Corneal Implants Market by Technology (Excimer Laser, Femtosecond Laser, Manual), Product Type (Corneal Inlays, Corneal Onlays, Intrastromal Ring Segments), Material, Indication, End User - Global Forecast 2025-2032
Description
The Corneal Implants Market was valued at USD 703.91 million in 2024 and is projected to grow to USD 795.66 million in 2025, with a CAGR of 13.25%, reaching USD 1,905.94 million by 2032.
An authoritative opening overview that frames corneal implant clinical evolution, material and technological drivers, and the strategic imperative for integrated stakeholder action
Corneal implants have progressed from experimental interventions to clinically accepted options for a range of anterior segment indications, driven by advances in biomaterials, laser precision, and surgical workflows. Over the past decade the intersection of refined imaging, laser platforms, and more biocompatible implant materials has expanded the therapeutic envelope for patients with keratoconus, presbyopia, hyperopia, and selected myopic profiles. This introduction frames the confluence of technological innovation and clinical demand that now defines the corneal implant landscape and sets the context for the analyses that follow.
Clinicians and industry leaders are navigating a dynamic environment in which device design, material science, and procedural standardization are converging. Patient expectations for minimally invasive options and predictable visual outcomes now influence device development pathways as much as regulatory and reimbursement considerations. Consequently, stakeholders must evaluate clinical performance alongside supply chain resilience and procedural economics. The remainder of this executive summary synthesizes those dimensions to provide an actionable orientation for clinical program leaders, device executives, and policy makers.
A comprehensive synthesis of technological, regulatory, and commercial inflection points that are actively redefining corneal implant development and clinical adoption pathways
Corneal implant development is undergoing multiple concurrent shifts that are reshaping both clinical practice and commercialization strategies. On the technological front, simultaneous refinement of laser-assisted techniques and implant design has reduced intraoperative variability and expanded the indications for interventional optics. Wavefront-informed refractive planning, higher fidelity femtosecond lamellar dissection, and increasingly biomimetic implant substrates have collectively raised expectations for predictability and safety. These advances are producing an environment where iterative device improvements can be translated into measurable improvements in postoperative quality of life.
Regulatory and payer landscapes are evolving in response to the clinical evidence base and patient-reported outcomes, which in turn is prompting manufacturers to prioritize robust real-world evidence and longer-term follow-up studies. Supply chain reconfiguration and device modularity are enabling faster iteration cycles, while strategic partnerships between laser platform providers and implant manufacturers are accelerating integrated procedural ecosystems. At the same time, rising attention to health equity and access is urging innovators to consider cost, scalability, and training when defining value propositions. As a result, the competitive terrain favors organizations that combine technological excellence with evidence generation, scalable training models, and flexible commercial agreements.
A detailed analysis of how United States tariff measures implemented in 2025 are shifting supply chains, procurement strategies, and clinical access to corneal implants
Recent tariff actions in the United States introduced in 2025 have had immediate reverberations across the supply chain for precision ophthalmic devices and associated consumables, with particular implications for imported laser systems, implantable polymers, and sterile disposables. These policy changes increased focus on supplier diversification, nearshoring of critical components, and inventory strategies that aim to minimize procedural disruption. Clinical providers and device manufacturers responded by reassessing procurement contracts and increasing collaboration with domestic suppliers to preserve continuity of care and protect scheduled surgical volumes.
Beyond procurement adjustments, tariff-driven cost pressures have emphasized the value of lifecycle management and durable device design. Manufacturers are accelerating efforts to reduce dependency on tariff-exposed inputs by qualifying alternative materials and optimizing packaging and logistics. Simultaneously, health systems are tightening capital planning and procurement timelines, which has necessitated clearer evidence of procedural efficiency gains and comparative clinical benefits. In this context, organizations that proactively align manufacturing footprints, clinical training programs, and commercial terms with evolving trade realities will be better positioned to sustain access and manage margin compression while continuing to invest in clinical innovation.
An in-depth segmentation perspective synthesizing technology platforms, clinical settings, product categories, biomaterials, and therapeutic indications to guide strategic alignment
A segmentation-focused analysis offers clarity on where clinical need, technological capability, and commercial opportunity intersect across the corneal implant landscape. Based on Technology, market study categorizations include Excimer Laser, Femtosecond Laser, and Manual approaches, with the Excimer Laser further differentiated into Wavefront Guided and Wavefront Optimized modalities and the Femtosecond Laser further parsed into IntraLase and VisuMax platforms. This technology-centric perspective highlights how platform choice influences procedural reproducibility, imaging integration, and surgeon learning curves, shaping both device compatibility and training requirements.
Considering End User, segments encompass Ambulatory Surgical Centers, Hospitals, and Ophthalmology Clinics, each of which presents distinct capital constraints, case-mix profiles, and operational priorities. Product Type segmentations cover Corneal Inlays, Corneal Onlays, and Intrastromal Ring Segments, emphasizing differences in surgical approach, reversibility, and target indications. Material considerations distinguish Collagen, Hydrogel, Polymethyl Methacrylate, and Silicone substrates, which vary in biocompatibility, optical clarity, and long-term tissue interaction. Finally, Indication-based segmentation addresses Hyperopia, Keratoconus, Myopia, and Presbyopia, underscoring how patient selection and outcome expectations vary across therapeutic goals. Integrating these dimensions reveals that strategic alignment between platform choice, implant material, and end-user environment is essential to optimize clinical outcomes and accelerate adoption.
A regionally nuanced analysis detailing how the Americas, Europe Middle East & Africa, and Asia-Pacific differ in regulatory frameworks, commercial priorities, and adoption dynamics
Regional dynamics critically shape adoption timelines, regulatory pathways, and commercialization strategies across the corneal implant sector. In the Americas, a mature private provider market coexists with large public healthcare systems, producing a dual-track environment where premium implant technologies can scale in private clinics while hospitals and health systems evaluate long-term value through health economics and outcomes research. This blend fosters active private-sector investment in training programs and in-clinic diagnostic integration to support advanced refractive and keratoconus interventions.
In Europe, Middle East & Africa, the regulatory mosaic and reimbursement variability create a patchwork of adoption rates; regulatory harmonization in some European jurisdictions encourages coordinated clinical trials, whereas access in several EMEA markets remains constrained by procurement budgets and local clinical capacity. Asia-Pacific demonstrates high procedural volume in several markets and strong manufacturing ecosystems that support rapid device iteration and competitive pricing. Clinical training networks and entrepreneurial medical device ventures in Asia-Pacific have increased collaboration with global manufacturers, enabling faster technology transfer and scale. Across regions, strategies that adapt pricing, training, and evidence generation to local health system structures and clinical practice patterns will accelerate acceptance and sustainable utilization.
A strategic industry landscape review highlighting platform incumbents, specialized implant developers, and collaborative innovation models shaping corneal implant competition and partnerships
The competitive landscape in corneal implants is characterized by a mix of established medical device platform providers, specialized implant developers, and emergent clinical innovators that prioritize material science and surgical ergonomics. Large ophthalmic laser platform manufacturers are extending their clinical portfolios through OEM relationships and procedural integrations, while niche implant specialists focus on differentiated biomaterials and small-incision delivery systems. Collaborative models that link laser platform capabilities with implant design and evidence generation are increasingly central to commercial success.
Innovation is also emerging from companies that emphasize minimally invasive, reversible implant designs and those developing alternative keratoprosthesis solutions for advanced corneal disease. Strategic priorities among leading organizations include building strong clinical training ecosystems, investing in longitudinal safety and quality-of-life data, and expanding distribution partnerships to reach diverse end-user settings. Entities that combine surgical workflow integration, scalable training, and post-market evidence collection will have comparative advantages in clinician acceptance and payer discussions. Moreover, partnerships between platform incumbents and nimble innovators are likely to accelerate the translation of next-generation biomaterials into routine clinical use.
Practical and prioritized strategic recommendations for device makers, clinical leaders, and payers to accelerate responsible innovation, adoption, and supply resilience in corneal implants
Industry leaders should prioritize a set of pragmatic actions to translate technological advantages into durable clinical and commercial outcomes. First, align product development with robust clinical evidence generation by embedding patient-reported outcome measures in post-market surveillance and by designing pragmatic trials that reflect routine clinical pathways. Such evidence will facilitate payer conversations and support value-based contracting. Second, invest in integrated training and credentialing programs that reduce surgeon variability and accelerate adoption across ambulatory surgical centers, hospitals, and ophthalmology clinics. This approach will also protect procedural quality as new implant types and materials enter practice.
Third, mitigate supply risk by diversifying suppliers, qualifying alternative biomaterials, and exploring regional manufacturing options to reduce exposure to trade volatility. Fourth, pursue strategic partnerships between laser platform providers and implant manufacturers to offer integrated procedural solutions that simplify procurement and training for clinical sites. Finally, adopt proactive regulatory engagement and reimbursement planning early in development cycles to streamline market entry pathways and align evidence plans with payer requirements. Executed together, these recommendations will support scalable adoption while preserving innovation momentum and clinical safety.
A transparent mixed-methods research methodology that combines clinical expert interviews, systematic literature review, and triangulated device and regulatory data to support actionable findings
This research employed a mixed-methods approach combining primary qualitative interviews with key opinion leaders, structured clinical practitioner surveys, and systematic review of peer-reviewed clinical literature and regulatory filings. Primary engagement included refractive and corneal surgeons, device engineers, procurement leads, and regulatory specialists to ensure a multi-stakeholder perspective on clinical workflows, device integration, and adoption barriers. Responses were anonymized and synthesized to identify consistent themes related to procedural reproducibility, training gaps, and material performance.
Quantitative inputs derived from aggregated procedural counts, device registries, and published clinical outcome series, and were triangulated with manufacturer product specifications and regulatory summaries. Methodological safeguards included cross-validation of clinical assertions with independent surgeon interviews and review of adverse event reporting. Limitations are acknowledged where long-term implant durability data remain limited, and areas of clinical uncertainty were explicitly flagged for further post-market study. Overall, the methodology balances clinical insight with product and regulatory analysis to create an actionable evidence base for decision-makers.
A concise concluding synthesis emphasizing evidence generation, training scale, and supply chain alignment as the critical determinants of long-term corneal implant success
The corneal implant field stands at a pivotal moment where technical maturation, evolving regulatory expectations, and shifting supply chain realities are converging to redefine clinical pathways. Advances in laser guidance, biomaterial science, and integrated procedural workflows are enabling more predictable and patient-centered outcomes, while regional differences in regulation and procurement demand adaptable commercialization and training strategies. Stakeholders who invest in high-quality evidence generation, robust surgeon training, and resilient supply arrangements will be best positioned to translate technological promise into meaningful clinical impact.
Looking ahead, sustained improvements in long-term safety data, standardized outcome reporting, and interoperable procedural ecosystems will be essential to broaden clinical access and secure payer confidence. Collaboration across manufacturers, clinical centers, and health system purchasers will accelerate refinements in device design and training that ultimately serve patient outcomes. In short, coordinated efforts to harmonize evidence, education, and supply chains will determine which innovations achieve widespread, durable adoption in corneal care.
Please Note: PDF & Excel + Online Access - 1 Year
An authoritative opening overview that frames corneal implant clinical evolution, material and technological drivers, and the strategic imperative for integrated stakeholder action
Corneal implants have progressed from experimental interventions to clinically accepted options for a range of anterior segment indications, driven by advances in biomaterials, laser precision, and surgical workflows. Over the past decade the intersection of refined imaging, laser platforms, and more biocompatible implant materials has expanded the therapeutic envelope for patients with keratoconus, presbyopia, hyperopia, and selected myopic profiles. This introduction frames the confluence of technological innovation and clinical demand that now defines the corneal implant landscape and sets the context for the analyses that follow.
Clinicians and industry leaders are navigating a dynamic environment in which device design, material science, and procedural standardization are converging. Patient expectations for minimally invasive options and predictable visual outcomes now influence device development pathways as much as regulatory and reimbursement considerations. Consequently, stakeholders must evaluate clinical performance alongside supply chain resilience and procedural economics. The remainder of this executive summary synthesizes those dimensions to provide an actionable orientation for clinical program leaders, device executives, and policy makers.
A comprehensive synthesis of technological, regulatory, and commercial inflection points that are actively redefining corneal implant development and clinical adoption pathways
Corneal implant development is undergoing multiple concurrent shifts that are reshaping both clinical practice and commercialization strategies. On the technological front, simultaneous refinement of laser-assisted techniques and implant design has reduced intraoperative variability and expanded the indications for interventional optics. Wavefront-informed refractive planning, higher fidelity femtosecond lamellar dissection, and increasingly biomimetic implant substrates have collectively raised expectations for predictability and safety. These advances are producing an environment where iterative device improvements can be translated into measurable improvements in postoperative quality of life.
Regulatory and payer landscapes are evolving in response to the clinical evidence base and patient-reported outcomes, which in turn is prompting manufacturers to prioritize robust real-world evidence and longer-term follow-up studies. Supply chain reconfiguration and device modularity are enabling faster iteration cycles, while strategic partnerships between laser platform providers and implant manufacturers are accelerating integrated procedural ecosystems. At the same time, rising attention to health equity and access is urging innovators to consider cost, scalability, and training when defining value propositions. As a result, the competitive terrain favors organizations that combine technological excellence with evidence generation, scalable training models, and flexible commercial agreements.
A detailed analysis of how United States tariff measures implemented in 2025 are shifting supply chains, procurement strategies, and clinical access to corneal implants
Recent tariff actions in the United States introduced in 2025 have had immediate reverberations across the supply chain for precision ophthalmic devices and associated consumables, with particular implications for imported laser systems, implantable polymers, and sterile disposables. These policy changes increased focus on supplier diversification, nearshoring of critical components, and inventory strategies that aim to minimize procedural disruption. Clinical providers and device manufacturers responded by reassessing procurement contracts and increasing collaboration with domestic suppliers to preserve continuity of care and protect scheduled surgical volumes.
Beyond procurement adjustments, tariff-driven cost pressures have emphasized the value of lifecycle management and durable device design. Manufacturers are accelerating efforts to reduce dependency on tariff-exposed inputs by qualifying alternative materials and optimizing packaging and logistics. Simultaneously, health systems are tightening capital planning and procurement timelines, which has necessitated clearer evidence of procedural efficiency gains and comparative clinical benefits. In this context, organizations that proactively align manufacturing footprints, clinical training programs, and commercial terms with evolving trade realities will be better positioned to sustain access and manage margin compression while continuing to invest in clinical innovation.
An in-depth segmentation perspective synthesizing technology platforms, clinical settings, product categories, biomaterials, and therapeutic indications to guide strategic alignment
A segmentation-focused analysis offers clarity on where clinical need, technological capability, and commercial opportunity intersect across the corneal implant landscape. Based on Technology, market study categorizations include Excimer Laser, Femtosecond Laser, and Manual approaches, with the Excimer Laser further differentiated into Wavefront Guided and Wavefront Optimized modalities and the Femtosecond Laser further parsed into IntraLase and VisuMax platforms. This technology-centric perspective highlights how platform choice influences procedural reproducibility, imaging integration, and surgeon learning curves, shaping both device compatibility and training requirements.
Considering End User, segments encompass Ambulatory Surgical Centers, Hospitals, and Ophthalmology Clinics, each of which presents distinct capital constraints, case-mix profiles, and operational priorities. Product Type segmentations cover Corneal Inlays, Corneal Onlays, and Intrastromal Ring Segments, emphasizing differences in surgical approach, reversibility, and target indications. Material considerations distinguish Collagen, Hydrogel, Polymethyl Methacrylate, and Silicone substrates, which vary in biocompatibility, optical clarity, and long-term tissue interaction. Finally, Indication-based segmentation addresses Hyperopia, Keratoconus, Myopia, and Presbyopia, underscoring how patient selection and outcome expectations vary across therapeutic goals. Integrating these dimensions reveals that strategic alignment between platform choice, implant material, and end-user environment is essential to optimize clinical outcomes and accelerate adoption.
A regionally nuanced analysis detailing how the Americas, Europe Middle East & Africa, and Asia-Pacific differ in regulatory frameworks, commercial priorities, and adoption dynamics
Regional dynamics critically shape adoption timelines, regulatory pathways, and commercialization strategies across the corneal implant sector. In the Americas, a mature private provider market coexists with large public healthcare systems, producing a dual-track environment where premium implant technologies can scale in private clinics while hospitals and health systems evaluate long-term value through health economics and outcomes research. This blend fosters active private-sector investment in training programs and in-clinic diagnostic integration to support advanced refractive and keratoconus interventions.
In Europe, Middle East & Africa, the regulatory mosaic and reimbursement variability create a patchwork of adoption rates; regulatory harmonization in some European jurisdictions encourages coordinated clinical trials, whereas access in several EMEA markets remains constrained by procurement budgets and local clinical capacity. Asia-Pacific demonstrates high procedural volume in several markets and strong manufacturing ecosystems that support rapid device iteration and competitive pricing. Clinical training networks and entrepreneurial medical device ventures in Asia-Pacific have increased collaboration with global manufacturers, enabling faster technology transfer and scale. Across regions, strategies that adapt pricing, training, and evidence generation to local health system structures and clinical practice patterns will accelerate acceptance and sustainable utilization.
A strategic industry landscape review highlighting platform incumbents, specialized implant developers, and collaborative innovation models shaping corneal implant competition and partnerships
The competitive landscape in corneal implants is characterized by a mix of established medical device platform providers, specialized implant developers, and emergent clinical innovators that prioritize material science and surgical ergonomics. Large ophthalmic laser platform manufacturers are extending their clinical portfolios through OEM relationships and procedural integrations, while niche implant specialists focus on differentiated biomaterials and small-incision delivery systems. Collaborative models that link laser platform capabilities with implant design and evidence generation are increasingly central to commercial success.
Innovation is also emerging from companies that emphasize minimally invasive, reversible implant designs and those developing alternative keratoprosthesis solutions for advanced corneal disease. Strategic priorities among leading organizations include building strong clinical training ecosystems, investing in longitudinal safety and quality-of-life data, and expanding distribution partnerships to reach diverse end-user settings. Entities that combine surgical workflow integration, scalable training, and post-market evidence collection will have comparative advantages in clinician acceptance and payer discussions. Moreover, partnerships between platform incumbents and nimble innovators are likely to accelerate the translation of next-generation biomaterials into routine clinical use.
Practical and prioritized strategic recommendations for device makers, clinical leaders, and payers to accelerate responsible innovation, adoption, and supply resilience in corneal implants
Industry leaders should prioritize a set of pragmatic actions to translate technological advantages into durable clinical and commercial outcomes. First, align product development with robust clinical evidence generation by embedding patient-reported outcome measures in post-market surveillance and by designing pragmatic trials that reflect routine clinical pathways. Such evidence will facilitate payer conversations and support value-based contracting. Second, invest in integrated training and credentialing programs that reduce surgeon variability and accelerate adoption across ambulatory surgical centers, hospitals, and ophthalmology clinics. This approach will also protect procedural quality as new implant types and materials enter practice.
Third, mitigate supply risk by diversifying suppliers, qualifying alternative biomaterials, and exploring regional manufacturing options to reduce exposure to trade volatility. Fourth, pursue strategic partnerships between laser platform providers and implant manufacturers to offer integrated procedural solutions that simplify procurement and training for clinical sites. Finally, adopt proactive regulatory engagement and reimbursement planning early in development cycles to streamline market entry pathways and align evidence plans with payer requirements. Executed together, these recommendations will support scalable adoption while preserving innovation momentum and clinical safety.
A transparent mixed-methods research methodology that combines clinical expert interviews, systematic literature review, and triangulated device and regulatory data to support actionable findings
This research employed a mixed-methods approach combining primary qualitative interviews with key opinion leaders, structured clinical practitioner surveys, and systematic review of peer-reviewed clinical literature and regulatory filings. Primary engagement included refractive and corneal surgeons, device engineers, procurement leads, and regulatory specialists to ensure a multi-stakeholder perspective on clinical workflows, device integration, and adoption barriers. Responses were anonymized and synthesized to identify consistent themes related to procedural reproducibility, training gaps, and material performance.
Quantitative inputs derived from aggregated procedural counts, device registries, and published clinical outcome series, and were triangulated with manufacturer product specifications and regulatory summaries. Methodological safeguards included cross-validation of clinical assertions with independent surgeon interviews and review of adverse event reporting. Limitations are acknowledged where long-term implant durability data remain limited, and areas of clinical uncertainty were explicitly flagged for further post-market study. Overall, the methodology balances clinical insight with product and regulatory analysis to create an actionable evidence base for decision-makers.
A concise concluding synthesis emphasizing evidence generation, training scale, and supply chain alignment as the critical determinants of long-term corneal implant success
The corneal implant field stands at a pivotal moment where technical maturation, evolving regulatory expectations, and shifting supply chain realities are converging to redefine clinical pathways. Advances in laser guidance, biomaterial science, and integrated procedural workflows are enabling more predictable and patient-centered outcomes, while regional differences in regulation and procurement demand adaptable commercialization and training strategies. Stakeholders who invest in high-quality evidence generation, robust surgeon training, and resilient supply arrangements will be best positioned to translate technological promise into meaningful clinical impact.
Looking ahead, sustained improvements in long-term safety data, standardized outcome reporting, and interoperable procedural ecosystems will be essential to broaden clinical access and secure payer confidence. Collaboration across manufacturers, clinical centers, and health system purchasers will accelerate refinements in device design and training that ultimately serve patient outcomes. In short, coordinated efforts to harmonize evidence, education, and supply chains will determine which innovations achieve widespread, durable adoption in corneal care.
Please Note: PDF & Excel + Online Access - 1 Year
Table of Contents
197 Pages
- 1. Preface
- 1.1. Objectives of the Study
- 1.2. Market Segmentation & Coverage
- 1.3. Years Considered for the Study
- 1.4. Currency
- 1.5. Language
- 1.6. Stakeholders
- 2. Research Methodology
- 3. Executive Summary
- 4. Market Overview
- 5. Market Insights
- 5.1. Rising adoption of bioengineered corneal grafts to address global donor shortages
- 5.2. Integration of femtosecond laser technology for precision corneal implant placement and customization
- 5.3. Regulatory approvals driving clinical introduction of next generation synthetic corneal implants worldwide
- 5.4. Emerging collaboration between biotech companies and ophthalmic surgeons for personalized corneal scaffolds
- 5.5. Advances in crosslinking techniques improving long term stability of implanted corneal tissue substitutes
- 5.6. Growing investments in R&D for nanoparticle coatings to reduce postoperative infection in corneal implants
- 5.7. Expansion of minimally invasive corneal implant procedures enabling faster patient recovery and reduced complications
- 6. Cumulative Impact of United States Tariffs 2025
- 7. Cumulative Impact of Artificial Intelligence 2025
- 8. Corneal Implants Market, by Technology
- 8.1. Excimer Laser
- 8.1.1. Wavefront Guided
- 8.1.2. Wavefront Optimized
- 8.2. Femtosecond Laser
- 8.2.1. IntraLase
- 8.2.2. VisuMax
- 8.3. Manual
- 9. Corneal Implants Market, by Product Type
- 9.1. Corneal Inlays
- 9.2. Corneal Onlays
- 9.3. Intrastromal Ring Segments
- 10. Corneal Implants Market, by Material
- 10.1. Collagen
- 10.2. Hydrogel
- 10.3. Polymethyl Methacrylate
- 10.4. Silicone
- 11. Corneal Implants Market, by Indication
- 11.1. Hyperopia
- 11.2. Keratoconus
- 11.3. Myopia
- 11.4. Presbyopia
- 12. Corneal Implants Market, by End User
- 12.1. Ambulatory Surgical Centers
- 12.2. Hospitals
- 12.3. Ophthalmology Clinics
- 13. Corneal Implants Market, by Region
- 13.1. Americas
- 13.1.1. North America
- 13.1.2. Latin America
- 13.2. Europe, Middle East & Africa
- 13.2.1. Europe
- 13.2.2. Middle East
- 13.2.3. Africa
- 13.3. Asia-Pacific
- 14. Corneal Implants Market, by Group
- 14.1. ASEAN
- 14.2. GCC
- 14.3. European Union
- 14.4. BRICS
- 14.5. G7
- 14.6. NATO
- 15. Corneal Implants Market, by Country
- 15.1. United States
- 15.2. Canada
- 15.3. Mexico
- 15.4. Brazil
- 15.5. United Kingdom
- 15.6. Germany
- 15.7. France
- 15.8. Russia
- 15.9. Italy
- 15.10. Spain
- 15.11. China
- 15.12. India
- 15.13. Japan
- 15.14. Australia
- 15.15. South Korea
- 16. Competitive Landscape
- 16.1. Market Share Analysis, 2024
- 16.2. FPNV Positioning Matrix, 2024
- 16.3. Competitive Analysis
- 16.3.1. AcuFocus, Inc.
- 16.3.2. Alcon Inc.
- 16.3.3. Bausch + Lomb Incorporated
- 16.3.4. BostonSight
- 16.3.5. CorNeat Vision Ltd.
- 16.3.6. EyeCorneus Ltd.
- 16.3.7. Ferrara Ophthalmics LLC
- 16.3.8. Geuder AG
- 16.3.9. Johnson & Johnson Vision Care, Inc.
- 16.3.10. Keranova SAS
- 16.3.11. Mediphacos S.A.
- 16.3.12. Ophtec B.V.
- 16.3.13. Presbia PLC
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