In-Circuit Test Market by Deployment (Cloud-Based, On-Premise), Test Type (Flying Probe Test, Functional Test, In-Circuit Test), Test Station, Offering, Technology, End Use Industry - Global Forecast 2025-2032
Description
The In-Circuit Test Market was valued at USD 1.23 billion in 2024 and is projected to grow to USD 1.30 billion in 2025, with a CAGR of 5.71%, reaching USD 1.93 billion by 2032.
A concise orientation to the current in-circuit test environment clarifying the interplay of technical constraints, quality objectives, and operational tradeoffs influencing electronics validation
In-circuit test (ICT) remains a foundational quality‑assurance practice within electronics manufacturing, serving as a gatekeeper for electrical integrity and component-level functionality during production. As assemblies grow denser and more functionally complex, ICT platforms combine precision hardware, automated test sequences and diagnostic software to detect opens, shorts, and parametric deviations early in the flow. The test environment intersects with downstream functional verification and upstream design for testability disciplines, making ICT both a technical enabler and a constraint on throughput and yield.
This executive summary frames current dynamics across technology, operations and policy that affect ICT decision-making. It sets the stage for diagnostic strategies that balance cost, speed and coverage while highlighting the interplay between hardware innovation, software intelligence and service models. Readers can expect a synthesis that highlights structural forces shaping test lab architectures, practical considerations for test station deployment, and the operational tradeoffs manufacturers face as they pursue higher reliability and faster time-to-market.
How converging advances in automation, mixed-signal diagnostics, and cloud-enabled orchestration are reshaping equipment design, test programs, and service delivery across production lines
The ICT landscape is undergoing transformative shifts driven by converging technological, operational and business forces that are redefining how test is designed, executed and supported. Advances in diagnostic software and test program generation tools are enabling higher automation in program creation and faster iteration cycles, reducing reliance on labor-intensive test engineering. Concurrently, mixed-signal assemblies and miniaturized components increase the need for precision probing and more sophisticated analog/digital measurement capabilities, prompting suppliers to innovate both benchtop and system-level equipment.
On the operational side, manufacturers are adopting hybrid architectures that blend on-premise control with cloud-enabled analytics to scale test orchestration and to centralize failure data for continuous improvement. Predictive maintenance driven by machine learning is shifting service delivery from reactive repair to proactive calibration and uptime optimization. Meanwhile, supply chain fragmentation and geopolitical pressures drive a reassessment of sourcing, with test equipment and service providers investing in modular, software-defined platforms to increase portability across lines and regions. Together, these trends are reshaping investment priorities and accelerating partnerships between equipment vendors, software developers and service firms.
Understanding the operational and procurement consequences of evolving tariff policies and how flexible test architectures and regional sourcing strategies mitigate disruption risks
Recent tariff measures and trade policy changes have introduced additional considerations for electronics manufacturers and their test operations. Tariff-driven input cost variability affects procurement strategies for both test equipment and components, prompting firms to reassess vendor selection, inventory buffers, and total landed cost. In response, many organizations are reallocating capital to modular test solutions that can be redeployed across facilities rather than to fixed, line-specific systems, thereby preserving flexibility amid shifting cross-border cost dynamics.
Beyond direct cost implications, tariffs influence strategic location decisions for production and test capacity. Companies are evaluating nearshoring and regional consolidation to mitigate exposure to duty volatility and to shorten supply chains for critical probes, fixtures and calibration accessories. Service partners are adapting by expanding regional parts inventories and by offering remote diagnostic and calibration services that reduce the need for cross-border shipments. These cumulative effects reinforce the importance of resilient procurement practices and contractual terms that allow for rapid response to policy changes while maintaining uninterrupted test operations.
Detailed segmentation analysis illuminating how deployment models, test modalities, station formats, offerings, technologies, and industry verticals interact to shape test strategy
Segmentation reveals distinct paths for technology adoption and operational optimization across deployment models, test types, station configurations, offering categories, technologies, and end use sectors. When deployment choices are framed as cloud-based or on-premise, decision makers balance centralized analytics and remote orchestration against local control, latency and data sovereignty needs. Cloud-based orchestration accelerates fleet-level learning and cross-site program reuse, while on-premise solutions remain essential in high-security or low-latency contexts.
Different test types-flying probe, functional test, and in-circuit test-serve complementary roles in a validation strategy. Flying probe is often leveraged for low-volume or prototype validation where fixture costs are prohibitive, functional test captures system-level behavior for end-of-line assurance, and ICT provides component-level fault isolation during production. Test station configuration choices between in-line and stand-alone formats reflect takt time requirements, floor space, and integration complexity, with in-line stations favoring high-volume flows and stand-alone units supporting flexible or intermittent workloads.
Offering segmentation further clarifies investment levers. Hardware portfolios span benchtop equipment for localized diagnostics and system-level equipment for integrated throughput; services cover calibration and repair, installation and maintenance, and training that sustain uptime and technical capability; software categories include diagnostic suites, test management platforms, and test program generation tools that together reduce cycle times and elevate diagnostic precision. Technology distinctions among analog, digital, and mixed-signal test dictate instrumentation selection and probe strategies, while end use industry differences-across aerospace and defense, automotive, consumer electronics, industrial, medical devices, and telecommunication-shape reliability requirements, test coverage needs, and regulatory constraints. Understanding these layered segment interactions enables tailored roadmaps for test architecture and supplier engagement.
Regional strengths and operational prerequisites across the Americas, Europe Middle East & Africa, and Asia-Pacific that determine equipment selection, service models, and supplier competitiveness
Regional dynamics exert a powerful influence on equipment sourcing, service availability, regulatory obligations, and skills availability. In the Americas, strong design-to-manufacture ecosystems and a focus on automotive electronics and aerospace systems sustain demand for high-precision ICT platforms and comprehensive aftermarket services. The region’s emphasis on speed-to-market drives interest in flexible test stations and rapid program generation to support frequent product iteration.
Europe, Middle East & Africa combines stringent regulatory environments and high-reliability industry requirements, particularly in medical and aerospace applications, with a mature supply chain for specialized test tooling and calibration. Firms in this region often prioritize certification-ready processes and traceable service records, which in turn favor partners that can provide documented calibration, installation, and training programs. Asia-Pacific remains a global manufacturing powerhouse with dense electronics assembly clusters and diverse needs across consumer, industrial, and telecommunications segments. High-volume production centers in this region increase demand for integrated system-level equipment and in-line test solutions, while an expanding local supplier base accelerates innovation in cost-effective probing and automation technologies. Across regions, the ability to combine global product roadmaps with local service footprints is a differentiator for vendors seeking to support multinational producers.
How competitive dynamics, partnership strategies, and modular product architectures are converging to create differentiated value propositions across equipment, software, and services providers
Competitive dynamics in the ICT ecosystem are characterized by a mix of established equipment vendors, specialized software developers and service-oriented providers, with increasing collaboration across those groups. Market leaders emphasize integrated hardware-software stacks that simplify program generation and consolidate failure analytics, while niche players focus on specialized probes, high-precision analog instrumentation, or rapid response service capabilities. Strategic partnerships and platform openness are emerging as ways to accelerate adoption of new diagnostic techniques and to support multi-vendor environments on production floors.
Consolidation pressure favors organizations that can offer end-to-end solutions encompassing calibration, installation, and ongoing maintenance, because customers seek to minimize downtime and administrative overhead. At the same time, independent service providers that excel in rapid calibration turnarounds and remote diagnostics win business in regions where equipment vendor presence is thin. The competitive landscape rewards companies that invest in modularity, interoperability and software ecosystems that extend the life and utility of installed test assets, enabling producers to capture greater value from existing investments while integrating new capabilities over time.
Practical and prioritized actions for leaders to modernize test architectures, strengthen supply chain resilience, and elevate engineering capability for sustained operational gains
Industry leaders should adopt a pragmatic, phased approach to test modernization that preserves production continuity while unlocking efficiency and diagnostic gains. Begin by prioritizing modularity in capital investment so that benchtop and system-level equipment can be repurposed across lines and product families as design variants evolve. Complement hardware decisions with an emphasis on software-defined test program generation and diagnostic tools that reduce engineer cycle time and increase coverage without requiring excessive physical retooling.
Workforce development is equally critical: invest in targeted training programs and hands-on workshops to elevate in-house test engineering capabilities and to reduce reliance on external specialists. At the same time, build supply chain resilience through supplier diversification and vendor contractual clauses that enable rapid substitution of critical fixtures and probes. Operationally, implement data governance and analytics frameworks that centralize failure data, support root-cause analysis, and feed iterative design-for-test improvements. Finally, pursue service arrangements that align incentives for uptime and reliability, for example by negotiating outcome-based maintenance agreements and by leveraging remote support to reduce travel and lead times.
A transparent and methodical research framework combining stakeholder interviews, technical line validation, and cross-checked secondary analysis to support practical, evidence-based recommendations
The research approach combined qualitative stakeholder engagement and technical validation with systematic secondary analysis to ensure robust, actionable findings. Primary inputs included structured interviews with test engineers, operations leaders, procurement managers, and service providers to capture decision criteria, pain points and adoption barriers. These conversations were complemented by technical walkthroughs of representative test flows on production lines to validate instrumentation needs and failure modes.
Secondary analysis synthesized vendor product literature, standards documentation and public statements to map feature sets and service offerings. Data triangulation was applied to reconcile differing perspectives and to identify consistent patterns across regions and industry verticals. Technical limitations and ambient uncertainties were explicitly noted, and where appropriate the analysis described scenario-based implications rather than definitive projections. The methodology emphasizes transparency around assumptions, reproducibility of vendor feature mapping and the practical relevance of recommended actions for operations and procurement stakeholders.
Synthesis of strategic conclusions emphasizing how integrated test architecture, resilient sourcing, and capability building together enable sustained quality and operational resilience
In-circuit test continues to play a central role in ensuring product reliability and production efficiency as electronics assemblies increase in complexity and as business environments evolve. The cumulative influence of technological advances, shifting procurement economics and regional policy changes requires a strategic approach that blends hardware flexibility, software intelligence and resilient service models. Manufacturers that proactively align test strategies with product roadmaps, invest in modular and interoperable platforms, and develop supplier relationships oriented toward rapid response will be better positioned to maintain quality while controlling operational risk.
Ultimately, ICT modernization is not solely a technical upgrade but a cross-functional initiative that touches design, manufacturing, procurement and aftermarket services. By treating test architecture as a strategic asset rather than a sunk cost, organizations can turn validation processes into enablers of faster iteration, improved yield diagnostics and stronger regulatory compliance across the full product lifecycle.
Note: PDF & Excel + Online Access - 1 Year
A concise orientation to the current in-circuit test environment clarifying the interplay of technical constraints, quality objectives, and operational tradeoffs influencing electronics validation
In-circuit test (ICT) remains a foundational quality‑assurance practice within electronics manufacturing, serving as a gatekeeper for electrical integrity and component-level functionality during production. As assemblies grow denser and more functionally complex, ICT platforms combine precision hardware, automated test sequences and diagnostic software to detect opens, shorts, and parametric deviations early in the flow. The test environment intersects with downstream functional verification and upstream design for testability disciplines, making ICT both a technical enabler and a constraint on throughput and yield.
This executive summary frames current dynamics across technology, operations and policy that affect ICT decision-making. It sets the stage for diagnostic strategies that balance cost, speed and coverage while highlighting the interplay between hardware innovation, software intelligence and service models. Readers can expect a synthesis that highlights structural forces shaping test lab architectures, practical considerations for test station deployment, and the operational tradeoffs manufacturers face as they pursue higher reliability and faster time-to-market.
How converging advances in automation, mixed-signal diagnostics, and cloud-enabled orchestration are reshaping equipment design, test programs, and service delivery across production lines
The ICT landscape is undergoing transformative shifts driven by converging technological, operational and business forces that are redefining how test is designed, executed and supported. Advances in diagnostic software and test program generation tools are enabling higher automation in program creation and faster iteration cycles, reducing reliance on labor-intensive test engineering. Concurrently, mixed-signal assemblies and miniaturized components increase the need for precision probing and more sophisticated analog/digital measurement capabilities, prompting suppliers to innovate both benchtop and system-level equipment.
On the operational side, manufacturers are adopting hybrid architectures that blend on-premise control with cloud-enabled analytics to scale test orchestration and to centralize failure data for continuous improvement. Predictive maintenance driven by machine learning is shifting service delivery from reactive repair to proactive calibration and uptime optimization. Meanwhile, supply chain fragmentation and geopolitical pressures drive a reassessment of sourcing, with test equipment and service providers investing in modular, software-defined platforms to increase portability across lines and regions. Together, these trends are reshaping investment priorities and accelerating partnerships between equipment vendors, software developers and service firms.
Understanding the operational and procurement consequences of evolving tariff policies and how flexible test architectures and regional sourcing strategies mitigate disruption risks
Recent tariff measures and trade policy changes have introduced additional considerations for electronics manufacturers and their test operations. Tariff-driven input cost variability affects procurement strategies for both test equipment and components, prompting firms to reassess vendor selection, inventory buffers, and total landed cost. In response, many organizations are reallocating capital to modular test solutions that can be redeployed across facilities rather than to fixed, line-specific systems, thereby preserving flexibility amid shifting cross-border cost dynamics.
Beyond direct cost implications, tariffs influence strategic location decisions for production and test capacity. Companies are evaluating nearshoring and regional consolidation to mitigate exposure to duty volatility and to shorten supply chains for critical probes, fixtures and calibration accessories. Service partners are adapting by expanding regional parts inventories and by offering remote diagnostic and calibration services that reduce the need for cross-border shipments. These cumulative effects reinforce the importance of resilient procurement practices and contractual terms that allow for rapid response to policy changes while maintaining uninterrupted test operations.
Detailed segmentation analysis illuminating how deployment models, test modalities, station formats, offerings, technologies, and industry verticals interact to shape test strategy
Segmentation reveals distinct paths for technology adoption and operational optimization across deployment models, test types, station configurations, offering categories, technologies, and end use sectors. When deployment choices are framed as cloud-based or on-premise, decision makers balance centralized analytics and remote orchestration against local control, latency and data sovereignty needs. Cloud-based orchestration accelerates fleet-level learning and cross-site program reuse, while on-premise solutions remain essential in high-security or low-latency contexts.
Different test types-flying probe, functional test, and in-circuit test-serve complementary roles in a validation strategy. Flying probe is often leveraged for low-volume or prototype validation where fixture costs are prohibitive, functional test captures system-level behavior for end-of-line assurance, and ICT provides component-level fault isolation during production. Test station configuration choices between in-line and stand-alone formats reflect takt time requirements, floor space, and integration complexity, with in-line stations favoring high-volume flows and stand-alone units supporting flexible or intermittent workloads.
Offering segmentation further clarifies investment levers. Hardware portfolios span benchtop equipment for localized diagnostics and system-level equipment for integrated throughput; services cover calibration and repair, installation and maintenance, and training that sustain uptime and technical capability; software categories include diagnostic suites, test management platforms, and test program generation tools that together reduce cycle times and elevate diagnostic precision. Technology distinctions among analog, digital, and mixed-signal test dictate instrumentation selection and probe strategies, while end use industry differences-across aerospace and defense, automotive, consumer electronics, industrial, medical devices, and telecommunication-shape reliability requirements, test coverage needs, and regulatory constraints. Understanding these layered segment interactions enables tailored roadmaps for test architecture and supplier engagement.
Regional strengths and operational prerequisites across the Americas, Europe Middle East & Africa, and Asia-Pacific that determine equipment selection, service models, and supplier competitiveness
Regional dynamics exert a powerful influence on equipment sourcing, service availability, regulatory obligations, and skills availability. In the Americas, strong design-to-manufacture ecosystems and a focus on automotive electronics and aerospace systems sustain demand for high-precision ICT platforms and comprehensive aftermarket services. The region’s emphasis on speed-to-market drives interest in flexible test stations and rapid program generation to support frequent product iteration.
Europe, Middle East & Africa combines stringent regulatory environments and high-reliability industry requirements, particularly in medical and aerospace applications, with a mature supply chain for specialized test tooling and calibration. Firms in this region often prioritize certification-ready processes and traceable service records, which in turn favor partners that can provide documented calibration, installation, and training programs. Asia-Pacific remains a global manufacturing powerhouse with dense electronics assembly clusters and diverse needs across consumer, industrial, and telecommunications segments. High-volume production centers in this region increase demand for integrated system-level equipment and in-line test solutions, while an expanding local supplier base accelerates innovation in cost-effective probing and automation technologies. Across regions, the ability to combine global product roadmaps with local service footprints is a differentiator for vendors seeking to support multinational producers.
How competitive dynamics, partnership strategies, and modular product architectures are converging to create differentiated value propositions across equipment, software, and services providers
Competitive dynamics in the ICT ecosystem are characterized by a mix of established equipment vendors, specialized software developers and service-oriented providers, with increasing collaboration across those groups. Market leaders emphasize integrated hardware-software stacks that simplify program generation and consolidate failure analytics, while niche players focus on specialized probes, high-precision analog instrumentation, or rapid response service capabilities. Strategic partnerships and platform openness are emerging as ways to accelerate adoption of new diagnostic techniques and to support multi-vendor environments on production floors.
Consolidation pressure favors organizations that can offer end-to-end solutions encompassing calibration, installation, and ongoing maintenance, because customers seek to minimize downtime and administrative overhead. At the same time, independent service providers that excel in rapid calibration turnarounds and remote diagnostics win business in regions where equipment vendor presence is thin. The competitive landscape rewards companies that invest in modularity, interoperability and software ecosystems that extend the life and utility of installed test assets, enabling producers to capture greater value from existing investments while integrating new capabilities over time.
Practical and prioritized actions for leaders to modernize test architectures, strengthen supply chain resilience, and elevate engineering capability for sustained operational gains
Industry leaders should adopt a pragmatic, phased approach to test modernization that preserves production continuity while unlocking efficiency and diagnostic gains. Begin by prioritizing modularity in capital investment so that benchtop and system-level equipment can be repurposed across lines and product families as design variants evolve. Complement hardware decisions with an emphasis on software-defined test program generation and diagnostic tools that reduce engineer cycle time and increase coverage without requiring excessive physical retooling.
Workforce development is equally critical: invest in targeted training programs and hands-on workshops to elevate in-house test engineering capabilities and to reduce reliance on external specialists. At the same time, build supply chain resilience through supplier diversification and vendor contractual clauses that enable rapid substitution of critical fixtures and probes. Operationally, implement data governance and analytics frameworks that centralize failure data, support root-cause analysis, and feed iterative design-for-test improvements. Finally, pursue service arrangements that align incentives for uptime and reliability, for example by negotiating outcome-based maintenance agreements and by leveraging remote support to reduce travel and lead times.
A transparent and methodical research framework combining stakeholder interviews, technical line validation, and cross-checked secondary analysis to support practical, evidence-based recommendations
The research approach combined qualitative stakeholder engagement and technical validation with systematic secondary analysis to ensure robust, actionable findings. Primary inputs included structured interviews with test engineers, operations leaders, procurement managers, and service providers to capture decision criteria, pain points and adoption barriers. These conversations were complemented by technical walkthroughs of representative test flows on production lines to validate instrumentation needs and failure modes.
Secondary analysis synthesized vendor product literature, standards documentation and public statements to map feature sets and service offerings. Data triangulation was applied to reconcile differing perspectives and to identify consistent patterns across regions and industry verticals. Technical limitations and ambient uncertainties were explicitly noted, and where appropriate the analysis described scenario-based implications rather than definitive projections. The methodology emphasizes transparency around assumptions, reproducibility of vendor feature mapping and the practical relevance of recommended actions for operations and procurement stakeholders.
Synthesis of strategic conclusions emphasizing how integrated test architecture, resilient sourcing, and capability building together enable sustained quality and operational resilience
In-circuit test continues to play a central role in ensuring product reliability and production efficiency as electronics assemblies increase in complexity and as business environments evolve. The cumulative influence of technological advances, shifting procurement economics and regional policy changes requires a strategic approach that blends hardware flexibility, software intelligence and resilient service models. Manufacturers that proactively align test strategies with product roadmaps, invest in modular and interoperable platforms, and develop supplier relationships oriented toward rapid response will be better positioned to maintain quality while controlling operational risk.
Ultimately, ICT modernization is not solely a technical upgrade but a cross-functional initiative that touches design, manufacturing, procurement and aftermarket services. By treating test architecture as a strategic asset rather than a sunk cost, organizations can turn validation processes into enablers of faster iteration, improved yield diagnostics and stronger regulatory compliance across the full product lifecycle.
Note: PDF & Excel + Online Access - 1 Year
Table of Contents
195 Pages
- 1. Preface
- 1.1. Objectives of the Study
- 1.2. Market Segmentation & Coverage
- 1.3. Years Considered for the Study
- 1.4. Currency
- 1.5. Language
- 1.6. Stakeholders
- 2. Research Methodology
- 3. Executive Summary
- 4. Market Overview
- 5. Market Insights
- 5.1. Adoption of smart factory IoT connectivity for real-time monitoring of in-circuit test equipment performance
- 5.2. Deployment of high-density small form factor PCB testing for advanced automotive ADAS modules
- 5.3. Expansion of in-circuit test capabilities to handle advanced semiconductor packaging such as chiplets, SiP, and 3D stacked assemblies
- 5.4. Growing adoption of boundary-scan and in-circuit test co-optimization to improve coverage on dense boards with limited physical access
- 5.5. Implementation of 5G mmWave in-circuit test fixtures to validate high-frequency RF components
- 5.6. Increased requirement for in-circuit test solutions that validate signal integrity on high-speed serial interfaces used in AI servers and data centers
- 5.7. Integration of AI-driven predictive analytics to optimize in-circuit test throughput and yield
- 5.8. Migration from traditional bed-of-nails in-circuit testing toward hybrid ICT–functional test architectures for complex mixed-signal boards
- 5.9. Rising demand for in-circuit test systems tailored to high-complexity EV power electronics and battery management PCBs
- 5.10. Shift towards modular fixture design for rapid reconfiguration of in-circuit test lines in contract manufacturing
- 6. Cumulative Impact of United States Tariffs 2025
- 7. Cumulative Impact of Artificial Intelligence 2025
- 8. In-Circuit Test Market, by Deployment
- 8.1. Cloud-Based
- 8.2. On-Premise
- 9. In-Circuit Test Market, by Test Type
- 9.1. Flying Probe Test
- 9.2. Functional Test
- 9.3. In-Circuit Test
- 10. In-Circuit Test Market, by Test Station
- 10.1. In-Line
- 10.2. Stand-Alone
- 11. In-Circuit Test Market, by Offering
- 11.1. Hardware
- 11.1.1. Benchtop Equipment
- 11.1.2. System-Level Equipment
- 11.2. Services
- 11.2.1. Calibration & Repair
- 11.2.2. Installation & Maintenance
- 11.2.3. Training
- 11.3. Software
- 11.3.1. Diagnostic
- 11.3.2. Test Management
- 11.3.3. Test Program Generation
- 12. In-Circuit Test Market, by Technology
- 12.1. Analog Technology
- 12.2. Digital Technology
- 12.3. Mixed Signal Technology
- 13. In-Circuit Test Market, by End Use Industry
- 13.1. Aerospace & Defense
- 13.2. Automotive
- 13.3. Consumer Electronics
- 13.4. Industrial
- 13.5. Medical Devices
- 13.6. Telecommunication
- 14. In-Circuit Test Market, by Region
- 14.1. Americas
- 14.1.1. North America
- 14.1.2. Latin America
- 14.2. Europe, Middle East & Africa
- 14.2.1. Europe
- 14.2.2. Middle East
- 14.2.3. Africa
- 14.3. Asia-Pacific
- 15. In-Circuit Test Market, by Group
- 15.1. ASEAN
- 15.2. GCC
- 15.3. European Union
- 15.4. BRICS
- 15.5. G7
- 15.6. NATO
- 16. In-Circuit Test Market, by Country
- 16.1. United States
- 16.2. Canada
- 16.3. Mexico
- 16.4. Brazil
- 16.5. United Kingdom
- 16.6. Germany
- 16.7. France
- 16.8. Russia
- 16.9. Italy
- 16.10. Spain
- 16.11. China
- 16.12. India
- 16.13. Japan
- 16.14. Australia
- 16.15. South Korea
- 17. Competitive Landscape
- 17.1. Market Share Analysis, 2024
- 17.2. FPNV Positioning Matrix, 2024
- 17.3. Competitive Analysis
- 17.3.1. Acculogic Inc.
- 17.3.2. Advantest Corporation
- 17.3.3. Astronics Corporation
- 17.3.4. CheckSum LLC
- 17.3.5. Chroma ATE Inc.
- 17.3.6. Cohu, Inc.
- 17.3.7. Digitaltest GmbH
- 17.3.8. HIOKI E.E. Corporation
- 17.3.9. Illinois Tool Works Inc.
- 17.3.10. Keysight Technologies, Inc.
- 17.3.11. Kyoritsu Electric Corporation
- 17.3.12. National Instruments Corporation
- 17.3.13. Nordson Corporation
- 17.3.14. Seica S.p.A.
- 17.3.15. SPEA S.p.A.
- 17.3.16. Takaya Electronics Industry Co., Ltd.
- 17.3.17. Teradyne, Inc.
- 17.3.18. Test Research, Inc.
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