Fuel Oil Market by Fuel Type (Distillate Fuel Oil, Residual Fuel Oil), Distribution Channel (Offline, Online Platforms), End User - Global Forecast 2026-2032
Description
The Fuel Oil Market was valued at USD 214.66 billion in 2025 and is projected to grow to USD 228.37 billion in 2026, with a CAGR of 9.75%, reaching USD 411.77 billion by 2032.
A strategic introduction connecting fuel oil’s operational roles, supply chain pressures, and regulatory challenges to enterprise-level decision-making and risk management
Fuel oil remains a critical commodity at the intersection of energy security, industrial activity, and maritime operations. The introduction frames why stakeholders across supply chains - from refiners and traders to utilities, shipping operators, and heavy industry users - must reassess sourcing strategies, commercial contracts, and risk frameworks in response to rapidly evolving policy and operational pressures. It situates fuel oil not only as a physical product transported and burned but as an asset class whose price, availability, and regulatory treatment influence broader energy transition pathways.
Understanding current dynamics requires attention to how logistical bottlenecks, fuel quality specifications, blending practices, and emissions regulations interact to shape operational choices and capital investment. The introduction clarifies the scope of analysis, the principal drivers under review, and the implications for contract design, inventory management, and procurement planning. It also sets the stage for deeper examination of tariff impacts, segmentation behavior, regional distinctions, and competitive responses, ensuring readers appreciate both immediate operational imperatives and longer-term strategic considerations.
How tightening emissions rules, logistic reconfigurations, and technology adoption are reshaping the fuel oil landscape and forcing strategic repositioning
The landscape for fuel oil is undergoing transformative shifts driven by regulatory tightening, technological adoption, and shifting demand centers. Emissions standards for shipping and industrial combustion, alongside national decarbonization roadmaps, have reconfigured the calculus for end users and suppliers. At the same time, advances in fuel treatment technologies, blending capabilities, and low-sulfur handling mean that operators can extend the economic life of some assets while simultaneously investing in cleaner alternatives.
These changes are compounded by evolving logistics networks: rerouted shipping services, port capacity constraints, and the emergence of new storage and bunkering hubs alter traditional trade flows. Financial instruments and contracting practices are adapting, with greater emphasis on flexibility clauses, quality guarantees, and logistical resilience. As a result, companies face a choice between incremental adaptation-optimizing existing processes and contracts-or strategic repositioning through investment in alternative fuels, retrofits, or new supply relationships. Transitional policies and corporate decarbonization commitments will continue to drive uneven but profound reshaping across both upstream refining operations and downstream consumption patterns.
Assessing the multifaceted operational and commercial repercussions of recent US tariff measures on fuel oil trade flows, contracting, and supply chain resilience
The cumulative effect of recent tariff actions in the United States has introduced new layers of cost and complexity across trading, refining economics, and logistics. Tariffs have influenced feedstock selection and refining margins by altering the relative price competitiveness of imported crude and intermediate fuel products. They have also encouraged longer-term contracts and localized sourcing strategies to mitigate exposure to sudden policy shifts and added administrative burden.
Beyond immediate cost impositions, tariffs have catalyzed adjustments in inventory practices and contract structures. Firms operating in vertically integrated systems have recalibrated internal transfer pricing and hedging arrangements to absorb or pass through tariff impacts. Trade routes have shifted as traders seek to minimize tariff incidence through alternative ports or origin countries, while logistics managers have rerouted shipments and adjusted storage strategies to smooth supply chain disruptions. These combined responses reinforce the need for dynamic scenario planning and real-time policy monitoring to preserve margin integrity and operational continuity under an increasingly interventionist trade policy environment.
Deep segmentation analysis linking fuel type, distribution channel, and end-use profiles to operational requirements, compliance obligations, and commercial positioning
Segmentation analysis reveals divergent dynamics across fuel types, channels, and end uses that shape demand composition and product handling requirements. Based on fuel type, the market is studied across Distillate Fuel Oil and Residual Fuel Oil, with distillates attracting premium handling and stricter sulfur and emissions requirements while residuals continue to dominate certain heavy industrial and marine applications for their energy density and lower cost per unit of energy. These chemical and performance differences influence storage, blending, and regulatory compliance practices.
Distribution pathways also differ materially in their margin structures and operational constraints. Based on distribution channel, the market is studied across Offline and Online Platforms, where the offline segment incorporates retail fuel stations and wholesale distributors that provide established physical networks and immediate delivery options, while the online platforms layer in auction sites and original equipment manufacturer contracts that introduce dynamic pricing mechanisms, contractual specificity, and longer lead times for fulfillment. The intersection of channel selection and product type therefore informs logistics planning and contract risk allocation.
End-user profiles create further differentiation in consumption patterns and specification needs. Based on end user, the market is studied across commercial, industrial, marine bunkers, power generation, and residential segments, with the marine bunkers category further analyzed across bulk carriers, container ships, and tankers. Each end-use vertical applies distinctive quality specifications, cadence of deliveries, and regulatory compliance protocols, requiring suppliers to tailor blending, testing, and delivery approaches accordingly. Collectively, these segmentation lenses offer a detailed map for targeted strategy development across production, trading, and customer service functions.
Regional dynamics and infrastructure realities across the Americas, Europe Middle East & Africa, and Asia-Pacific that determine demand patterns and supply chain strategies
Regional dynamics shape demand drivers, regulatory environments, and infrastructure investment priorities in distinct ways across the globe. In the Americas, fleet modernization, port logistics upgrades, and shifting refinery configurations are influencing where and how fuel oil moves, while policy debates around domestic energy security and trade policy affect sourcing decisions and inventory strategies. Market participants in this region prioritize flexibility in contracting and resilience in storage to manage policy volatility and shifting demand mixes.
Europe, Middle East & Africa presents a diverse tapestry of regulation and consumption patterns, where stringent emissions controls in parts of Europe coexist with heavy industrial and marine demand in the Middle East, and evolving infrastructure investment in parts of Africa creates opportunities and operational challenges. This regional heterogeneity requires suppliers to adopt modular compliance frameworks and differentiated commercial propositions. In the Asia-Pacific region, growing maritime trade, concentrated refining capacity, and rapid industrial activity drive robust demand for both distillates and residuals, while regulatory initiatives and port-level bunkering developments are reshaping traditional trade corridors. Across regions, competitive positioning depends on aligning logistics capabilities, regulatory intelligence, and customer-focused service offerings.
Competitive trajectories and corporate strategies among refiners, traders, and logistics providers that are redefining value capture and customer service models in fuel oil markets
Companies operating in the fuel oil ecosystem are pursuing a combination of consolidation, capability building, and selective investment to secure competitive advantage. Integrated refiners are leveraging scale to optimize crude slates and blending operations, enhancing margin capture through tighter coordination between refining yields and distribution networks. Traders and wholesalers are investing in digital platforms and contract analytics to improve price discovery, manage counterpart risk, and optimize inventory turn.
Service providers and logistics firms are differentiating through specialized handling capabilities, low-sulfur bunkering services, and compliance offerings that simplify regulatory adherence for customers. Some firms are forming strategic alliances with shipping operators and large industrial consumers to co-develop supply solutions that reduce exposure to market volatility. Across the competitive set, successful companies combine operational rigor in storage and blending with commercial agility in contract design and an expanding suite of value-added services focused on emissions reporting, fuel testing, and risk transfer mechanisms.
Actionable strategic and operational recommendations for market leaders to fortify resilience, compliance, and customer differentiation in evolving fuel oil markets
Industry leaders should prioritize actions that enhance resilience, align with regulatory trajectories, and create customer-facing differentiation. First, integrate regulatory intelligence into commercial and procurement processes so that tariff shifts, emissions standards, and port-level rules are incorporated into contract clauses and sourcing decisions in near real time. This reduces exposure to sudden policy shocks and enables proactive re-routing or hedging.
Second, invest in logistics flexibility by expanding access to multi-modal storage hubs, improving blending capabilities, and developing rapid bunkering solutions. These operational investments reduce lead times and improve the ability to meet diverse quality specifications across end users. Third, enhance digital capabilities for contract management, auction participation, and quality traceability to drive marginal improvements in pricing, reduce disputes, and strengthen customer trust. Fourth, develop tailored commercial offerings for distinct end-use segments-commercial, industrial, marine bunkers with subsegments for bulk carriers, container ships, and tankers, power generation, and residential-to align service levels with willingness to pay and regulatory obligations. Finally, pursue strategic partnerships and scenario planning exercises to model tariff impacts, supply disruptions, and decarbonization pathways, ensuring executive teams can make rapid, informed decisions when conditions change.
A rigorous mixed-methods research approach combining primary stakeholder engagement, supply chain mapping, regulatory analysis, and scenario-based validation for robust insights
The research methodology combines qualitative and quantitative approaches to ensure robust, triangulated insights. Primary interviews with industry executives, logistics managers, trading desks, and end users provided first-hand perspectives on operational challenges, contracting practices, and strategic responses. These interviews were complemented by supply chain mapping exercises that traced typical product flows from refinery output through storage, bunkering, and end-use delivery channels.
Secondary research drew on regulatory texts, trade publications, and technical literature to validate policy impacts, fuel specifications, and infrastructure developments. Data synthesis employed cross-validation techniques that reconciled divergent sources and highlighted consensus views where they emerged. Scenario analysis was used to explore the implications of tariff escalation, accelerated emissions standards, and logistical disruptions, producing a set of actionable implications rather than numeric forecasts. Throughout, quality assurance procedures ensured consistency of terminology, clarity of assumptions, and traceability of primary evidence to final conclusions.
Synthesis and forward-looking conclusions that translate regulatory, logistical, and commercial trends into strategic priorities for operators and investors in fuel oil markets
The conclusion synthesizes the study’s principal implications: fuel oil markets are in transition, shaped by regulatory tightening, logistical reconfiguration, and shifting commercial practices. Companies that combine operational adaptability, regulatory foresight, and customer-aligned service models will be best positioned to navigate tariff volatility and decarbonization pressures. Tactical adjustments-improved blending, diversified sourcing, and refined contract terms-can mitigate near-term disruption, while strategic decisions about asset investments and partnerships determine longer-term resilience.
Leaders must balance the near-term pragmatism of optimizing existing supply chains with the strategic necessity of preparing for lower-carbon futures. Transparent communication with customers about quality, delivery reliability, and compliance will reduce friction and support premium service offerings. In sum, the path forward demands disciplined operational execution and forward-looking strategy formulation to convert uncertainty into competitive advantage.
Note: PDF & Excel + Online Access - 1 Year
A strategic introduction connecting fuel oil’s operational roles, supply chain pressures, and regulatory challenges to enterprise-level decision-making and risk management
Fuel oil remains a critical commodity at the intersection of energy security, industrial activity, and maritime operations. The introduction frames why stakeholders across supply chains - from refiners and traders to utilities, shipping operators, and heavy industry users - must reassess sourcing strategies, commercial contracts, and risk frameworks in response to rapidly evolving policy and operational pressures. It situates fuel oil not only as a physical product transported and burned but as an asset class whose price, availability, and regulatory treatment influence broader energy transition pathways.
Understanding current dynamics requires attention to how logistical bottlenecks, fuel quality specifications, blending practices, and emissions regulations interact to shape operational choices and capital investment. The introduction clarifies the scope of analysis, the principal drivers under review, and the implications for contract design, inventory management, and procurement planning. It also sets the stage for deeper examination of tariff impacts, segmentation behavior, regional distinctions, and competitive responses, ensuring readers appreciate both immediate operational imperatives and longer-term strategic considerations.
How tightening emissions rules, logistic reconfigurations, and technology adoption are reshaping the fuel oil landscape and forcing strategic repositioning
The landscape for fuel oil is undergoing transformative shifts driven by regulatory tightening, technological adoption, and shifting demand centers. Emissions standards for shipping and industrial combustion, alongside national decarbonization roadmaps, have reconfigured the calculus for end users and suppliers. At the same time, advances in fuel treatment technologies, blending capabilities, and low-sulfur handling mean that operators can extend the economic life of some assets while simultaneously investing in cleaner alternatives.
These changes are compounded by evolving logistics networks: rerouted shipping services, port capacity constraints, and the emergence of new storage and bunkering hubs alter traditional trade flows. Financial instruments and contracting practices are adapting, with greater emphasis on flexibility clauses, quality guarantees, and logistical resilience. As a result, companies face a choice between incremental adaptation-optimizing existing processes and contracts-or strategic repositioning through investment in alternative fuels, retrofits, or new supply relationships. Transitional policies and corporate decarbonization commitments will continue to drive uneven but profound reshaping across both upstream refining operations and downstream consumption patterns.
Assessing the multifaceted operational and commercial repercussions of recent US tariff measures on fuel oil trade flows, contracting, and supply chain resilience
The cumulative effect of recent tariff actions in the United States has introduced new layers of cost and complexity across trading, refining economics, and logistics. Tariffs have influenced feedstock selection and refining margins by altering the relative price competitiveness of imported crude and intermediate fuel products. They have also encouraged longer-term contracts and localized sourcing strategies to mitigate exposure to sudden policy shifts and added administrative burden.
Beyond immediate cost impositions, tariffs have catalyzed adjustments in inventory practices and contract structures. Firms operating in vertically integrated systems have recalibrated internal transfer pricing and hedging arrangements to absorb or pass through tariff impacts. Trade routes have shifted as traders seek to minimize tariff incidence through alternative ports or origin countries, while logistics managers have rerouted shipments and adjusted storage strategies to smooth supply chain disruptions. These combined responses reinforce the need for dynamic scenario planning and real-time policy monitoring to preserve margin integrity and operational continuity under an increasingly interventionist trade policy environment.
Deep segmentation analysis linking fuel type, distribution channel, and end-use profiles to operational requirements, compliance obligations, and commercial positioning
Segmentation analysis reveals divergent dynamics across fuel types, channels, and end uses that shape demand composition and product handling requirements. Based on fuel type, the market is studied across Distillate Fuel Oil and Residual Fuel Oil, with distillates attracting premium handling and stricter sulfur and emissions requirements while residuals continue to dominate certain heavy industrial and marine applications for their energy density and lower cost per unit of energy. These chemical and performance differences influence storage, blending, and regulatory compliance practices.
Distribution pathways also differ materially in their margin structures and operational constraints. Based on distribution channel, the market is studied across Offline and Online Platforms, where the offline segment incorporates retail fuel stations and wholesale distributors that provide established physical networks and immediate delivery options, while the online platforms layer in auction sites and original equipment manufacturer contracts that introduce dynamic pricing mechanisms, contractual specificity, and longer lead times for fulfillment. The intersection of channel selection and product type therefore informs logistics planning and contract risk allocation.
End-user profiles create further differentiation in consumption patterns and specification needs. Based on end user, the market is studied across commercial, industrial, marine bunkers, power generation, and residential segments, with the marine bunkers category further analyzed across bulk carriers, container ships, and tankers. Each end-use vertical applies distinctive quality specifications, cadence of deliveries, and regulatory compliance protocols, requiring suppliers to tailor blending, testing, and delivery approaches accordingly. Collectively, these segmentation lenses offer a detailed map for targeted strategy development across production, trading, and customer service functions.
Regional dynamics and infrastructure realities across the Americas, Europe Middle East & Africa, and Asia-Pacific that determine demand patterns and supply chain strategies
Regional dynamics shape demand drivers, regulatory environments, and infrastructure investment priorities in distinct ways across the globe. In the Americas, fleet modernization, port logistics upgrades, and shifting refinery configurations are influencing where and how fuel oil moves, while policy debates around domestic energy security and trade policy affect sourcing decisions and inventory strategies. Market participants in this region prioritize flexibility in contracting and resilience in storage to manage policy volatility and shifting demand mixes.
Europe, Middle East & Africa presents a diverse tapestry of regulation and consumption patterns, where stringent emissions controls in parts of Europe coexist with heavy industrial and marine demand in the Middle East, and evolving infrastructure investment in parts of Africa creates opportunities and operational challenges. This regional heterogeneity requires suppliers to adopt modular compliance frameworks and differentiated commercial propositions. In the Asia-Pacific region, growing maritime trade, concentrated refining capacity, and rapid industrial activity drive robust demand for both distillates and residuals, while regulatory initiatives and port-level bunkering developments are reshaping traditional trade corridors. Across regions, competitive positioning depends on aligning logistics capabilities, regulatory intelligence, and customer-focused service offerings.
Competitive trajectories and corporate strategies among refiners, traders, and logistics providers that are redefining value capture and customer service models in fuel oil markets
Companies operating in the fuel oil ecosystem are pursuing a combination of consolidation, capability building, and selective investment to secure competitive advantage. Integrated refiners are leveraging scale to optimize crude slates and blending operations, enhancing margin capture through tighter coordination between refining yields and distribution networks. Traders and wholesalers are investing in digital platforms and contract analytics to improve price discovery, manage counterpart risk, and optimize inventory turn.
Service providers and logistics firms are differentiating through specialized handling capabilities, low-sulfur bunkering services, and compliance offerings that simplify regulatory adherence for customers. Some firms are forming strategic alliances with shipping operators and large industrial consumers to co-develop supply solutions that reduce exposure to market volatility. Across the competitive set, successful companies combine operational rigor in storage and blending with commercial agility in contract design and an expanding suite of value-added services focused on emissions reporting, fuel testing, and risk transfer mechanisms.
Actionable strategic and operational recommendations for market leaders to fortify resilience, compliance, and customer differentiation in evolving fuel oil markets
Industry leaders should prioritize actions that enhance resilience, align with regulatory trajectories, and create customer-facing differentiation. First, integrate regulatory intelligence into commercial and procurement processes so that tariff shifts, emissions standards, and port-level rules are incorporated into contract clauses and sourcing decisions in near real time. This reduces exposure to sudden policy shocks and enables proactive re-routing or hedging.
Second, invest in logistics flexibility by expanding access to multi-modal storage hubs, improving blending capabilities, and developing rapid bunkering solutions. These operational investments reduce lead times and improve the ability to meet diverse quality specifications across end users. Third, enhance digital capabilities for contract management, auction participation, and quality traceability to drive marginal improvements in pricing, reduce disputes, and strengthen customer trust. Fourth, develop tailored commercial offerings for distinct end-use segments-commercial, industrial, marine bunkers with subsegments for bulk carriers, container ships, and tankers, power generation, and residential-to align service levels with willingness to pay and regulatory obligations. Finally, pursue strategic partnerships and scenario planning exercises to model tariff impacts, supply disruptions, and decarbonization pathways, ensuring executive teams can make rapid, informed decisions when conditions change.
A rigorous mixed-methods research approach combining primary stakeholder engagement, supply chain mapping, regulatory analysis, and scenario-based validation for robust insights
The research methodology combines qualitative and quantitative approaches to ensure robust, triangulated insights. Primary interviews with industry executives, logistics managers, trading desks, and end users provided first-hand perspectives on operational challenges, contracting practices, and strategic responses. These interviews were complemented by supply chain mapping exercises that traced typical product flows from refinery output through storage, bunkering, and end-use delivery channels.
Secondary research drew on regulatory texts, trade publications, and technical literature to validate policy impacts, fuel specifications, and infrastructure developments. Data synthesis employed cross-validation techniques that reconciled divergent sources and highlighted consensus views where they emerged. Scenario analysis was used to explore the implications of tariff escalation, accelerated emissions standards, and logistical disruptions, producing a set of actionable implications rather than numeric forecasts. Throughout, quality assurance procedures ensured consistency of terminology, clarity of assumptions, and traceability of primary evidence to final conclusions.
Synthesis and forward-looking conclusions that translate regulatory, logistical, and commercial trends into strategic priorities for operators and investors in fuel oil markets
The conclusion synthesizes the study’s principal implications: fuel oil markets are in transition, shaped by regulatory tightening, logistical reconfiguration, and shifting commercial practices. Companies that combine operational adaptability, regulatory foresight, and customer-aligned service models will be best positioned to navigate tariff volatility and decarbonization pressures. Tactical adjustments-improved blending, diversified sourcing, and refined contract terms-can mitigate near-term disruption, while strategic decisions about asset investments and partnerships determine longer-term resilience.
Leaders must balance the near-term pragmatism of optimizing existing supply chains with the strategic necessity of preparing for lower-carbon futures. Transparent communication with customers about quality, delivery reliability, and compliance will reduce friction and support premium service offerings. In sum, the path forward demands disciplined operational execution and forward-looking strategy formulation to convert uncertainty into competitive advantage.
Note: PDF & Excel + Online Access - 1 Year
Table of Contents
186 Pages
- 1. Preface
- 1.1. Objectives of the Study
- 1.2. Market Definition
- 1.3. Market Segmentation & Coverage
- 1.4. Years Considered for the Study
- 1.5. Currency Considered for the Study
- 1.6. Language Considered for the Study
- 1.7. Key Stakeholders
- 2. Research Methodology
- 2.1. Introduction
- 2.2. Research Design
- 2.2.1. Primary Research
- 2.2.2. Secondary Research
- 2.3. Research Framework
- 2.3.1. Qualitative Analysis
- 2.3.2. Quantitative Analysis
- 2.4. Market Size Estimation
- 2.4.1. Top-Down Approach
- 2.4.2. Bottom-Up Approach
- 2.5. Data Triangulation
- 2.6. Research Outcomes
- 2.7. Research Assumptions
- 2.8. Research Limitations
- 3. Executive Summary
- 3.1. Introduction
- 3.2. CXO Perspective
- 3.3. Market Size & Growth Trends
- 3.4. Market Share Analysis, 2025
- 3.5. FPNV Positioning Matrix, 2025
- 3.6. New Revenue Opportunities
- 3.7. Next-Generation Business Models
- 3.8. Industry Roadmap
- 4. Market Overview
- 4.1. Introduction
- 4.2. Industry Ecosystem & Value Chain Analysis
- 4.2.1. Supply-Side Analysis
- 4.2.2. Demand-Side Analysis
- 4.2.3. Stakeholder Analysis
- 4.3. Porter’s Five Forces Analysis
- 4.4. PESTLE Analysis
- 4.5. Market Outlook
- 4.5.1. Near-Term Market Outlook (0–2 Years)
- 4.5.2. Medium-Term Market Outlook (3–5 Years)
- 4.5.3. Long-Term Market Outlook (5–10 Years)
- 4.6. Go-to-Market Strategy
- 5. Market Insights
- 5.1. Consumer Insights & End-User Perspective
- 5.2. Consumer Experience Benchmarking
- 5.3. Opportunity Mapping
- 5.4. Distribution Channel Analysis
- 5.5. Pricing Trend Analysis
- 5.6. Regulatory Compliance & Standards Framework
- 5.7. ESG & Sustainability Analysis
- 5.8. Disruption & Risk Scenarios
- 5.9. Return on Investment & Cost-Benefit Analysis
- 6. Cumulative Impact of United States Tariffs 2025
- 7. Cumulative Impact of Artificial Intelligence 2025
- 8. Fuel Oil Market, by Fuel Type
- 8.1. Distillate Fuel Oil
- 8.2. Residual Fuel Oil
- 9. Fuel Oil Market, by Distribution Channel
- 9.1. Offline
- 9.1.1. Retail Fuel Stations
- 9.1.2. Wholesale Distributors
- 9.2. Online Platforms
- 9.2.1. Auction Sites
- 9.2.2. Original Equipment Manufacturer Contracts
- 10. Fuel Oil Market, by End User
- 10.1. Commercial
- 10.2. Industrial
- 10.3. Marine Bunkers
- 10.3.1. Bulk Carriers
- 10.3.2. Container Ships
- 10.3.3. Tankers
- 10.4. Power Generation
- 10.5. Residential
- 11. Fuel Oil Market, by Region
- 11.1. Americas
- 11.1.1. North America
- 11.1.2. Latin America
- 11.2. Europe, Middle East & Africa
- 11.2.1. Europe
- 11.2.2. Middle East
- 11.2.3. Africa
- 11.3. Asia-Pacific
- 12. Fuel Oil Market, by Group
- 12.1. ASEAN
- 12.2. GCC
- 12.3. European Union
- 12.4. BRICS
- 12.5. G7
- 12.6. NATO
- 13. Fuel Oil Market, by Country
- 13.1. United States
- 13.2. Canada
- 13.3. Mexico
- 13.4. Brazil
- 13.5. United Kingdom
- 13.6. Germany
- 13.7. France
- 13.8. Russia
- 13.9. Italy
- 13.10. Spain
- 13.11. China
- 13.12. India
- 13.13. Japan
- 13.14. Australia
- 13.15. South Korea
- 14. United States Fuel Oil Market
- 15. China Fuel Oil Market
- 16. Competitive Landscape
- 16.1. Market Concentration Analysis, 2025
- 16.1.1. Concentration Ratio (CR)
- 16.1.2. Herfindahl Hirschman Index (HHI)
- 16.2. Recent Developments & Impact Analysis, 2025
- 16.3. Product Portfolio Analysis, 2025
- 16.4. Benchmarking Analysis, 2025
- 16.5. BP p.l.c.
- 16.6. Chevron Corporation
- 16.7. China National Petroleum Corporation
- 16.8. China Petroleum & Chemical Corporation
- 16.9. Eni S.p.A.
- 16.10. Exxon Mobil Corporation
- 16.11. Indian Oil Corporation Ltd.
- 16.12. PetroChina Company Limited
- 16.13. Public Joint Stock Company Rosneft Oil Company
- 16.14. Royal Dutch Shell plc
- 16.15. Saudi Arabian Oil Company
- 16.16. TotalEnergies SE
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