Central Nervous System Therapeutics Market by Drug Class (Antidepressants, Antipsychotics, Anticonvulsants), Disease Indication (Neurodegenerative Disorders, Psychiatric Disorders, Neurovascular Diseases), Route Of Administration, Mechanism Of Action, End

The Central Nervous System Therapeutics Market was valued at USD 142.07 billion in 2024 and is projected to grow to USD 152.33 billion in 2025, with a CAGR of 7.50%, reaching USD 253.54 billion by 2032.

Central nervous system therapeutics enter a new era of innovation, complexity, and strategic realignment across stakeholders

Central nervous system therapeutics are undergoing a profound transformation, driven by advances in neuroscience, molecular biology, and data-enabled medicine. Once dominated by symptomatic treatments with modest efficacy and significant safety concerns, the field is now pivoting toward disease-modifying interventions, precision targeting, and combination strategies that seek to alter the course of complex neurological and psychiatric conditions. Against a backdrop of aging populations, rising mental health awareness, and persistent unmet needs, stakeholders across the value chain are reassessing how they discover, develop, and deliver therapies.

The burden of CNS disorders spans neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s, psychiatric conditions including major depressive disorder, anxiety, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder, and acute events such as stroke, traumatic brain injury, and spinal cord injury. These disorders not only drive substantial healthcare utilization but also impose far-reaching social and economic consequences. Traditional drug classes such as antidepressants, antipsychotics, anticonvulsants, anxiolytics, anesthetics, pain relievers, and CNS stimulants remain indispensable; however, they are increasingly complemented by novel modalities like gene therapies, monoclonal antibodies, and peptide-based interventions designed to tackle underlying pathophysiological pathways.

As scientific innovation accelerates, the market landscape is becoming more segmented and competitive, with a wider array of mechanisms of action, routes of administration, and end-user settings shaping therapeutic adoption. Oral and injectable formulations continue to dominate clinical practice, yet transdermal systems and other alternative delivery approaches are gaining attention for their potential to improve adherence and patient quality of life. Hospitals, clinics, and home care environments are all emerging as critical points of care, while offline and online pharmacies are competing to become the most convenient and cost-effective distribution channels.

In this evolving context, executive decision-makers require a nuanced, integrated view of regulatory dynamics, intellectual property trends, payer expectations, and regional variations in disease burden and treatment infrastructure. This executive summary provides a structured overview of the transformative shifts reshaping CNS therapeutics, the strategic implications of policy actions such as United States tariffs in 2025, and the segmentation and regional insights that will guide future investment, partnership, and commercialization strategies.

Transformative scientific, clinical, and commercial shifts are redefining the central nervous system therapeutics market trajectory

The landscape of central nervous system therapeutics is undergoing several transformative shifts that extend well beyond incremental innovation in established drug classes. One of the most significant changes is the pivot from broad, symptom-focused management to precision medicine strategies that integrate biomarkers, genetics, and advanced imaging. Antidepressants and antipsychotics, for example, are increasingly informed by pharmacogenomic data that can indicate likely responders, optimize dosing, and reduce adverse effects. This transition is particularly pronounced in complex psychiatric indications such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, where heterogeneity has historically limited the impact of one-size-fits-all therapies.

Another major shift lies in the growing emphasis on disease modification and neuroprotection, especially within neurodegenerative disorders. Therapeutic development targeting Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, and multiple sclerosis is moving beyond neurotransmitter modulation toward interventions that influence protein aggregation, mitochondrial dysfunction, neuroinflammation, and synaptic resilience. Monoclonal antibodies, small molecules engineered for blood–brain barrier penetration, gene therapies, and peptide-based agents are increasingly assessed for their ability to slow or halt disease progression rather than simply manage symptoms. This paradigm is redefining clinical endpoints, trial design, and regulatory expectations.

Concurrently, there is a notable rebalancing of innovation focus across disease areas. While neurodegenerative diseases continue to attract intense R&D investment, psychiatric disorders and neurovascular conditions such as stroke and cerebral aneurysm are benefitting from renewed interest in mechanism-led discovery and repurposing strategies. In stroke, for instance, emerging neuroprotective and neurorestorative agents are being explored to extend treatment windows and improve functional outcomes when combined with interventional procedures. In traumatic brain injury and spinal cord injury, cross-disciplinary collaborations are advancing therapies that blend pharmacological interventions with neuromodulation and rehabilitation technologies.

Route-of-administration strategies are also evolving as stakeholders seek to improve adherence, convenience, and patient-centric care. While oral formulations remain a cornerstone in chronic psychiatric and neurodegenerative indications, there is growing adoption of injectables, including long-acting depot formulations and biologics for conditions such as multiple sclerosis. Transdermal systems, though still a smaller portion of the market, are gaining attention for select indications where steady-state dosing and improved tolerability can offer tangible advantages. These delivery trends intersect with the rise of home care and remote monitoring, shifting parts of CNS treatment away from hospital-centric models.

On the technology front, digital tools and real-world data are reshaping how CNS therapies are developed and managed. Electronic health records, wearable devices, and digital outcome measures are increasingly integrated into trial protocols, enabling more granular tracking of cognitive, functional, and behavioral endpoints. These data streams are particularly valuable in psychiatric disorders and early-stage neurodegenerative disease, where subtle changes can be difficult to capture using traditional rating scales alone. As regulators and payers grow more comfortable with digital evidence, these tools are likely to influence both approval pathways and reimbursement decisions.

Market access dynamics are likewise shifting as health systems, insurers, and policymakers grapple with the cost and complexity of advanced CNS therapies. High-cost gene therapies and monoclonal antibodies are prompting exploration of value-based contracts, outcomes-based reimbursement, and risk-sharing models. At the same time, generic competition in established categories such as pain relievers, anxiolytics, and CNS stimulants is intensifying price pressure and forcing originator companies to differentiate through formulation innovation, patient support programs, and real-world evidence. These tensions are shaping portfolio strategies, lifecycle management, and launch planning across the CNS spectrum.

Finally, the distribution and care delivery environment is evolving. Offline pharmacies remain central for many chronic CNS medications, particularly in markets with established retail pharmacy networks. However, online pharmacies are expanding access, especially for patients managing long-term psychiatric conditions who may value privacy and convenience. Hospitals and clinics continue to anchor acute and high-intensity care for stroke, cerebral aneurysm, traumatic brain injury, and complex multiple sclerosis, while home care settings are increasingly important for maintenance therapy, remote monitoring, and supportive services. Collectively, these shifts are redefining what it means to compete and succeed in CNS therapeutics, demanding new capabilities and more agile strategic planning from all participants.

Cumulative United States tariffs in 2025 reshape CNS therapeutic supply chains, pricing strategies, and investment decision-making

The evolving tariff landscape in the United States, particularly the cumulative effects anticipated in 2025, is poised to influence central nervous system therapeutics across supply chains, pricing strategies, and investment decisions. Although tariffs typically target broad categories of pharmaceuticals, chemical intermediates, and medical components rather than specific CNS drugs, the indirect effects on input costs, manufacturing agility, and cross-border collaboration can be considerable. Companies with complex global supply chains that rely on active pharmaceutical ingredients and excipients sourced from tariff-affected regions may face higher production costs, which in turn can pressure margins or trigger downstream price adjustments.

These tariff dynamics are especially relevant for cost-sensitive segments of the CNS market, such as generic antidepressants, antipsychotics, anticonvulsants, anxiolytics, pain relievers, and CNS stimulants, where competition is intense and payers are resistant to price increases. Manufacturers in these categories may respond by reconfiguring supply chains, pursuing alternative sourcing arrangements, or shifting portions of production closer to end markets in order to mitigate tariff exposure. However, such restructuring can take time and capital, and may introduce temporary disruptions or inventory challenges that require careful management to avoid shortages.

For innovative therapies such as gene therapies, monoclonal antibodies, peptides, and advanced small molecules targeting Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, and other complex CNS indications, the relationship between tariffs and market dynamics is more nuanced. These high-value products are typically less elastic in pricing due to their clinical importance and limited therapeutic alternatives. Nevertheless, cumulative tariffs on specialized manufacturing equipment, cold-chain components, or biologics-related materials can raise overall development and commercialization costs. Companies may respond by optimizing manufacturing footprints, leveraging contract development and manufacturing organizations in tariff-favorable jurisdictions, or negotiating long-term supply contracts to stabilize cost structures.

Another area of impact concerns distribution channels and end-user settings. Hospitals and clinics, which often operate under tight budget constraints, could face higher procurement costs for certain CNS therapies and related consumables if tariffs elevate import prices. This environment may intensify scrutiny of formulary inclusion decisions, particularly for newer biologics and premium-priced agents targeting neurodegenerative and neurovascular diseases. Home care providers and pharmacies, both offline and online, may also feel the effects of cost escalation, prompting greater attention to generics, therapeutic substitution, and patient assistance programs.

In addition, tariffs can influence capital allocation decisions in CNS research and development. When uncertainty rises around long-term cost structures and international trade relations, some companies may become more cautious about committing large-scale investments in manufacturing infrastructure or global clinical trial networks. Conversely, others may see opportunity in reshoring or nearshoring production to build resilience and reduce exposure to trade disputes. This recalibration intersects with broader strategic decisions around which disease indications to prioritize, what mechanisms of action to advance, and how to balance risk between biologics and small molecule portfolios.

Policy responses and negotiation outcomes in 2025 will play a critical role in shaping how severe or manageable these tariff-related pressures become. Stakeholders should monitor regulatory guidance on pharmaceutical trade, evaluate how tariffs intersect with intellectual property and biosimilar pathways, and model various pricing and reimbursement scenarios. In doing so, they can better anticipate how cumulative tariffs might affect competitive positioning across antidepressants, antipsychotics, anticonvulsants, anxiolytics, anesthetics, pain relievers, CNS stimulants, and emerging advanced therapies.

Ultimately, while tariffs alone are unlikely to determine success or failure in CNS therapeutics, they form an important part of the broader macroeconomic and policy environment that executives must navigate. Companies that proactively stress-test their supply chains, refine their contract strategies, and integrate trade policy analysis into portfolio planning will be better positioned to maintain continuity of supply, protect margins, and sustain innovation in the face of evolving US trade measures in 2025 and beyond.

Granular segmentation by class, indication, delivery, mechanism, end user, and channel reveals nuanced CNS market opportunities

Segmentation by drug class, disease indication, route of administration, mechanism of action, end user, and distribution channel reveals critical patterns that can guide strategic priorities in central nervous system therapeutics. Drug class segmentation across antidepressants, antipsychotics, anticonvulsants, anxiolytics, anesthetics, pain relievers, and CNS stimulants highlights the coexistence of mature, highly genericized categories and emerging innovation niches. Antidepressants and antipsychotics remain core to the management of major depressive disorder, anxiety disorders, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder; however, differentiation increasingly stems from safety, tolerability, adherence features, and real-world performance rather than from entirely novel pharmacology. In contrast, anticonvulsants and certain pain relievers are seeing broader use across indications such as neuropathic pain and mood stabilization, emphasizing the strategic importance of label expansion and off-label prescribing dynamics.

Disease-indication segmentation underscores how heterogeneity in pathophysiology and care pathways shapes market behavior. In neurodegenerative disorders, therapies for Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, and multiple sclerosis are progressively oriented toward disease modification and neuroprotection, with monoclonal antibodies, gene therapies, and targeted small molecules competing for clinical adoption. Psychiatric disorders such as major depressive disorder, anxiety disorders, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder remain heavily reliant on oral small molecules, yet interest is rising in long-acting formulations, novel mechanisms, and adjunctive therapies that address treatment-resistant populations. Neurovascular diseases, particularly stroke and cerebral aneurysm, are characterized by acute, time-sensitive treatment patterns and strong hospital-based care, with growing exploration of neuroprotective adjuncts to interventional procedures. CNS trauma, including traumatic brain injury and spinal cord injury, represents a domain where pharmacologic options are still limited, creating space for innovative therapies that can integrate with surgical and rehabilitative approaches.

Route-of-administration segmentation across injectable, oral, and transdermal formats reveals distinct adoption drivers. Oral formulations continue to dominate chronic management in depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and many neurodegenerative conditions, benefiting from patient familiarity and established reimbursement. Injectables are increasingly important for biologic agents in multiple sclerosis and certain rare CNS indications, as well as for long-acting antipsychotics that support adherence in severe psychiatric illness. Transdermal systems, while narrower in scope, provide compelling options where steady dosing, reduced gastrointestinal side effects, or improved tolerability can meaningfully improve quality of life and adherence, especially for frail or cognitively impaired populations.

Mechanism-of-action segmentation sheds light on the emerging scientific directions that may reshape future therapeutic competition. Gene therapy is primarily focused on genetically defined or monogenic CNS conditions and select neurodegenerative disorders where targeted gene delivery can modify disease progression, though broader applications remain constrained by delivery challenges and safety considerations. Monoclonal antibodies are gaining prominence in Alzheimer’s disease and certain inflammatory or autoimmune aspects of CNS pathology, leveraging targeted engagement of pathogenic proteins or immune pathways. Peptide-based therapies occupy a middle ground between small molecules and biologics, offering potential advantages in select receptor targets and signaling pathways. Traditional and next-generation small molecules continue to represent a versatile backbone for both psychiatric and neurological indications, benefiting from oral bioavailability, scalable manufacturing, and well-understood regulatory pathways.

End-user segmentation across clinics, home care, and hospitals reveals shifts in care delivery models. Hospitals remain critical for acute neurovascular events, complex multiple sclerosis management, neurosurgical interventions, and severe CNS trauma, where multidisciplinary teams and high-intensity resources are essential. Clinics serve as primary access points for diagnosis, treatment initiation, and ongoing management in psychiatric disorders and many forms of neurodegenerative disease, often integrating pharmacologic therapy with psychotherapy and other supportive services. Home care is expanding in importance as remote monitoring, telemedicine, and digital tools enable long-term management of chronic CNS conditions outside institutional settings, creating demand for user-friendly oral, injectable, and transdermal therapies that can be safely administered or supervised at home.

Finally, distribution-channel segmentation between offline and online pharmacies reflects evolving patient preferences and access models. Offline pharmacies still dominate dispensing for acute CNS prescriptions and in regions where in-person consultation and pharmacist guidance are central to care. Online pharmacies are gaining traction among patients managing chronic disorders such as depression, anxiety, and epilepsy, where recurring prescriptions, privacy, and convenience are prioritized. These channels also intersect with adherence programs, digital reminders, and data-driven patient engagement strategies, offering manufacturers additional levers to support persistence and real-world outcomes.

Taken together, these segmentation dimensions underscore that success in CNS therapeutics depends on finely tuned strategies that align drug class characteristics, disease-specific needs, delivery formats, mechanisms of action, care settings, and distribution models. Companies that understand and act on these interdependencies will be better placed to identify attractive niches, design differentiated offerings, and allocate resources effectively across their CNS portfolios.

Regional divergences across Americas, EMEA, and Asia-Pacific reshape access, adoption, and innovation pathways in CNS therapeutics

Regional dynamics exert a powerful influence on how central nervous system therapeutics are developed, approved, and adopted, with substantial variation across the Americas, Europe, Middle East and Africa, and Asia-Pacific. In the Americas, particularly the United States, a combination of advanced research ecosystems, strong venture capital presence, and sophisticated regulatory and reimbursement frameworks supports rapid development and early adoption of innovative therapies. This region plays a pivotal role in advancing gene therapies, monoclonal antibodies, and next-generation small molecules for neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders, benefiting from extensive clinical trial infrastructure and access to specialized centers for conditions such as multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease, and treatment-resistant depression. At the same time, high healthcare costs and complex payer dynamics create ongoing pressure to demonstrate value, especially for premium-priced biologics and advanced therapies.

Elsewhere in the Americas, including Canada and Latin American markets, CNS therapeutic landscapes are shaped by a mix of public and private healthcare systems, variable access to cutting-edge treatments, and differing priorities around generic versus branded medicines. In many Latin American countries, the focus remains on cost-effective access to essential antidepressants, antipsychotics, anticonvulsants, anxiolytics, pain relievers, and CNS stimulants, though interest is gradually increasing in more advanced therapies for neurodegenerative and neurovascular conditions as diagnostic capabilities and specialist care improve. Regulatory harmonization efforts and participation in multinational clinical trials are helping to narrow the gap in access to innovative CNS treatments across the region.

In Europe, Middle East and Africa, the picture is equally heterogeneous. European markets are characterized by strong regulatory oversight, robust health technology assessment processes, and a high emphasis on cost-effectiveness and comparative effectiveness evidence. This environment encourages rigorous demonstration of clinical value for new CNS therapies, particularly in areas like Alzheimer’s disease, multiple sclerosis, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder, where long-term outcomes and quality-of-life improvements are closely scrutinized. Western European countries often serve as reference markets for pricing and reimbursement decisions, influencing launch sequencing and lifecycle strategies for global CNS portfolios. Meanwhile, Central and Eastern European markets may experience delayed access to certain innovative therapies but often show strong uptake of generics and biosimilars once available.

The Middle East and Africa region exhibits wide variation in healthcare infrastructure, diagnostic capacity, and availability of CNS specialists. In wealthier Gulf states, investment in modern hospitals and specialty clinics supports increased access to advanced therapies for complex neurological and psychiatric conditions, including biologics and high-cost small molecules. In many African markets, however, limited resources and workforce constraints mean that the focus remains on essential medications for epilepsy, depression, anxiety, and psychosis, with significant unmet need in early diagnosis and long-term management of neurodegenerative disease. International partnerships, capacity-building initiatives, and efforts to improve supply chain reliability are critically important for improving CNS care outcomes in these settings.

Asia-Pacific is emerging as both a major demand center and a rapidly advancing innovation hub for CNS therapeutics. Countries such as Japan, South Korea, China, and Australia have strong clinical research capabilities and are increasingly prominent in global CNS drug development, particularly in neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders. In Japan, an aging population and high prevalence of dementia are driving focused investment in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s therapies, including advanced small molecules and biologics. China is rapidly expanding its neuroscience research infrastructure, encouraging local development of CNS drugs and facilitating participation in multinational trials, while also placing strategic emphasis on biomanufacturing capacity for biologics and gene therapies.

Across emerging Asia-Pacific markets, including Southeast Asia and parts of South Asia, rising awareness of mental health, improving healthcare infrastructure, and growing middle-class populations are increasing demand for antidepressants, antipsychotics, anticonvulsants, and anxiolytics. However, disparities in access, reimbursement, and specialist availability remain significant. Telemedicine, digital mental health tools, and online pharmacy channels are beginning to bridge some of these gaps, offering novel pathways to diagnosis and treatment in regions where traditional care models are overstretched.

In summary, regional variations in epidemiology, healthcare infrastructure, regulatory environments, and economic capacity result in diverse trajectories for CNS therapeutics across the Americas, Europe, Middle East and Africa, and Asia-Pacific. Stakeholders that tailor their portfolios, pricing strategies, and engagement models to these local realities will be better positioned to achieve sustainable growth and maximize patient impact globally.

Diverse competitive strategies reveal how leading and emerging companies are reshaping the CNS therapeutics value chain

Company strategies in central nervous system therapeutics are diverging along several axes, reflecting different appetites for scientific risk, capital intensity, and market exposure. Large, diversified pharmaceutical companies often anchor their CNS portfolios around high-burden indications such as major depressive disorder, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, and epilepsy. Within these areas, they are pursuing a combination of incremental innovation in established antidepressants, antipsychotics, anticonvulsants, and pain relievers, alongside higher-risk, higher-reward investments in monoclonal antibodies, gene therapies, and advanced small molecules targeting disease-modifying mechanisms.

A key pattern is the growing emphasis on precision and patient stratification. Several leading players are integrating biomarker and genetic profiling into their CNS development programs, aiming to enrich clinical trial populations and improve the probability of success in complex indications. In Alzheimer’s disease, for instance, companies are designing trials that focus on patients at earlier stages of disease and specific biomarker-defined subgroups. In psychiatric disorders, there is rising interest in leveraging digital phenotyping and real-world behavior data to identify patients who are more likely to respond to particular antidepressants or antipsychotics, thus differentiating products beyond their core pharmacology.

Mid-sized biopharmaceutical companies and specialized neuroscience firms are carving out positions in niche or underserved segments. These may include rare neurodegenerative diseases such as Huntington’s disease, subtypes of epilepsy, or genetically defined CNS conditions where gene therapy and targeted small molecules can offer transformative potential. These companies often rely on strategic alliances, co-development agreements, and out-licensing arrangements with larger partners to fund expensive late-stage trials and commercial launches. Their agility and scientific focus allow them to move quickly in emerging areas such as peptides and novel delivery systems, including injectable depot technologies and transdermal platforms.

A growing cohort of biotechnology innovators is concentrating on frontier modalities and enabling technologies. Gene therapy developers are working to overcome delivery barriers to the central nervous system, exploring intrathecal, intraparenchymal, and systemic approaches, while contending with safety, durability, and manufacturing challenges. Companies focused on monoclonal antibodies are optimizing molecules for improved blood–brain barrier penetration, target specificity, and safety profiles. Others are developing peptide-based CNS therapeutics that balance molecular size, receptor selectivity, and stability. Many of these innovators are also investing in high-throughput screening, advanced imaging, and artificial intelligence–driven target discovery platforms.

Across all tiers of the competitive landscape, partnerships are critical. Companies are collaborating with academic institutions, contract research organizations, and digital health firms to enrich clinical trial design, integrate digital endpoints, and capture real-world outcomes. In parallel, alliances with diagnostic and imaging companies are enabling the co-development of companion diagnostics and biomarker assays that can support regulatory approval and reimbursement for precision CNS therapies. These collaborations are particularly important in neurodegenerative and psychiatric indications, where disease heterogeneity and subjective symptom measurement have historically hampered progress.

Commercial strategies are evolving to align with more complex treatment pathways and stakeholder expectations. Leading companies are investing in comprehensive patient support programs, adherence initiatives, and educational campaigns aimed at healthcare professionals and caregivers. For drugs targeting conditions like multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease, and treatment-resistant depression, companies are deploying multidisciplinary field teams that combine medical, market access, and patient-services expertise. In psychiatric disorders, where stigma and underdiagnosis remain significant barriers, firms are increasingly supporting awareness campaigns and integrated care models that encourage earlier engagement with care providers.

At the same time, competitive pressures in mature categories such as generic antidepressants, antipsychotics, anticonvulsants, anxiolytics, pain relievers, and CNS stimulants are driving consolidation and efficiency measures. Companies are optimizing manufacturing networks, pursuing product-line rationalization, and exploring differentiated formulations such as extended-release or abuse-deterrent versions to sustain revenue in the face of commoditization. Some are also leveraging online pharmacies and digital engagement platforms to strengthen brand recognition and capture patient loyalty in an environment where price competition is intense.

Overall, the central nervous system therapeutics arena is characterized by a dynamic mix of established leaders, focused specialists, and emerging innovators, each employing distinct but increasingly interconnected strategies. Those that successfully integrate scientific innovation with patient-centric commercial models, digital tools, and strategic partnerships are likely to exert outsized influence on the future direction of CNS care.

Actionable strategic priorities to strengthen leadership positions and unlock value in central nervous system therapeutics

Industry leaders in central nervous system therapeutics face a uniquely complex environment, but several concrete actions can significantly enhance strategic positioning and execution. A first priority is to deepen focus on patient stratification and precision approaches across both neurodegenerative and psychiatric indications. Executives should champion investments in biomarker research, genetic profiling, and digital phenotyping that can segment patients more effectively for therapies spanning antidepressants, antipsychotics, anticonvulsants, gene therapies, monoclonal antibodies, peptides, and advanced small molecules. By embedding stratification into trial design and real-world evidence programs, companies can increase development efficiency and generate compelling value propositions for regulators and payers.

Another critical area is portfolio optimization based on nuanced segmentation and regional realities. Leaders should assess the balance between mature drug classes such as anxiolytics, pain relievers, anesthetics, and CNS stimulants and higher-risk innovations targeting Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, multiple sclerosis, stroke, traumatic brain injury, and spinal cord injury. This requires rigorous scenario planning that accounts for regulatory evolution, competitive pipelines, and shifting care models in hospitals, clinics, and home care settings

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