Home Use IPL Hair Removals Market by Product Type (Handheld, Stationary), Application Area (Body, Facial, Underarm), Price Tier, Sales Channel - Global Forecast 2026-2032
Description
The Home Use IPL Hair Removals Market was valued at USD 1.76 billion in 2025 and is projected to grow to USD 1.93 billion in 2026, with a CAGR of 10.32%, reaching USD 3.51 billion by 2032.
An authoritative overview of how at-home IPL devices have matured from niche novelties into mainstream personal care solutions driven by technology and consumer convenience
The home-use IPL hair removal category has evolved from a niche premium novelty into a mainstream personal care consideration driven by consumer desire for salon-quality outcomes at home. Devices that once targeted a narrow demographic now address broad use cases, supported by improved energy delivery, ergonomic designs, and mobile-enabled support ecosystems. The convergence of cosmetic science, consumer electronics, and wellness positioning has shifted the product narrative toward long-term value, convenience, and safety, prompting manufacturers to reconsider product roadmaps and messaging strategies.
As consumers place greater emphasis on personalization and time efficiency, device form factors and power architectures have become critical differentiators. A new generation of users evaluates offerings not only on immediate efficacy but also on how well devices integrate into their daily routines and digital lives. Consequently, channel partners and brand teams must reconcile technological capability with accessible user experiences and robust aftercare guidance to maintain trust and encourage repeat use.
A clear analysis of the converging technological, consumer, and regulatory forces reshaping the home-use IPL hair removal market and strategic imperatives for leaders
The landscape for home-use IPL has experienced transformative shifts as product innovation, consumer behavior, and regulatory attention realign market priorities. Technology advances in light-emitting components and pulse control have reduced treatment times and improved safety profiles, which in turn broadened consumer acceptance beyond early adopters. Concurrently, brand narratives have moved from efficacy-centric claims to lifestyle framing, emphasizing routine integration, skin health, and compatibility with diverse skin tones and hair types.
Retail dynamics also reconfigured the competitive field. Digital-native brands leverage direct-to-consumer models and data-driven personalization to accelerate repeat usage and subscription services, while traditional retail partners respond by elevating experiential selling and staff training. Regulatory scrutiny has tightened in select jurisdictions, encouraging manufacturers to invest in clinical substantiation and clearer labeling. Taken together, these shifts demand holistic strategies that span product engineering, consumer education, and multi-channel distribution to capture the next wave of growth.
An in-depth examination of how 2025 tariff measures altered sourcing strategies, pricing approaches, and operational redesigns across the home-use IPL device value chain
The introduction of new tariff measures in 2025 has injected an additional layer of complexity into the cost and supply dynamics for companies operating in the home-use IPL category. Tariff actions affected imported components and finished units, prompting manufacturers to reassess supply chain footprints, sourcing strategies, and margin management. While some firms navigated the shift through price adjustments, others accelerated nearshoring or diversified supplier bases to mitigate exposure to escalating trade friction.
Importantly, the tariff environment catalyzed operational redesigns beyond immediate cost containment. Firms began prioritizing modular product architectures that allowed for greater local sourcing of non-specialized components, while reserving advanced subsystems for specialized suppliers. Channel strategies also adapted as retailers recalibrated pricing and promotional cadence to account for increased landed costs. Across the value chain, the cumulative impact of tariffs stimulated a re-examination of manufacturing partnerships and inventory strategies to preserve competitiveness in an increasingly protectionist landscape.
A comprehensive synthesis of segmentation-driven product differentiation, consumer targeting strategies, and channel propositions tailored to varied use cases and price tiers
Segmentation insights reveal nuanced drivers of product development, consumer targeting, and go-to-market choices across the category. Product-type distinctions between handheld devices and stationary console-based systems inform engineering priorities, with handheld offerings further differentiated by corded and cordless configurations that balance mobility with power delivery. These product attributes directly influence ergonomics and charging ecosystems, which in turn shape user adherence and perceived convenience.
Application-area segmentation underscores the importance of tailored treatment modes and accessory ecosystems. Bikini-area solutions often require differentiated pulse profiles for basic surface hair and deeper treatments, while body-focused devices must accommodate larger areas such as arms, back, and legs with efficient energy throughput. Facial applications call for precision and gentler settings across cheeks, chin, and upper lip, and underarm treatments emphasize quick cycles and safety interlocks. Consumer gender segmentation highlights differing usage patterns and aesthetic expectations between female and male users, which affects packaging, marketing tone, and adjunct services. Sales channels continue to bifurcate between offline and online approaches, where traditional outlets like department stores, pharmacies, and specialty stores provide tactile trial opportunities and trust cues, while brand websites and e-commerce platforms enable subscription models, direct engagement, and performance messaging. Price-tier segmentation-from economy through mid range to premium-shapes feature sets and warranty propositions, with premium positioning emphasizing clinical validation and robust accessory bundles while economy offerings prioritize accessibility and ease of use. Synthesizing these segmentation layers enables nuanced product roadmaps and channel-specific propositions that resonate with diverse consumer cohorts.
A strategic appraisal of how regional consumer preferences, regulatory regimes, and channel structures shape product design and market activation across global territories
Regional dynamics exert significant influence on product specifications, regulatory focus, and channel strategies across the global map. In the Americas, consumer appetite for convenient at-home solutions pairs with a mature retail ecosystem that blends large-format retailers, specialized beauty chains, and growing direct-to-consumer presences. This region often emphasizes cosmetic performance alongside convenience, and brands tend to invest in clinical substantiation and celebrity or influencer partnerships to accelerate trial.
Europe, Middle East & Africa presents a heterogeneous landscape where regulatory frameworks and cultural perceptions of hair removal vary considerably. Brands operating here must navigate diverse compliance requirements and tailor messaging to respect regional aesthetic norms and skin type distributions. Retail partners often value in-store demonstrations and professional endorsements, and cross-border logistics play a key role in cost structures. Asia-Pacific combines high receptivity to personal grooming technologies with rapid digital adoption; consumers in this region frequently respond to localized product variants, compact form factors, and bundled value propositions. E-commerce penetration is particularly strong, enabling rapid product discovery, localized influencer ecosystems, and fast feedback loops that inform iterative product enhancements. Recognizing these regional distinctions enables companies to align product design, evidence generation, and channel investments with local demand vectors.
A focused review of competitive positioning and innovation approaches among legacy brands, medical device entrants, and digitally native challengers shaping the category
Competitive dynamics in the home-use IPL market are characterized by a mix of legacy personal care manufacturers, medical device entrants, and digitally native challengers. Established brands leverage distribution depth, recognized quality standards, and long-standing retailer relationships to sustain trust, while medical device firms bring clinical credibility and specialized engineering capabilities. Newer entrants often emphasize user experience, digital engagement, and subscription-based consumables that drive recurring revenue streams.
These differing strengths create opportunities for strategic partnerships and acquisition activity, particularly where technology gaps or channel limitations exist. Innovation hubs focus on improving pulse delivery systems, skin-sensing intelligence, and accessory ecosystems to reduce perceived risk and broaden applicability. At the same time, aftercare services and warranty propositions have become competitive battlegrounds, with firms differentiating through extended support, clear usage guidance, and integrated service offerings. Savvy competitors align product roadmaps with cross-functional investments in clinical validation, regulatory compliance, and omnichannel marketing to build defensible customer relationships.
Actionable strategic imperatives for product, channel, and operational leaders to consolidate market positioning and future-proof growth plans in a dynamic environment
Industry leaders should adopt an integrated approach that aligns product innovation, channel strategy, and regulatory planning to capture sustained demand. Prioritize modular design that enables local sourcing for non-specialized components while preserving specialized supply relationships for critical subsystems. Concurrently, invest in robust clinical validation and transparent labeling to mitigate regulatory risk and build consumer trust in diverse markets.
Marketing and distribution strategies should bifurcate to serve both experiential offline shoppers and digitally engaged consumers. Elevate omnichannel experiences by coordinating in-store trials, retailer training, and compelling digital content that reduces perceived risk and supports correct usage. Develop differentiated offerings across price tiers with clear pathways for upgrades and recurring consumable revenues. Finally, enhance resilience through diversified supplier networks and inventory strategies that anticipate trade policy shifts and logistical disruptions, ensuring that commercial execution remains responsive to evolving market conditions.
A transparent multi-method research approach combining primary stakeholder interviews, regulatory and technical review, and comparative product evaluation to underpin actionable insights
This research employed a multi-method approach combining primary interviews with technical and commercial stakeholders, secondary literature reviews, and comparative product analysis to develop a comprehensive view of the category. Primary engagements included conversations with device engineers, regulatory specialists, retail buyers, and consumer experience designers to validate technology trajectories and channel dynamics. Secondary sources encompassed regulatory guidance, patent filings, clinical study summaries, and publicly available corporate disclosures to triangulate technical claims and competitive positioning.
In addition, comparative product testing and user-journey mapping informed insights into ergonomics, treatment protocols, and consumer adherence patterns. Data synthesis prioritized cross-validation, and interpretation highlighted actionable implications for product development, go-to-market strategy, and operational resilience. The methodology emphasized transparency of assumptions and traceability of sources to support confident decision-making by stakeholders seeking to adapt to rapid category evolution.
A closing synthesis emphasizing the strategic pillars of product credibility, user-centered design, and operational resilience that will determine long-term success in the category
The home-use IPL category is at an inflection point where technological maturity, shifting consumer expectations, and geopolitical trade dynamics intersect to redefine competitive advantage. Companies that align product capability with clear user benefits, invest in credible evidence, and design supply chains for flexibility will be best positioned to capitalize on broadening demand. The interplay between price tiers, application-specific features, and channel execution underscores the need for differentiated strategies rather than a one-size-fits-all approach.
Looking ahead, winners will be those that pair engineering rigor with empathetic user experiences, secure regulatory clarity, and resilient operations. By focusing on these pillars, stakeholders can transform short-term disruptions into strategic opportunities that reinforce brand equity and long-term customer relationships across diverse markets.
Note: PDF & Excel + Online Access - 1 Year
An authoritative overview of how at-home IPL devices have matured from niche novelties into mainstream personal care solutions driven by technology and consumer convenience
The home-use IPL hair removal category has evolved from a niche premium novelty into a mainstream personal care consideration driven by consumer desire for salon-quality outcomes at home. Devices that once targeted a narrow demographic now address broad use cases, supported by improved energy delivery, ergonomic designs, and mobile-enabled support ecosystems. The convergence of cosmetic science, consumer electronics, and wellness positioning has shifted the product narrative toward long-term value, convenience, and safety, prompting manufacturers to reconsider product roadmaps and messaging strategies.
As consumers place greater emphasis on personalization and time efficiency, device form factors and power architectures have become critical differentiators. A new generation of users evaluates offerings not only on immediate efficacy but also on how well devices integrate into their daily routines and digital lives. Consequently, channel partners and brand teams must reconcile technological capability with accessible user experiences and robust aftercare guidance to maintain trust and encourage repeat use.
A clear analysis of the converging technological, consumer, and regulatory forces reshaping the home-use IPL hair removal market and strategic imperatives for leaders
The landscape for home-use IPL has experienced transformative shifts as product innovation, consumer behavior, and regulatory attention realign market priorities. Technology advances in light-emitting components and pulse control have reduced treatment times and improved safety profiles, which in turn broadened consumer acceptance beyond early adopters. Concurrently, brand narratives have moved from efficacy-centric claims to lifestyle framing, emphasizing routine integration, skin health, and compatibility with diverse skin tones and hair types.
Retail dynamics also reconfigured the competitive field. Digital-native brands leverage direct-to-consumer models and data-driven personalization to accelerate repeat usage and subscription services, while traditional retail partners respond by elevating experiential selling and staff training. Regulatory scrutiny has tightened in select jurisdictions, encouraging manufacturers to invest in clinical substantiation and clearer labeling. Taken together, these shifts demand holistic strategies that span product engineering, consumer education, and multi-channel distribution to capture the next wave of growth.
An in-depth examination of how 2025 tariff measures altered sourcing strategies, pricing approaches, and operational redesigns across the home-use IPL device value chain
The introduction of new tariff measures in 2025 has injected an additional layer of complexity into the cost and supply dynamics for companies operating in the home-use IPL category. Tariff actions affected imported components and finished units, prompting manufacturers to reassess supply chain footprints, sourcing strategies, and margin management. While some firms navigated the shift through price adjustments, others accelerated nearshoring or diversified supplier bases to mitigate exposure to escalating trade friction.
Importantly, the tariff environment catalyzed operational redesigns beyond immediate cost containment. Firms began prioritizing modular product architectures that allowed for greater local sourcing of non-specialized components, while reserving advanced subsystems for specialized suppliers. Channel strategies also adapted as retailers recalibrated pricing and promotional cadence to account for increased landed costs. Across the value chain, the cumulative impact of tariffs stimulated a re-examination of manufacturing partnerships and inventory strategies to preserve competitiveness in an increasingly protectionist landscape.
A comprehensive synthesis of segmentation-driven product differentiation, consumer targeting strategies, and channel propositions tailored to varied use cases and price tiers
Segmentation insights reveal nuanced drivers of product development, consumer targeting, and go-to-market choices across the category. Product-type distinctions between handheld devices and stationary console-based systems inform engineering priorities, with handheld offerings further differentiated by corded and cordless configurations that balance mobility with power delivery. These product attributes directly influence ergonomics and charging ecosystems, which in turn shape user adherence and perceived convenience.
Application-area segmentation underscores the importance of tailored treatment modes and accessory ecosystems. Bikini-area solutions often require differentiated pulse profiles for basic surface hair and deeper treatments, while body-focused devices must accommodate larger areas such as arms, back, and legs with efficient energy throughput. Facial applications call for precision and gentler settings across cheeks, chin, and upper lip, and underarm treatments emphasize quick cycles and safety interlocks. Consumer gender segmentation highlights differing usage patterns and aesthetic expectations between female and male users, which affects packaging, marketing tone, and adjunct services. Sales channels continue to bifurcate between offline and online approaches, where traditional outlets like department stores, pharmacies, and specialty stores provide tactile trial opportunities and trust cues, while brand websites and e-commerce platforms enable subscription models, direct engagement, and performance messaging. Price-tier segmentation-from economy through mid range to premium-shapes feature sets and warranty propositions, with premium positioning emphasizing clinical validation and robust accessory bundles while economy offerings prioritize accessibility and ease of use. Synthesizing these segmentation layers enables nuanced product roadmaps and channel-specific propositions that resonate with diverse consumer cohorts.
A strategic appraisal of how regional consumer preferences, regulatory regimes, and channel structures shape product design and market activation across global territories
Regional dynamics exert significant influence on product specifications, regulatory focus, and channel strategies across the global map. In the Americas, consumer appetite for convenient at-home solutions pairs with a mature retail ecosystem that blends large-format retailers, specialized beauty chains, and growing direct-to-consumer presences. This region often emphasizes cosmetic performance alongside convenience, and brands tend to invest in clinical substantiation and celebrity or influencer partnerships to accelerate trial.
Europe, Middle East & Africa presents a heterogeneous landscape where regulatory frameworks and cultural perceptions of hair removal vary considerably. Brands operating here must navigate diverse compliance requirements and tailor messaging to respect regional aesthetic norms and skin type distributions. Retail partners often value in-store demonstrations and professional endorsements, and cross-border logistics play a key role in cost structures. Asia-Pacific combines high receptivity to personal grooming technologies with rapid digital adoption; consumers in this region frequently respond to localized product variants, compact form factors, and bundled value propositions. E-commerce penetration is particularly strong, enabling rapid product discovery, localized influencer ecosystems, and fast feedback loops that inform iterative product enhancements. Recognizing these regional distinctions enables companies to align product design, evidence generation, and channel investments with local demand vectors.
A focused review of competitive positioning and innovation approaches among legacy brands, medical device entrants, and digitally native challengers shaping the category
Competitive dynamics in the home-use IPL market are characterized by a mix of legacy personal care manufacturers, medical device entrants, and digitally native challengers. Established brands leverage distribution depth, recognized quality standards, and long-standing retailer relationships to sustain trust, while medical device firms bring clinical credibility and specialized engineering capabilities. Newer entrants often emphasize user experience, digital engagement, and subscription-based consumables that drive recurring revenue streams.
These differing strengths create opportunities for strategic partnerships and acquisition activity, particularly where technology gaps or channel limitations exist. Innovation hubs focus on improving pulse delivery systems, skin-sensing intelligence, and accessory ecosystems to reduce perceived risk and broaden applicability. At the same time, aftercare services and warranty propositions have become competitive battlegrounds, with firms differentiating through extended support, clear usage guidance, and integrated service offerings. Savvy competitors align product roadmaps with cross-functional investments in clinical validation, regulatory compliance, and omnichannel marketing to build defensible customer relationships.
Actionable strategic imperatives for product, channel, and operational leaders to consolidate market positioning and future-proof growth plans in a dynamic environment
Industry leaders should adopt an integrated approach that aligns product innovation, channel strategy, and regulatory planning to capture sustained demand. Prioritize modular design that enables local sourcing for non-specialized components while preserving specialized supply relationships for critical subsystems. Concurrently, invest in robust clinical validation and transparent labeling to mitigate regulatory risk and build consumer trust in diverse markets.
Marketing and distribution strategies should bifurcate to serve both experiential offline shoppers and digitally engaged consumers. Elevate omnichannel experiences by coordinating in-store trials, retailer training, and compelling digital content that reduces perceived risk and supports correct usage. Develop differentiated offerings across price tiers with clear pathways for upgrades and recurring consumable revenues. Finally, enhance resilience through diversified supplier networks and inventory strategies that anticipate trade policy shifts and logistical disruptions, ensuring that commercial execution remains responsive to evolving market conditions.
A transparent multi-method research approach combining primary stakeholder interviews, regulatory and technical review, and comparative product evaluation to underpin actionable insights
This research employed a multi-method approach combining primary interviews with technical and commercial stakeholders, secondary literature reviews, and comparative product analysis to develop a comprehensive view of the category. Primary engagements included conversations with device engineers, regulatory specialists, retail buyers, and consumer experience designers to validate technology trajectories and channel dynamics. Secondary sources encompassed regulatory guidance, patent filings, clinical study summaries, and publicly available corporate disclosures to triangulate technical claims and competitive positioning.
In addition, comparative product testing and user-journey mapping informed insights into ergonomics, treatment protocols, and consumer adherence patterns. Data synthesis prioritized cross-validation, and interpretation highlighted actionable implications for product development, go-to-market strategy, and operational resilience. The methodology emphasized transparency of assumptions and traceability of sources to support confident decision-making by stakeholders seeking to adapt to rapid category evolution.
A closing synthesis emphasizing the strategic pillars of product credibility, user-centered design, and operational resilience that will determine long-term success in the category
The home-use IPL category is at an inflection point where technological maturity, shifting consumer expectations, and geopolitical trade dynamics intersect to redefine competitive advantage. Companies that align product capability with clear user benefits, invest in credible evidence, and design supply chains for flexibility will be best positioned to capitalize on broadening demand. The interplay between price tiers, application-specific features, and channel execution underscores the need for differentiated strategies rather than a one-size-fits-all approach.
Looking ahead, winners will be those that pair engineering rigor with empathetic user experiences, secure regulatory clarity, and resilient operations. By focusing on these pillars, stakeholders can transform short-term disruptions into strategic opportunities that reinforce brand equity and long-term customer relationships across diverse markets.
Note: PDF & Excel + Online Access - 1 Year
Table of Contents
193 Pages
- 1. Preface
- 1.1. Objectives of the Study
- 1.2. Market Definition
- 1.3. Market Segmentation & Coverage
- 1.4. Years Considered for the Study
- 1.5. Currency Considered for the Study
- 1.6. Language Considered for the Study
- 1.7. Key Stakeholders
- 2. Research Methodology
- 2.1. Introduction
- 2.2. Research Design
- 2.2.1. Primary Research
- 2.2.2. Secondary Research
- 2.3. Research Framework
- 2.3.1. Qualitative Analysis
- 2.3.2. Quantitative Analysis
- 2.4. Market Size Estimation
- 2.4.1. Top-Down Approach
- 2.4.2. Bottom-Up Approach
- 2.5. Data Triangulation
- 2.6. Research Outcomes
- 2.7. Research Assumptions
- 2.8. Research Limitations
- 3. Executive Summary
- 3.1. Introduction
- 3.2. CXO Perspective
- 3.3. Market Size & Growth Trends
- 3.4. Market Share Analysis, 2025
- 3.5. FPNV Positioning Matrix, 2025
- 3.6. New Revenue Opportunities
- 3.7. Next-Generation Business Models
- 3.8. Industry Roadmap
- 4. Market Overview
- 4.1. Introduction
- 4.2. Industry Ecosystem & Value Chain Analysis
- 4.2.1. Supply-Side Analysis
- 4.2.2. Demand-Side Analysis
- 4.2.3. Stakeholder Analysis
- 4.3. Porter’s Five Forces Analysis
- 4.4. PESTLE Analysis
- 4.5. Market Outlook
- 4.5.1. Near-Term Market Outlook (0–2 Years)
- 4.5.2. Medium-Term Market Outlook (3–5 Years)
- 4.5.3. Long-Term Market Outlook (5–10 Years)
- 4.6. Go-to-Market Strategy
- 5. Market Insights
- 5.1. Consumer Insights & End-User Perspective
- 5.2. Consumer Experience Benchmarking
- 5.3. Opportunity Mapping
- 5.4. Distribution Channel Analysis
- 5.5. Pricing Trend Analysis
- 5.6. Regulatory Compliance & Standards Framework
- 5.7. ESG & Sustainability Analysis
- 5.8. Disruption & Risk Scenarios
- 5.9. Return on Investment & Cost-Benefit Analysis
- 6. Cumulative Impact of United States Tariffs 2025
- 7. Cumulative Impact of Artificial Intelligence 2025
- 8. Home Use IPL Hair Removals Market, by Product Type
- 8.1. Handheld
- 8.1.1. Corded
- 8.1.2. Cordless
- 8.2. Stationary
- 9. Home Use IPL Hair Removals Market, by Application Area
- 9.1. Body
- 9.1.1. Arm
- 9.1.2. Back
- 9.1.3. Leg
- 9.2. Facial
- 9.2.1. Cheeks
- 9.2.2. Chin
- 9.2.3. Upper Lip
- 9.3. Underarm
- 10. Home Use IPL Hair Removals Market, by Price Tier
- 10.1. Economy
- 10.2. Mid Range
- 10.3. Premium
- 11. Home Use IPL Hair Removals Market, by Sales Channel
- 11.1. Offline
- 11.1.1. Department Store
- 11.1.2. Pharmacy
- 11.1.3. Specialty Store
- 11.2. Online
- 11.2.1. Brand Website
- 11.2.2. E-Commerce Platform
- 12. Home Use IPL Hair Removals Market, by Region
- 12.1. Americas
- 12.1.1. North America
- 12.1.2. Latin America
- 12.2. Europe, Middle East & Africa
- 12.2.1. Europe
- 12.2.2. Middle East
- 12.2.3. Africa
- 12.3. Asia-Pacific
- 13. Home Use IPL Hair Removals Market, by Group
- 13.1. ASEAN
- 13.2. GCC
- 13.3. European Union
- 13.4. BRICS
- 13.5. G7
- 13.6. NATO
- 14. Home Use IPL Hair Removals Market, by Country
- 14.1. United States
- 14.2. Canada
- 14.3. Mexico
- 14.4. Brazil
- 14.5. United Kingdom
- 14.6. Germany
- 14.7. France
- 14.8. Russia
- 14.9. Italy
- 14.10. Spain
- 14.11. China
- 14.12. India
- 14.13. Japan
- 14.14. Australia
- 14.15. South Korea
- 15. United States Home Use IPL Hair Removals Market
- 16. China Home Use IPL Hair Removals Market
- 17. Competitive Landscape
- 17.1. Market Concentration Analysis, 2025
- 17.1.1. Concentration Ratio (CR)
- 17.1.2. Herfindahl Hirschman Index (HHI)
- 17.2. Recent Developments & Impact Analysis, 2025
- 17.3. Product Portfolio Analysis, 2025
- 17.4. Benchmarking Analysis, 2025
- 17.5. BoSidin
- 17.6. Braun GmbH
- 17.7. Cosbeauty Inc.
- 17.8. FLASHLUX ENTERPRISE CO., LIMITED
- 17.9. Gavanni Switzerland
- 17.10. Iluminage Beauty Inc.
- 17.11. JOVS Skin LLC.
- 17.12. Kenzzi Ltd.
- 17.13. Koninklijke Philips N.V.
- 17.14. MiSMON
- 17.15. Nood Company Inc.
- 17.16. Panasonic Corporation
- 17.17. Remington Products Company, LLC
- 17.18. Silk'n brand by Home Skinovations Ltd.
- 17.19. SmoothSkin by CyDen Ltd.
- 17.20. Tria Beauty Inc.
- 17.21. Ulike
- 17.22. Ya-Man Ltd.
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