Flat Carbon Steel Market by Product Form (Coils, Plates, Sheets), Product Type (Cold Rolled, Electro Galvanized, Hot Rolled), Thickness, Steel Grade, Application, Distribution Channel - Global Forecast 2025-2032
Description
The Flat Carbon Steel Market was valued at USD 561.73 billion in 2024 and is projected to grow to USD 588.08 billion in 2025, with a CAGR of 5.22%, reaching USD 844.32 billion by 2032.
A strategic orientation to flat carbon steel fundamentals, supply-chain resilience, and procurement priorities that frame industry decision-making in dynamic operating conditions
The flat carbon steel sector remains a cornerstone of industrial production, enabling applications from vehicle bodies to building envelopes and heavy machinery frames. Recent years have seen the industry navigate a complex intersection of raw-material volatility, evolving environmental regulations, and shifting demand patterns across end-use industries. Consequently, executives must reconcile legacy supply chains with emerging performance requirements, while optimizing product form and grade selection to preserve margins and meet customer specifications.
This introduction frames the discussion that follows by outlining the critical forces reshaping production, distribution, and application of flat carbon steel. It highlights how material properties such as surface finish, coating, and thickness intersect with product types and end-use needs to determine procurement priorities. Moreover, it underscores the need for agile commercial strategies that respond to policy interventions and trade measures without compromising product quality or delivery reliability. By setting this context, readers will appreciate the subsequent analysis of structural shifts, tariff impacts, segmentation insights, regional dynamics, and recommended actions for market participants.
Pivotal industry transitions driven by decarbonization, digital quality control, and supply-chain reshaping that redefine production priorities and commercial advantage
The landscape for flat carbon steel is undergoing transformative shifts driven by decarbonization ambitions, digitalization of manufacturing, and reconfiguration of global supply networks. Environmental mandates are prompting refiners and mills to pursue lower-carbon steelmaking routes, and these investments are influencing available product types and production geographies. At the same time, digitization is enabling more sophisticated quality control and traceability across the value chain, elevating the importance of consistent surface finishes and precise thickness tolerances for high-value applications.
Supply-chain realignment continues as companies seek to shorten lead times and diversify supplier bases. This trend has accelerated collaboration between end-users and producers on tailored coil and sheet specifications, while creating new commercial opportunities for processors and service centers. Additionally, evolving customer requirements in automotive, construction, and machinery applications have driven a stronger focus on coated products and advanced cold-rolled grades. Taken together, these shifts suggest that market participants who align production capabilities with decarbonization goals, invest in digital quality systems, and cultivate resilient distribution arrangements will capture differentiated value as the sector matures.
How 2025 tariff measures reshaped procurement choices, supplier engagement, and inventory strategies while accelerating localization and compliance enhancements
Tariff adjustments introduced in 2025 have exerted a material influence on sourcing strategies, supplier selection, and pricing negotiation across buyer segments. These trade measures have prompted downstream manufacturers to reassess sourcing footprints, accelerate supplier qualification processes, and, in many cases, localize certain elements of procurement to mitigate exposure to tariff volatility. As a direct consequence, service centers and distributors have recalibrated inventory strategies to balance responsiveness with cost efficiency, and many integrated players have revisited nearshoring as a risk-management tool.
Beyond immediate commercial responses, the 2025 tariff environment has incentivized manufacturers to explore product substitutions and value engineering to preserve competitiveness. For instance, preference for certain product forms and thicknesses has shifted where tariff differentials affect processing economics, influencing the selection between coils and pre-finished sheets for specific applications. Moreover, exporters and processors have strengthened trade compliance and documentation capabilities to minimize transaction friction. In sum, the tariff changes have reinforced the importance of flexible sourcing, advanced supplier collaboration, and robust commercial intelligence to sustain operational continuity amid policy-driven trade constraints.
Integrated segmentation perspective linking product form, coating type, application needs, distribution pathways, thickness tolerances, and grade requirements to strategic decision-making
Understanding segmentation is essential to align product portfolios with application requirements and channel strategies, and it becomes especially important when manufacturers and buyers refine their value propositions. Based on product form, the market dynamics pivot between coils, plates, sheets, and strips, where coil-to-sheet conversion processes and plate fabrication capacities shape lead times and processing costs. This interplay affects the downstream selection of product types such as cold rolled, electro galvanized, hot rolled, and pre painted finishes, since each type carries distinct surface properties, forming characteristics, and suitability for specific downstream processes.
Application-driven demand further differentiates segments; automotive, construction, machinery, and packaging users each impose unique performance criteria that influence preferred thickness ranges and steel grades. In this context, distribution strategies vary between direct supply arrangements and indirect channels such as service centers or distributors, with each route offering different trade-offs in terms of customization, batch size, and delivery cadence. Thickness categories of less than 1 millimeter, 1–3 millimeters, and greater than 3 millimeters delineate technical requirements for forming, welding, and structural performance, while steel grades including automotive grade, commercial grade, and structural grade determine mechanical properties and certification needs. By synthesizing these segmentation dimensions, producers and buyers can prioritize capability investments, tailor product development, and refine channel approaches that better meet end-use specifications and commercial objectives.
Distinct regional demand drivers and regulatory environments across major geographies that inform optimized supply-chain design and product positioning strategies
Regional dynamics are shaping supply-chain decisions and investment priorities, with distinctive demand drivers and regulatory contexts influencing commercial behavior. In the Americas, production capacity and established downstream industries sustain a diverse demand base for coils, sheets, and plates, while proximity to major automotive and construction hubs supports tailored logistics and just-in-time delivery models. Consequently, stakeholders in this region emphasize responsiveness, compliance with local standards, and the ability to service large-scale fabrication projects.
Europe, the Middle East & Africa presents a mosaic of regulatory pressures and infrastructure investment initiatives that drive demand for coated and higher-performance steel grades. Environmental standards and decarbonization goals in Europe are accelerating adoption of lower-emission production practices, prompting buyers to evaluate supplier sustainability credentials alongside product specifications. Meanwhile, the Middle East’s infrastructure build-out and Africa’s industrialization trajectories create pockets of robust demand for structural and commercial grades, often necessitating long-haul logistics and flexible distribution strategies.
In Asia-Pacific, the combination of dense manufacturing clusters and rapidly evolving automotive and consumer goods sectors maintains strong consumption of both basic and advanced flat carbon steel products. Regional suppliers frequently compete on cost, capacity, and rapid turnaround, while increasing focus on surface quality and coated variants reflects the sophistication of end-use requirements. Overall, regional nuances underscore the value of market-specific commercial programs and locally optimized supply-chain solutions that anticipate regulatory shifts and customer preferences.
Competitive positioning and capability development among integrated mills, processors, and distributors driving differentiation through quality, service, and sustainability credentials
Competitive dynamics within flat carbon steel reflect the interplay between integrated producers, specialty processors, and global traders, each pursuing differentiated strategies to address customer needs. Leading producers focus on enhancing value through product differentiation, such as advanced coatings, tighter thickness tolerances, and certified grade offerings tailored to automotive and construction sectors. At the same time, specialized processors and service centers create competitive advantage by offering quick-turn slitting, cut-to-length services, and inventory solutions that reduce buyer working capital and accelerate production cycles.
Strategic alliances and long-term offtake arrangements have become more pronounced as buyers seek supply assurance and technical collaboration. Parallel to this, efficiency initiatives across the value chain-spanning upstream raw-material procurement to downstream logistics optimization-are central to margin protection in a market where input cost variability remains a core challenge. Competitive positioning increasingly depends on the ability to marry product quality with reliable delivery, transparent compliance practices, and demonstrable sustainability credentials, while nimble commercial teams capture opportunities in niche applications and region-specific demand pockets.
Actionable strategic moves for executives combining sourcing diversification, low-carbon investment, digital traceability, and customer co-innovation to secure long-term competitiveness
Industry leaders should adopt a multi-pronged strategy that links procurement resilience with product innovation and customer collaboration to secure sustainable advantage. First, diversify sourcing across geographies and supplier types to reduce single-point risk and create leverage during periods of policy or logistics disruption. This should be complemented by strengthening supplier qualification processes and embedding contractual flexibility that accommodates variable lead times and quality specifications.
Second, prioritize investments in low-carbon production pathways and traceability systems to meet rising regulatory and customer expectations for environmental performance. Deploying digital quality control and documentation platforms will also support faster compliance reporting and reduce transaction friction with large OEMs and infrastructure clients. Third, refine product portfolios by aligning coating technologies, thickness ranges, and grade offerings to the most profitable applications, and collaborate with key customers in co-developing targeted product variants. Finally, enhance commercial agility through improved inventory analytics and closer partnerships with service centers to match delivery cadence with manufacturer production rhythms. Together these steps will bolster resilience, improve margin capture, and enable faster response to policy change and demand evolution.
A transparent, multi-method research framework combining stakeholder engagement, supply-chain mapping, and regulatory triangulation to ensure robust and actionable insights
The research approach blends primary interviews, supply-chain mapping, and secondary-source triangulation to construct a comprehensive, evidence-based analysis of flat carbon steel dynamics. Primary engagements included structured interviews with procurement leaders, plant managers, and distribution executives to capture firsthand perspectives on product preferences, delivery challenges, and compliance priorities. These qualitative insights were integrated with production and trade documentation to validate supply-route behaviors and to identify shifts in sourcing patterns in response to policy and economic stimuli.
Secondary analysis incorporated regulatory publications, trade notices, and industry technical guidance to ensure alignment with prevailing standards and compliance frameworks. Where relevant, case studies of recent supply-chain reconfigurations and product development initiatives were examined to illustrate practical responses to commercial pressures. Throughout the methodology, emphasis was placed on reproducibility and transparency: assumptions were documented, data sources traced, and cross-checks applied to reconcile differing stakeholder perspectives. This rigorous approach supports the credibility of the insights offered and enables practitioners to adapt findings to their organizational context.
Synthesis of strategic priorities emphasizing technical alignment, compliance readiness, and operational resilience to sustain competitiveness amid evolving industry pressures
The analysis culminates in a clear recognition: success in the flat carbon steel space will favor organizations that integrate technical excellence with strategic flexibility. Manufacturers that match product capabilities-such as the right combination of coil, plate, sheet, and strip offerings-with customer-specific requirements will achieve stronger commercial outcomes. At the same time, companies that invest in operational resilience, build robust trade compliance practices, and demonstrate credible environmental performance will be better positioned to navigate ongoing policy and market shifts.
Looking ahead, the convergence of stricter regulatory regimes, evolving application demands across automotive, construction, machinery, and packaging sectors, and continued emphasis on supply-chain transparency will define competitive advantage. By synthesizing segmentation nuances, regional dynamics, and tariff-induced adjustments, stakeholders can craft more informed sourcing, manufacturing, and go-to-market strategies. Ultimately, disciplined execution of the recommended strategic priorities will enable organizations to preserve product quality, protect margins, and capture growth opportunities as industry conditions continue to evolve.
Please Note: PDF & Excel + Online Access - 1 Year
A strategic orientation to flat carbon steel fundamentals, supply-chain resilience, and procurement priorities that frame industry decision-making in dynamic operating conditions
The flat carbon steel sector remains a cornerstone of industrial production, enabling applications from vehicle bodies to building envelopes and heavy machinery frames. Recent years have seen the industry navigate a complex intersection of raw-material volatility, evolving environmental regulations, and shifting demand patterns across end-use industries. Consequently, executives must reconcile legacy supply chains with emerging performance requirements, while optimizing product form and grade selection to preserve margins and meet customer specifications.
This introduction frames the discussion that follows by outlining the critical forces reshaping production, distribution, and application of flat carbon steel. It highlights how material properties such as surface finish, coating, and thickness intersect with product types and end-use needs to determine procurement priorities. Moreover, it underscores the need for agile commercial strategies that respond to policy interventions and trade measures without compromising product quality or delivery reliability. By setting this context, readers will appreciate the subsequent analysis of structural shifts, tariff impacts, segmentation insights, regional dynamics, and recommended actions for market participants.
Pivotal industry transitions driven by decarbonization, digital quality control, and supply-chain reshaping that redefine production priorities and commercial advantage
The landscape for flat carbon steel is undergoing transformative shifts driven by decarbonization ambitions, digitalization of manufacturing, and reconfiguration of global supply networks. Environmental mandates are prompting refiners and mills to pursue lower-carbon steelmaking routes, and these investments are influencing available product types and production geographies. At the same time, digitization is enabling more sophisticated quality control and traceability across the value chain, elevating the importance of consistent surface finishes and precise thickness tolerances for high-value applications.
Supply-chain realignment continues as companies seek to shorten lead times and diversify supplier bases. This trend has accelerated collaboration between end-users and producers on tailored coil and sheet specifications, while creating new commercial opportunities for processors and service centers. Additionally, evolving customer requirements in automotive, construction, and machinery applications have driven a stronger focus on coated products and advanced cold-rolled grades. Taken together, these shifts suggest that market participants who align production capabilities with decarbonization goals, invest in digital quality systems, and cultivate resilient distribution arrangements will capture differentiated value as the sector matures.
How 2025 tariff measures reshaped procurement choices, supplier engagement, and inventory strategies while accelerating localization and compliance enhancements
Tariff adjustments introduced in 2025 have exerted a material influence on sourcing strategies, supplier selection, and pricing negotiation across buyer segments. These trade measures have prompted downstream manufacturers to reassess sourcing footprints, accelerate supplier qualification processes, and, in many cases, localize certain elements of procurement to mitigate exposure to tariff volatility. As a direct consequence, service centers and distributors have recalibrated inventory strategies to balance responsiveness with cost efficiency, and many integrated players have revisited nearshoring as a risk-management tool.
Beyond immediate commercial responses, the 2025 tariff environment has incentivized manufacturers to explore product substitutions and value engineering to preserve competitiveness. For instance, preference for certain product forms and thicknesses has shifted where tariff differentials affect processing economics, influencing the selection between coils and pre-finished sheets for specific applications. Moreover, exporters and processors have strengthened trade compliance and documentation capabilities to minimize transaction friction. In sum, the tariff changes have reinforced the importance of flexible sourcing, advanced supplier collaboration, and robust commercial intelligence to sustain operational continuity amid policy-driven trade constraints.
Integrated segmentation perspective linking product form, coating type, application needs, distribution pathways, thickness tolerances, and grade requirements to strategic decision-making
Understanding segmentation is essential to align product portfolios with application requirements and channel strategies, and it becomes especially important when manufacturers and buyers refine their value propositions. Based on product form, the market dynamics pivot between coils, plates, sheets, and strips, where coil-to-sheet conversion processes and plate fabrication capacities shape lead times and processing costs. This interplay affects the downstream selection of product types such as cold rolled, electro galvanized, hot rolled, and pre painted finishes, since each type carries distinct surface properties, forming characteristics, and suitability for specific downstream processes.
Application-driven demand further differentiates segments; automotive, construction, machinery, and packaging users each impose unique performance criteria that influence preferred thickness ranges and steel grades. In this context, distribution strategies vary between direct supply arrangements and indirect channels such as service centers or distributors, with each route offering different trade-offs in terms of customization, batch size, and delivery cadence. Thickness categories of less than 1 millimeter, 1–3 millimeters, and greater than 3 millimeters delineate technical requirements for forming, welding, and structural performance, while steel grades including automotive grade, commercial grade, and structural grade determine mechanical properties and certification needs. By synthesizing these segmentation dimensions, producers and buyers can prioritize capability investments, tailor product development, and refine channel approaches that better meet end-use specifications and commercial objectives.
Distinct regional demand drivers and regulatory environments across major geographies that inform optimized supply-chain design and product positioning strategies
Regional dynamics are shaping supply-chain decisions and investment priorities, with distinctive demand drivers and regulatory contexts influencing commercial behavior. In the Americas, production capacity and established downstream industries sustain a diverse demand base for coils, sheets, and plates, while proximity to major automotive and construction hubs supports tailored logistics and just-in-time delivery models. Consequently, stakeholders in this region emphasize responsiveness, compliance with local standards, and the ability to service large-scale fabrication projects.
Europe, the Middle East & Africa presents a mosaic of regulatory pressures and infrastructure investment initiatives that drive demand for coated and higher-performance steel grades. Environmental standards and decarbonization goals in Europe are accelerating adoption of lower-emission production practices, prompting buyers to evaluate supplier sustainability credentials alongside product specifications. Meanwhile, the Middle East’s infrastructure build-out and Africa’s industrialization trajectories create pockets of robust demand for structural and commercial grades, often necessitating long-haul logistics and flexible distribution strategies.
In Asia-Pacific, the combination of dense manufacturing clusters and rapidly evolving automotive and consumer goods sectors maintains strong consumption of both basic and advanced flat carbon steel products. Regional suppliers frequently compete on cost, capacity, and rapid turnaround, while increasing focus on surface quality and coated variants reflects the sophistication of end-use requirements. Overall, regional nuances underscore the value of market-specific commercial programs and locally optimized supply-chain solutions that anticipate regulatory shifts and customer preferences.
Competitive positioning and capability development among integrated mills, processors, and distributors driving differentiation through quality, service, and sustainability credentials
Competitive dynamics within flat carbon steel reflect the interplay between integrated producers, specialty processors, and global traders, each pursuing differentiated strategies to address customer needs. Leading producers focus on enhancing value through product differentiation, such as advanced coatings, tighter thickness tolerances, and certified grade offerings tailored to automotive and construction sectors. At the same time, specialized processors and service centers create competitive advantage by offering quick-turn slitting, cut-to-length services, and inventory solutions that reduce buyer working capital and accelerate production cycles.
Strategic alliances and long-term offtake arrangements have become more pronounced as buyers seek supply assurance and technical collaboration. Parallel to this, efficiency initiatives across the value chain-spanning upstream raw-material procurement to downstream logistics optimization-are central to margin protection in a market where input cost variability remains a core challenge. Competitive positioning increasingly depends on the ability to marry product quality with reliable delivery, transparent compliance practices, and demonstrable sustainability credentials, while nimble commercial teams capture opportunities in niche applications and region-specific demand pockets.
Actionable strategic moves for executives combining sourcing diversification, low-carbon investment, digital traceability, and customer co-innovation to secure long-term competitiveness
Industry leaders should adopt a multi-pronged strategy that links procurement resilience with product innovation and customer collaboration to secure sustainable advantage. First, diversify sourcing across geographies and supplier types to reduce single-point risk and create leverage during periods of policy or logistics disruption. This should be complemented by strengthening supplier qualification processes and embedding contractual flexibility that accommodates variable lead times and quality specifications.
Second, prioritize investments in low-carbon production pathways and traceability systems to meet rising regulatory and customer expectations for environmental performance. Deploying digital quality control and documentation platforms will also support faster compliance reporting and reduce transaction friction with large OEMs and infrastructure clients. Third, refine product portfolios by aligning coating technologies, thickness ranges, and grade offerings to the most profitable applications, and collaborate with key customers in co-developing targeted product variants. Finally, enhance commercial agility through improved inventory analytics and closer partnerships with service centers to match delivery cadence with manufacturer production rhythms. Together these steps will bolster resilience, improve margin capture, and enable faster response to policy change and demand evolution.
A transparent, multi-method research framework combining stakeholder engagement, supply-chain mapping, and regulatory triangulation to ensure robust and actionable insights
The research approach blends primary interviews, supply-chain mapping, and secondary-source triangulation to construct a comprehensive, evidence-based analysis of flat carbon steel dynamics. Primary engagements included structured interviews with procurement leaders, plant managers, and distribution executives to capture firsthand perspectives on product preferences, delivery challenges, and compliance priorities. These qualitative insights were integrated with production and trade documentation to validate supply-route behaviors and to identify shifts in sourcing patterns in response to policy and economic stimuli.
Secondary analysis incorporated regulatory publications, trade notices, and industry technical guidance to ensure alignment with prevailing standards and compliance frameworks. Where relevant, case studies of recent supply-chain reconfigurations and product development initiatives were examined to illustrate practical responses to commercial pressures. Throughout the methodology, emphasis was placed on reproducibility and transparency: assumptions were documented, data sources traced, and cross-checks applied to reconcile differing stakeholder perspectives. This rigorous approach supports the credibility of the insights offered and enables practitioners to adapt findings to their organizational context.
Synthesis of strategic priorities emphasizing technical alignment, compliance readiness, and operational resilience to sustain competitiveness amid evolving industry pressures
The analysis culminates in a clear recognition: success in the flat carbon steel space will favor organizations that integrate technical excellence with strategic flexibility. Manufacturers that match product capabilities-such as the right combination of coil, plate, sheet, and strip offerings-with customer-specific requirements will achieve stronger commercial outcomes. At the same time, companies that invest in operational resilience, build robust trade compliance practices, and demonstrate credible environmental performance will be better positioned to navigate ongoing policy and market shifts.
Looking ahead, the convergence of stricter regulatory regimes, evolving application demands across automotive, construction, machinery, and packaging sectors, and continued emphasis on supply-chain transparency will define competitive advantage. By synthesizing segmentation nuances, regional dynamics, and tariff-induced adjustments, stakeholders can craft more informed sourcing, manufacturing, and go-to-market strategies. Ultimately, disciplined execution of the recommended strategic priorities will enable organizations to preserve product quality, protect margins, and capture growth opportunities as industry conditions continue to evolve.
Please Note: PDF & Excel + Online Access - 1 Year
Table of Contents
186 Pages
- 1. Preface
- 1.1. Objectives of the Study
- 1.2. Market Segmentation & Coverage
- 1.3. Years Considered for the Study
- 1.4. Currency
- 1.5. Language
- 1.6. Stakeholders
- 2. Research Methodology
- 3. Executive Summary
- 4. Market Overview
- 5. Market Insights
- 5.1. Rising demand for high-strength low-alloy (HSLA) flat carbon steel in automotive lightweighting applications
- 5.2. Increasing adoption of advanced coatings to enhance corrosion resistance in flat carbon steel products
- 5.3. Impact of stringent carbon emission regulations on production processes in flat carbon steel manufacturing
- 5.4. Shift towards electric arc furnace technology to reduce environmental footprint in flat carbon steel production
- 5.5. Growing integration of digital twin and AI-driven process optimization in flat carbon steel mills
- 5.6. Supply chain disruptions and raw material price volatility affecting global flat carbon steel availability
- 5.7. Expansion of specialty cold-rolled flat carbon steel grades for precision engineering and appliance manufacturing
- 5.8. Emergence of green steel certifications influencing procurement decisions in industrial end-user segments
- 5.9. Technological advancements in continuous casting and hot rolling to improve yield and energy efficiency in flat carbon steel
- 5.10. Strategic partnerships between steel producers and automotive OEMs to develop bespoke flat carbon steel solutions
- 6. Cumulative Impact of United States Tariffs 2025
- 7. Cumulative Impact of Artificial Intelligence 2025
- 8. Flat Carbon Steel Market, by Product Form
- 8.1. Coils
- 8.2. Plates
- 8.3. Sheets
- 8.4. Strips
- 9. Flat Carbon Steel Market, by Product Type
- 9.1. Cold Rolled
- 9.2. Electro Galvanized
- 9.3. Hot Rolled
- 9.4. Pre Painted
- 10. Flat Carbon Steel Market, by Thickness
- 10.1. 1–3 Millimeters
- 10.2. Greater Than 3 Millimeters
- 10.3. Less Than 1 Millimeter
- 11. Flat Carbon Steel Market, by Steel Grade
- 11.1. Automotive Grade
- 11.2. Commercial Grade
- 11.3. Structural Grade
- 12. Flat Carbon Steel Market, by Application
- 12.1. Automotive
- 12.2. Construction
- 12.3. Machinery
- 12.4. Packaging
- 13. Flat Carbon Steel Market, by Distribution Channel
- 13.1. Direct
- 13.2. Indirect
- 14. Flat Carbon Steel Market, by Region
- 14.1. Americas
- 14.1.1. North America
- 14.1.2. Latin America
- 14.2. Europe, Middle East & Africa
- 14.2.1. Europe
- 14.2.2. Middle East
- 14.2.3. Africa
- 14.3. Asia-Pacific
- 15. Flat Carbon Steel Market, by Group
- 15.1. ASEAN
- 15.2. GCC
- 15.3. European Union
- 15.4. BRICS
- 15.5. G7
- 15.6. NATO
- 16. Flat Carbon Steel Market, by Country
- 16.1. United States
- 16.2. Canada
- 16.3. Mexico
- 16.4. Brazil
- 16.5. United Kingdom
- 16.6. Germany
- 16.7. France
- 16.8. Russia
- 16.9. Italy
- 16.10. Spain
- 16.11. China
- 16.12. India
- 16.13. Japan
- 16.14. Australia
- 16.15. South Korea
- 17. Competitive Landscape
- 17.1. Market Share Analysis, 2024
- 17.2. FPNV Positioning Matrix, 2024
- 17.3. Competitive Analysis
- 17.3.1. China Baowu Steel Group Co., Ltd.
- 17.3.2. ArcelorMittal SA
- 17.3.3. Nippon Steel Corporation
- 17.3.4. HBIS Group Co., Ltd.
- 17.3.5. Jiangsu Shagang Group Co., Ltd.
- 17.3.6. Pohang Iron and Steel Co., Ltd.
- 17.3.7. Ansteel Group Corporation Limited
- 17.3.8. Tata Steel Limited
- 17.3.9. JFE Steel Corporation
- 17.3.10. JSW Steel Limited
- 17.3.11. JSW Steel Limited
- 17.3.12. Nucor Corporation
- 17.3.13. Delong Steel Group Co., Ltd.
- 17.3.14. Hunan Steel Group
- 17.3.15. Cleveland‑Cliffs Inc.
- 17.3.16. SAIL
- 17.3.17. Hyundai Steel Co., Ltd.
- 17.3.18. Valin Group Co., Ltd.
- 17.3.19. Severstal PJSC
- 17.3.20. NLMK Group
- 17.3.21. Ískenderun Iron and Steel A.Ş. (İSDEMİR)
- 17.3.22. Gerdau S.A.
- 17.3.23. Maanshan Iron & Steel Company Limited
- 17.3.24. ThyssenKrupp AG
- 17.3.25. Voestalpine AG
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