholders are compelled to rethink design paradigms, quality benchmarks, and service modalities.
In this context, the convergence of smart manufacturing techniques with next-generation polymer and metal composites underscores a broader transformation that transcends traditional product categories. Industry participants must therefore cultivate a holistic understanding of material performance, lifecycle management, and environmental compliance to anticipate the trajectory of market growth. This foundation sets the stage for a deeper exploration of the transformative shifts, regulatory impacts, and segmentation dynamics that will govern competitive positioning and commercialization strategies in the years ahead.
Unraveling the Multi-Faceted Shifts Reshaping Industrial Hose Innovation Through Digitalization Sustainability and Regulatory Pressures
The industrial hose sector is experiencing transformative shifts that extend beyond incremental product refinements. Digitalization is taking center stage with the integration of sensor arrays, IoT connectivity and predictive analytics, enabling real-time monitoring of pressure, temperature and flow characteristics. These capabilities not only enhance operational safety but also support proactive maintenance regimes, minimizing downtime and optimizing total cost of ownership. At the same time, additive manufacturing and advanced extrusion techniques are facilitating rapid prototyping of complex hose geometries, accelerating innovation cycles and customer customization.
Moreover, sustainability imperatives are reshaping procurement priorities, with end users demanding eco-friendly materials, improved energy efficiency, and enhanced recyclability. This has elevated circular economy principles, prompting manufacturers to adopt closed-loop manufacturing practices and develop bio-based elastomers and recyclable thermoplastics. Regulatory landscapes are also tightening, compelling industry players to adhere to stricter emissions standards and environmental reporting frameworks. Taken together, these dynamics are rewriting the rulebook for new product development, supply chain resilience and strategic partnerships.
Assessing the Broad Ramifications of 2025 Tariff Measures on United States Import Costs Supply Chain Strategies and Competitive Dynamics
United States tariffs slated for implementation in 2025 are poised to exert significant pressure on the international supply chain for industrial hose components and raw materials. As levies target specific imports of synthetic elastomers, metal alloys and polymer blends, manufacturers sourcing from overseas will confront elevated input costs that could reverberate through pricing strategies. In response, a number of global producers are actively reevaluating sourcing footprints, exploring domestic partnerships, and diversifying supplier portfolios to mitigate exposure to tariff volatility.
Concurrently, distribution partners and end users are recalibrating procurement timetables to pre-empt tariff-induced surcharges, locking in prices through long-term contracts or accelerated purchases. This reactive behavior underscores the importance of strategic agility; companies equipped with advanced cost modeling and supply chain visibility are better positioned to absorb or pass through additional expenses. As a result, effective tariff management and risk hedging will emerge as critical competencies for stakeholders aiming to maintain margin integrity and customer loyalty in a heightened trade barriers environment.
Delving into Core Segmentation Patterns Reveals Critical Insights Across Hose Types Materials Pressure Ratings End-User Applications and Sales Channels
An examination of hose type segmentation reveals divergent growth vectors across braided, coiled, corrugated and reinforced configurations. Braided hoses are meeting demand for enhanced tensile strength and flexibility, particularly in automotive assembly and manufacturing applications. Coiled options, prized for compact storage and rapid deployment, are gaining traction in maintenance and fluid transfer operations. Corrugated hoses deliver superior vibration dampening and pressure tolerance, making them indispensable in chemical and petrochemical processing environments. Reinforced hoses, often layered with fabric or wire mesh, continue to dominate high-pressure sectors such as oil and gas extraction.
Material-based segmentation analysis indicates that metal hoses are prized for high-temperature and corrosive media handling, whereas polyvinyl chloride variants appeal to cost-sensitive applications with moderate pressure requirements. Rubber hoses maintain their status as a go-to solution for general-purpose fluid conveyance, while silicon-based alternatives excel in pharmaceutical and food & beverage contexts due to their inert properties. Thermoplastic hoses, with their lightweight profiles and recyclability, are increasingly adopted across industries seeking sustainable solutions.
Pressure-type segmentation highlights the critical differentiation among high, medium and low pressure categories. High-pressure hoses are engineered to withstand extreme conditions in hydraulic systems and oilfield equipment. Medium-pressure offerings address the bulk of industrial conveyance tasks, balancing durability with cost-effectiveness. Low-pressure hoses serve less demanding scenarios such as irrigation and pneumatic line connections. End user industry segmentation underscores robust uptake across agriculture, automotive, chemical & petrochemical, construction, food & beverage, manufacturing, oil & gas and pharmaceutical verticals, each presenting distinct performance and compliance requirements. Sales channel segmentation reveals the enduring relevance of offline distribution through industrial distributors and OEM partnerships, alongside a rapid acceleration of online procurement fueled by digital marketplaces and e-procurement platforms.
Exploring Regional Dynamics and End-Use Demands That Shape Industrial Hose Requirements in the Americas EMEA and Asia-Pacific
Regional analysis spotlights the Americas as a hub for extensive infrastructure renewal and expansion across oil & gas pipelines, agricultural irrigation networks and manufacturing facilities. This landscape fuels demand for high-performance hoses and specialized corrosion-resistant materials. In contrast, Europe, Middle East & Africa exhibit a heterogeneous market driven by strict environmental standards in northern Europe, petrochemical investment in the Middle East and burgeoning construction activity in parts of Africa. These variations necessitate regionally tailored product portfolios and regulatory compliance strategies.
Asia-Pacific stands out for its rapid industrialization and urbanization, underpinned by large-scale infrastructure projects, automotive production lines and burgeoning renewable energy initiatives. The region’s appetite for cost-effective thermoplastic and rubber hoses is complemented by a growing interest in premium solutions featuring smart monitoring capabilities. Collectively, these regional currents define the competitive battleground and investment priorities for global manufacturers and distributors seeking to solidify their presence across diverse end-use markets.
Uncovering Competitive Strategies and Innovation Approaches Deployed by Major and Niche Players to Gain Market Advantage
The competitive landscape is characterized by a mixture of multinational conglomerates and specialized hose manufacturers, each leveraging unique capabilities to capture market share. Leading players are channeling investments into advanced R&D facilities, forging strategic alliances with material innovators, and expanding production capacities through greenfield projects and targeted acquisitions. Several firms have differentiated themselves by integrating digital offerings-such as condition-monitoring platforms and predictive maintenance tools-into their product portfolios, thus enhancing customer value propositions.
At the same time, emerging players are carving out niches by focusing on ultra-high-pressure applications, bespoke material formulations, and rapid prototyping services. Partnerships between hose manufacturers and OEMs are growing more prevalent, creating integrated solutions tailored to specific process requirements. In parallel, service providers specializing in field installation, inspection and hose testing are consolidating to offer end-to-end lifecycle management, signaling a shift from transactional sales toward comprehensive asset management offerings.
Actionable Strategies for Industry Leaders to Harness Digitalization Sustainability and Supply Chain Resilience in Industrial Hose Market
Industry leaders should embark on strategic initiatives that prioritize end-to-end digital integration, embedding smart sensors and analytics into hose assemblies to elevate service capabilities and foster recurring revenue streams. It is imperative to deepen collaborations with material science firms to accelerate the development of sustainable, high-performance elastomers and composite blends that address evolving regulatory and customer demands. Furthermore, diversifying geographic production footprints and strengthening supplier relationships will bolster resilience against trade disruptions and input cost fluctuations.
Leaders must also recalibrate go-to-market models by balancing direct channel engagement with digital sales ecosystems, ensuring seamless procurement experiences and enhanced post-sales support. Pursuing circular economy practices-through the adoption of recyclable thermoplastics and remanufacturing programs-will not only mitigate environmental impacts but also resonate with increasingly sustainability-focused clientele. By executing these recommendations, established and emerging players alike can position themselves to capture growth, optimize operational efficiency and reinforce competitive differentiation.
Detailed Explanation of Research Framework Integrating Primary Interviews Secondary Data and Advanced Analytical Protocols
This research is grounded in a multi-tiered methodology combining primary and secondary data sources to validate insights and ensure robust analysis. Expert interviews with key executives, technical specialists and procurement managers were conducted to glean firsthand perspectives on market dynamics, innovation priorities and supply chain challenges. These qualitative inputs were triangulated with quantitative data drawn from proprietary company filings, trade registries, regulatory databases and peer-reviewed journals.
Advanced data modeling techniques were deployed to assess the implications of tariff scenarios, segmentation trends and regional developments. Supplementary desk research included an exhaustive review of industry publications, patent filings and standards documentation to chart emerging material technologies and digital integration practices. Rigorous cross-validation protocols were applied throughout to maintain data integrity and credibility, enabling decision-makers to rely on actionable intelligence and strategic frameworks tailored to the industrial hose domain.
Synthesis of Critical Findings Underscoring the Nexus of Innovation Sustainability and Trade Dynamics in Industrial Hose Sector
In conclusion, the industrial hose market stands at a crossroads defined by digital transformation, sustainability mandates and evolving trade landscapes. Innovators who integrate smart monitoring capabilities and eco-friendly materials will set new benchmarks for performance, safety and environmental stewardship. Proactive tariff management and strategic supply chain diversification will prove essential to mitigate cost volatility and sustain competitive positioning.
By applying targeted segmentation insights, regional analyses and competitive intelligence, stakeholders can align product development and go-to-market strategies with emergent industry requirements. The recommendations outlined herein offer a blueprint for capturing growth opportunities and strengthening resilience against market disruptions. As the sector continues to evolve, access to precise intelligence and expert counsel will remain a critical differentiator for organizations striving to lead in this dynamic landscape.
Note: PDF & Excel + Online Access - 1 Year
Table of Contents
186 Pages
- 1. Preface
- 1.1. Objectives of the Study
- 1.2. Market Segmentation & Coverage
- 1.3. Years Considered for the Study
- 1.4. Currency
- 1.5. Language
- 1.6. Stakeholders
- 2. Research Methodology
- 3. Executive Summary
- 4. Market Overview
- 5. Market Insights
- 5.1. Surging demand for high-pressure hydraulic hoses in renewable energy infrastructure
- 5.2. Integration of IoT-enabled smart sensors in industrial hoses for predictive maintenance
- 5.3. Adoption of biodegradable thermoplastic hoses to enhance sustainability in chemical processing
- 5.4. Growing preference for fire-resistant hoses in pharmaceutical and food processing sectors
- 5.5. Launch of ultra-lightweight composite hoses for automotive and aerospace applications
- 5.6. Increasing use of antibacterial PVC hoses to meet stricter hygiene standards in dairy production
- 5.7. Development of high-temperature silicone hoses for electric vehicle battery cooling systems
- 5.8. Advancements in chemical-resistant co-extruded hoses for acid transfer applications
- 5.9. Surge in demand for ultralight polyurethane hoses in automated factory robotic systems
- 5.10. Expansion of modular quick-connect hose fittings to accelerate equipment changeovers in manufacturing plants
- 6. Cumulative Impact of United States Tariffs 2025
- 7. Cumulative Impact of Artificial Intelligence 2025
- 8. Industrial Hose Market, by Hose Type
- 8.1. Braided Hose
- 8.2. Coiled Hose
- 8.3. Corrugated Hose
- 8.4. Reinforced Hose
- 9. Industrial Hose Market, by Material
- 9.1. Metal
- 9.2. Polyvinyl Chloride
- 9.3. Rubber
- 9.4. Silicon
- 9.5. Thermoplastic
- 10. Industrial Hose Market, by Pressure Type
- 10.1. High Pressure
- 10.2. Low Pressure
- 10.3. Medium Pressure
- 11. Industrial Hose Market, by End User Industry
- 11.1. Agriculture
- 11.2. Automotive
- 11.3. Chemical & Petrochemical
- 11.4. Construction
- 11.5. Food & Beverage
- 11.6. Manufacturing
- 11.7. Oil & Gas
- 11.8. Pharmaceutical
- 12. Industrial Hose Market, by Sales Channel
- 12.1. Offline Sales
- 12.2. Online Sales
- 13. Industrial Hose Market, by Region
- 13.1. Americas
- 13.1.1. North America
- 13.1.2. Latin America
- 13.2. Europe, Middle East & Africa
- 13.2.1. Europe
- 13.2.2. Middle East
- 13.2.3. Africa
- 13.3. Asia-Pacific
- 14. Industrial Hose Market, by Group
- 14.1. ASEAN
- 14.2. GCC
- 14.3. European Union
- 14.4. BRICS
- 14.5. G7
- 14.6. NATO
- 15. Industrial Hose Market, by Country
- 15.1. United States
- 15.2. Canada
- 15.3. Mexico
- 15.4. Brazil
- 15.5. United Kingdom
- 15.6. Germany
- 15.7. France
- 15.8. Russia
- 15.9. Italy
- 15.10. Spain
- 15.11. China
- 15.12. India
- 15.13. Japan
- 15.14. Australia
- 15.15. South Korea
- 16. Competitive Landscape
- 16.1. Market Share Analysis, 2024
- 16.2. FPNV Positioning Matrix, 2024
- 16.3. Competitive Analysis
- 16.3.1. ABB Ltd
- 16.3.2. Alfa Gomma S.p.A.
- 16.3.3. Bridgestone HosePower, LLC
- 16.3.4. Continental AG
- 16.3.5. Eaton Corporation plc
- 16.3.6. FLEXAUST INC.
- 16.3.7. Gates Industrial Corporation plc
- 16.3.8. Honeywell International Inc
- 16.3.9. Kanaflex Corporation
- 16.3.10. Kuriyama of America, Inc.
- 16.3.11. Kurt Manufacturing Company
- 16.3.12. McGill Hose and Coupling, Inc.
- 16.3.13. NORRES Schlauchtechnik GmbH
- 16.3.14. Pacific Echo Inc.
- 16.3.15. Parker-Hannifin Corporation
- 16.3.16. Polyhose India Pvt. Ltd.
- 16.3.17. Ryco Hydraulics PTY. LTD.
- 16.3.18. Semperit AG Holding
- 16.3.19. Transfer Oil S.p.A.
- 16.3.20. Trelleborg AB
- 16.3.21. Compagnie de Saint-Gobain S.A.
- 16.3.22. SUMITOMO RIKO Hosetex, Ltd.
- 16.3.23. Yokohama Rubber Co., Ltd.
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