Automotive Split-view Camera Module Market by Vehicle Type (Commercial Vehicle, Passenger Vehicle), Imaging Technology (CCD Sensor, CMOS Sensor), Installation Type, Price Point, Application, Sales Channel - Global Forecast 2025-2032
Description
The Automotive Split-view Camera Module Market was valued at USD 21.73 billion in 2024 and is projected to grow to USD 23.56 billion in 2025, with a CAGR of 9.96%, reaching USD 46.47 billion by 2032.
A comprehensive introduction to the strategic role of split-view camera modules in modern vehicle perception stacks and cross-disciplinary product development
The automotive split-view camera module sits at the intersection of sensor innovation, advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS), and shifting consumer expectations for safety and convenience. As vehicles continue to integrate more sophisticated perception stacks, split-view camera designs-featuring multi-field optics and real-time stitching-have moved from optional features to critical enablers of comprehensive situational awareness. This introduction frames the technology’s role within contemporary vehicle architectures and highlights the technical, regulatory, and commercial forces that are shaping product roadmaps across OEMs and tier suppliers.
To understand the current landscape, it is important to appreciate how split-view cameras have evolved from simple rear-view replacements to multi-purpose perception components. Increasing computational capabilities in domain controllers, improvements in imaging sensors, and the demand for 360-degree awareness have collectively expanded the functional scope of these modules. Consequently, design priorities now balance optical performance, low-light sensitivity, calibration resilience, and integration complexity. The net result is a maturing product category that requires cross-disciplinary collaboration between optics engineers, software teams, and vehicle integration specialists.
How sensor advances software innovation and regulatory imperatives are transforming split-view camera modules and shaping supplier collaboration across the automotive value chain
The landscape for split-view camera modules is undergoing transformative shifts driven by simultaneous advances in sensor hardware, computational imaging, and regulatory expectations for vehicle safety. Hardware transitions are evident as CMOS sensors increasingly displace legacy CCD devices due to improved dynamic range, lower power consumption, and tighter integration with image signal processors. At the same time, software advances in image stitching, low-latency compression, and machine perception enable richer surround-view and blind-spot capabilities, which in turn expand use cases across both passenger and commercial vehicles.
Moreover, the industry is responding to an expanding set of regulatory and certification requirements that emphasize redundancy and fail-safe behavior. As a result, manufacturers are prioritizing modular, serviceable designs that support retrofit and integrated installation paths. Supply chain considerations have also shifted; closer collaboration between optics suppliers, silicon houses, and Tier-1 integrators is becoming a competitive differentiator. In parallel, consumer expectations for convenience features such as parking assist and night vision are reshaping feature prioritization, prompting suppliers to develop differentiated price-point offerings that map to broad adoption opportunities while addressing reliability and lifecycle support.
Assessing the cumulative operational and procurement consequences of United States tariff adjustments in 2025 on component sourcing supply chain resilience and regional manufacturing
The imposition of tariffs and trade measures in 2025 has introduced new layers of complexity to sourcing strategies for automotive camera modules and related components. Import duties and tariff classifications have influenced decisions around regional manufacturing footprints, supplier selection, and bill-of-material optimization. Procurement teams have reacted by reassessing total landed costs and by exploring nearshoring opportunities to preserve production continuity and mitigate exposure to cross-border policy volatility.
In response to these shifts, OEMs and suppliers have accelerated qualification of alternative suppliers and established dual-sourcing strategies to maintain robustness in the supply chain. Engineering teams are also re-evaluating component-level architecture to identify opportunities for localization of higher-value subassemblies and to reduce reliance on tariff-sensitive commodity imports. Furthermore, longer-term supplier agreements and strategic partnerships now play a role in smoothing volatility; such arrangements often include cost-sharing mechanisms for tooling and qualification that reduce the immediate impact of duty changes. Collectively, these adjustments illustrate a broader move toward supply-chain resilience and strategic regionalization of manufacturing and assembly.
Key segmentation-driven distinctions across application integration sales routes vehicle classes imaging technologies installation methods and price-tier positioning that influence product design
Segmentation reveals how product requirements and go-to-market models diverge across distinct application domains, distribution routes, vehicle classes, imaging technologies, installation approaches, and price tiers. Based on Application, differences emerge in optical field-of-view, image-processing latency, and environmental ruggedization requirements when comparing Blind Spot Detection, Night Vision, Parking Assist, Rear View, and Surround View implementations; each function imposes a specific set of performance and certification criteria that influences module design.
Based on Sales Channel, the dynamics between Aftermarket and OEM pathways create contrasting demands for product lifecycle support, warranty alignment, and installation complexity; aftermarket solutions emphasize retrofit simplicity and compatibility across vehicle generations, while OEM integrations demand tighter collaboration on calibration and vehicle-wide sensor fusion. Based on Vehicle Type, distinct engineering trade-offs arise when addressing Commercial Vehicle versus Passenger Vehicle requirements, with the former category further differentiating Heavy Commercial Vehicle and Light Commercial Vehicle use cases where operational duty cycles, vibration profiles, and service intervals drive design robustness.
Based on Imaging Technology, the choice between CCD Sensor and CMOS Sensor dictates not only image characteristics such as dynamic range and noise performance but also downstream processing pipelines and power budgets. Based on Installation Type, Integrated, Retrofit Kit, and Standalone approaches carry implications for vehicle wiring harnesses, electronic control unit (ECU) interfaces, and aftersales support models. Finally, based on Price Point, Economy, Premium, and Standard tiers map to different feature sets, material selections, and supplier ecosystems, requiring manufacturers to balance cost, perceived value, and long-term reliability when positioning products across market segments.
Regional insight into how Americas EMEA and Asia-Pacific regulatory market and manufacturing dynamics are reshaping engineering and commercialization strategies
Regional dynamics exert a strong influence on technical choices, regulatory pathways, and commercial strategies for split-view camera modules. In the Americas, certification frameworks, consumer safety expectations, and fleet electrification trajectories shape demand signals for advanced driver assistance features, prompting suppliers to optimize solutions for local homologation regimes and fleet retrofit programs.
In Europe Middle East & Africa, stringent safety and data-protection regulations, combined with dense urban environments, elevate the importance of fail-operational designs and sensor fusion with lidar and radar; meanwhile, diverse climate and road conditions require flexible calibration strategies. In Asia-Pacific, rapid adoption cycles, strong local semiconductor ecosystems, and high-volume manufacturing capacity favor scalable CMOS-centric architectures and close supplier-OEM integration. Across regions, manufacturers must reconcile global platform strategies with regional adaptation, ensuring that software updates, calibration procedures, and warranty services are structured to support geographically distributed customer bases and varying regulatory timelines.
Competitive and supplier ecosystem analysis highlighting technological differentiation integration expertise partnerships and aftersales capabilities across the camera module value chain
Competitive dynamics in the split-view camera module arena emphasize technological differentiation, depth of integration expertise, and the ability to support complex qualification programs. Leading suppliers demonstrate strengths in optics design, sensor selection, and image-processing stacks, while other players carve vertical positions through software-native capabilities such as real-time stitching, machine-vision enhancement, and calibration automation. Strategic partnerships between Tier-1 integrators and semiconductor vendors are common, enabling faster time-to-platform validation and tighter control of component roadmaps.
Additionally, aftermarket specialists focus on modularity and cross-platform compatibility to serve retrofit demand, whereas OEM-aligned suppliers invest in long-term integration projects that include vehicle-level testing and OTA update frameworks. The competitive landscape also reflects consolidation pressures and an emphasis on IP portfolios related to sensor fusion algorithms, thermal management for camera modules, and mechanical designs that simplify serviceability. Service providers that combine robust supply-chain networks with engineering services for calibration and homologation can create substantial commercial advantage, particularly when they align offerings with fleet operators and global OEMs that require repeatable quality and ongoing technical support.
Actionable multi-faceted recommendations for product modularity supply chain resilience calibration tooling and commercial models that optimize adoption and margin capture
Industry leaders should adopt a multi-pronged strategy that addresses product, supply chain, and go-to-market execution to capture growth while managing risk. First, prioritize modular architectures that allow a common optical and electronic platform to be configured across Blind Spot Detection, Parking Assist, Rear View, and Surround View functions, thereby reducing engineering overhead while maintaining feature differentiation. By emphasizing software-defined capabilities, organizations can accelerate feature rollouts and enable post-sale enhancements that extend product lifecycles.
Second, reconfigure sourcing strategies to include regional manufacturing nodes and dual-sourcing arrangements for critical components, thereby reducing exposure to tariff volatility and geopolitical disruption. Third, invest in robust calibration and validation tooling that shortens integration cycles for both OEM and aftermarket channels; this includes automated calibration rigs and closed-loop validation with vehicle-level ADAS controllers. Fourth, adopt tiered product portfolios across Economy, Standard, and Premium price points to align with diverse customer requirements and to protect margins through value-added features such as enhanced night-vision processing or embedded redundancy. Finally, build commercial propositions that bundle hardware with software services such as calibration-as-a-service and extended lifecycle support, enabling more predictable revenue streams and closer relationships with fleet operators and OEM partners.
A transparent research methodology describing the primary and secondary data collection triangulation validation and analytical techniques used in the report
This analysis synthesizes primary interviews with supply-chain leaders, automotive systems integrators, optics engineers, and software architects, combined with secondary review of regulatory frameworks and technical standards relevant to vehicle perception systems. Data collection prioritized first-hand accounts of integration challenges, validation timelines, and qualification criteria to ensure that conclusions reflect operational realities rather than theoretical constructs.
Analytical methods included comparative assessment of sensor technologies, evaluation of installation pathways across integrated and retrofit contexts, and scenario-based analysis of procurement responses to tariff and regionalization pressures. Cross-validation employed triangulation of supplier disclosures, engineering white papers, and anonymized program-level inputs from OEMs and tier suppliers to ensure robustness. Where applicable, findings were stress-tested against known regulatory updates and documented changes in certification requirements to verify practical feasibility of recommended interventions.
Concluding synthesis that ties together technological progress regulatory influences supply chain realignment and strategic imperatives for sustainable competitive advantage
In conclusion, split-view camera modules now play a pivotal role in the broader transition toward increasingly capable vehicle perception systems. Technological advances in imaging sensors and image-processing pipelines have opened new functional possibilities, while regulatory pressures and tariff-driven supply-chain adjustments have reshaped sourcing and manufacturing strategies. Companies that balance modular hardware platforms with software-driven feature sets, while also investing in calibration and supply-chain resilience, will be best positioned to capture evolving opportunities.
Looking ahead, the successful commercialization of split-view modules will hinge on pragmatic alignment between engineering teams and procurement functions, and on the capacity to deliver certified, serviceable products across diverse vehicle classes and regional requirements. By integrating product roadmaps with strategic supplier partnerships and by adopting flexible commercial models that accommodate both OEM and aftermarket demand, organizations can translate technical competence into sustainable competitive advantage and long-term customer relationships.
Please Note: PDF & Excel + Online Access - 1 Year
A comprehensive introduction to the strategic role of split-view camera modules in modern vehicle perception stacks and cross-disciplinary product development
The automotive split-view camera module sits at the intersection of sensor innovation, advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS), and shifting consumer expectations for safety and convenience. As vehicles continue to integrate more sophisticated perception stacks, split-view camera designs-featuring multi-field optics and real-time stitching-have moved from optional features to critical enablers of comprehensive situational awareness. This introduction frames the technology’s role within contemporary vehicle architectures and highlights the technical, regulatory, and commercial forces that are shaping product roadmaps across OEMs and tier suppliers.
To understand the current landscape, it is important to appreciate how split-view cameras have evolved from simple rear-view replacements to multi-purpose perception components. Increasing computational capabilities in domain controllers, improvements in imaging sensors, and the demand for 360-degree awareness have collectively expanded the functional scope of these modules. Consequently, design priorities now balance optical performance, low-light sensitivity, calibration resilience, and integration complexity. The net result is a maturing product category that requires cross-disciplinary collaboration between optics engineers, software teams, and vehicle integration specialists.
How sensor advances software innovation and regulatory imperatives are transforming split-view camera modules and shaping supplier collaboration across the automotive value chain
The landscape for split-view camera modules is undergoing transformative shifts driven by simultaneous advances in sensor hardware, computational imaging, and regulatory expectations for vehicle safety. Hardware transitions are evident as CMOS sensors increasingly displace legacy CCD devices due to improved dynamic range, lower power consumption, and tighter integration with image signal processors. At the same time, software advances in image stitching, low-latency compression, and machine perception enable richer surround-view and blind-spot capabilities, which in turn expand use cases across both passenger and commercial vehicles.
Moreover, the industry is responding to an expanding set of regulatory and certification requirements that emphasize redundancy and fail-safe behavior. As a result, manufacturers are prioritizing modular, serviceable designs that support retrofit and integrated installation paths. Supply chain considerations have also shifted; closer collaboration between optics suppliers, silicon houses, and Tier-1 integrators is becoming a competitive differentiator. In parallel, consumer expectations for convenience features such as parking assist and night vision are reshaping feature prioritization, prompting suppliers to develop differentiated price-point offerings that map to broad adoption opportunities while addressing reliability and lifecycle support.
Assessing the cumulative operational and procurement consequences of United States tariff adjustments in 2025 on component sourcing supply chain resilience and regional manufacturing
The imposition of tariffs and trade measures in 2025 has introduced new layers of complexity to sourcing strategies for automotive camera modules and related components. Import duties and tariff classifications have influenced decisions around regional manufacturing footprints, supplier selection, and bill-of-material optimization. Procurement teams have reacted by reassessing total landed costs and by exploring nearshoring opportunities to preserve production continuity and mitigate exposure to cross-border policy volatility.
In response to these shifts, OEMs and suppliers have accelerated qualification of alternative suppliers and established dual-sourcing strategies to maintain robustness in the supply chain. Engineering teams are also re-evaluating component-level architecture to identify opportunities for localization of higher-value subassemblies and to reduce reliance on tariff-sensitive commodity imports. Furthermore, longer-term supplier agreements and strategic partnerships now play a role in smoothing volatility; such arrangements often include cost-sharing mechanisms for tooling and qualification that reduce the immediate impact of duty changes. Collectively, these adjustments illustrate a broader move toward supply-chain resilience and strategic regionalization of manufacturing and assembly.
Key segmentation-driven distinctions across application integration sales routes vehicle classes imaging technologies installation methods and price-tier positioning that influence product design
Segmentation reveals how product requirements and go-to-market models diverge across distinct application domains, distribution routes, vehicle classes, imaging technologies, installation approaches, and price tiers. Based on Application, differences emerge in optical field-of-view, image-processing latency, and environmental ruggedization requirements when comparing Blind Spot Detection, Night Vision, Parking Assist, Rear View, and Surround View implementations; each function imposes a specific set of performance and certification criteria that influences module design.
Based on Sales Channel, the dynamics between Aftermarket and OEM pathways create contrasting demands for product lifecycle support, warranty alignment, and installation complexity; aftermarket solutions emphasize retrofit simplicity and compatibility across vehicle generations, while OEM integrations demand tighter collaboration on calibration and vehicle-wide sensor fusion. Based on Vehicle Type, distinct engineering trade-offs arise when addressing Commercial Vehicle versus Passenger Vehicle requirements, with the former category further differentiating Heavy Commercial Vehicle and Light Commercial Vehicle use cases where operational duty cycles, vibration profiles, and service intervals drive design robustness.
Based on Imaging Technology, the choice between CCD Sensor and CMOS Sensor dictates not only image characteristics such as dynamic range and noise performance but also downstream processing pipelines and power budgets. Based on Installation Type, Integrated, Retrofit Kit, and Standalone approaches carry implications for vehicle wiring harnesses, electronic control unit (ECU) interfaces, and aftersales support models. Finally, based on Price Point, Economy, Premium, and Standard tiers map to different feature sets, material selections, and supplier ecosystems, requiring manufacturers to balance cost, perceived value, and long-term reliability when positioning products across market segments.
Regional insight into how Americas EMEA and Asia-Pacific regulatory market and manufacturing dynamics are reshaping engineering and commercialization strategies
Regional dynamics exert a strong influence on technical choices, regulatory pathways, and commercial strategies for split-view camera modules. In the Americas, certification frameworks, consumer safety expectations, and fleet electrification trajectories shape demand signals for advanced driver assistance features, prompting suppliers to optimize solutions for local homologation regimes and fleet retrofit programs.
In Europe Middle East & Africa, stringent safety and data-protection regulations, combined with dense urban environments, elevate the importance of fail-operational designs and sensor fusion with lidar and radar; meanwhile, diverse climate and road conditions require flexible calibration strategies. In Asia-Pacific, rapid adoption cycles, strong local semiconductor ecosystems, and high-volume manufacturing capacity favor scalable CMOS-centric architectures and close supplier-OEM integration. Across regions, manufacturers must reconcile global platform strategies with regional adaptation, ensuring that software updates, calibration procedures, and warranty services are structured to support geographically distributed customer bases and varying regulatory timelines.
Competitive and supplier ecosystem analysis highlighting technological differentiation integration expertise partnerships and aftersales capabilities across the camera module value chain
Competitive dynamics in the split-view camera module arena emphasize technological differentiation, depth of integration expertise, and the ability to support complex qualification programs. Leading suppliers demonstrate strengths in optics design, sensor selection, and image-processing stacks, while other players carve vertical positions through software-native capabilities such as real-time stitching, machine-vision enhancement, and calibration automation. Strategic partnerships between Tier-1 integrators and semiconductor vendors are common, enabling faster time-to-platform validation and tighter control of component roadmaps.
Additionally, aftermarket specialists focus on modularity and cross-platform compatibility to serve retrofit demand, whereas OEM-aligned suppliers invest in long-term integration projects that include vehicle-level testing and OTA update frameworks. The competitive landscape also reflects consolidation pressures and an emphasis on IP portfolios related to sensor fusion algorithms, thermal management for camera modules, and mechanical designs that simplify serviceability. Service providers that combine robust supply-chain networks with engineering services for calibration and homologation can create substantial commercial advantage, particularly when they align offerings with fleet operators and global OEMs that require repeatable quality and ongoing technical support.
Actionable multi-faceted recommendations for product modularity supply chain resilience calibration tooling and commercial models that optimize adoption and margin capture
Industry leaders should adopt a multi-pronged strategy that addresses product, supply chain, and go-to-market execution to capture growth while managing risk. First, prioritize modular architectures that allow a common optical and electronic platform to be configured across Blind Spot Detection, Parking Assist, Rear View, and Surround View functions, thereby reducing engineering overhead while maintaining feature differentiation. By emphasizing software-defined capabilities, organizations can accelerate feature rollouts and enable post-sale enhancements that extend product lifecycles.
Second, reconfigure sourcing strategies to include regional manufacturing nodes and dual-sourcing arrangements for critical components, thereby reducing exposure to tariff volatility and geopolitical disruption. Third, invest in robust calibration and validation tooling that shortens integration cycles for both OEM and aftermarket channels; this includes automated calibration rigs and closed-loop validation with vehicle-level ADAS controllers. Fourth, adopt tiered product portfolios across Economy, Standard, and Premium price points to align with diverse customer requirements and to protect margins through value-added features such as enhanced night-vision processing or embedded redundancy. Finally, build commercial propositions that bundle hardware with software services such as calibration-as-a-service and extended lifecycle support, enabling more predictable revenue streams and closer relationships with fleet operators and OEM partners.
A transparent research methodology describing the primary and secondary data collection triangulation validation and analytical techniques used in the report
This analysis synthesizes primary interviews with supply-chain leaders, automotive systems integrators, optics engineers, and software architects, combined with secondary review of regulatory frameworks and technical standards relevant to vehicle perception systems. Data collection prioritized first-hand accounts of integration challenges, validation timelines, and qualification criteria to ensure that conclusions reflect operational realities rather than theoretical constructs.
Analytical methods included comparative assessment of sensor technologies, evaluation of installation pathways across integrated and retrofit contexts, and scenario-based analysis of procurement responses to tariff and regionalization pressures. Cross-validation employed triangulation of supplier disclosures, engineering white papers, and anonymized program-level inputs from OEMs and tier suppliers to ensure robustness. Where applicable, findings were stress-tested against known regulatory updates and documented changes in certification requirements to verify practical feasibility of recommended interventions.
Concluding synthesis that ties together technological progress regulatory influences supply chain realignment and strategic imperatives for sustainable competitive advantage
In conclusion, split-view camera modules now play a pivotal role in the broader transition toward increasingly capable vehicle perception systems. Technological advances in imaging sensors and image-processing pipelines have opened new functional possibilities, while regulatory pressures and tariff-driven supply-chain adjustments have reshaped sourcing and manufacturing strategies. Companies that balance modular hardware platforms with software-driven feature sets, while also investing in calibration and supply-chain resilience, will be best positioned to capture evolving opportunities.
Looking ahead, the successful commercialization of split-view modules will hinge on pragmatic alignment between engineering teams and procurement functions, and on the capacity to deliver certified, serviceable products across diverse vehicle classes and regional requirements. By integrating product roadmaps with strategic supplier partnerships and by adopting flexible commercial models that accommodate both OEM and aftermarket demand, organizations can translate technical competence into sustainable competitive advantage and long-term customer relationships.
Please Note: PDF & Excel + Online Access - 1 Year
Table of Contents
192 Pages
- 1. Preface
- 1.1. Objectives of the Study
- 1.2. Market Segmentation & Coverage
- 1.3. Years Considered for the Study
- 1.4. Currency
- 1.5. Language
- 1.6. Stakeholders
- 2. Research Methodology
- 3. Executive Summary
- 4. Market Overview
- 5. Market Insights
- 5.1. Integration of AI-based image processing for real-time split-view camera feeds in advanced driver assistance systems
- 5.2. Adoption of high-resolution multi-lens split-view cameras for enhanced parking and low-speed maneuvering assistance
- 5.3. Development of compact, thermal-resistant camera modules to withstand extreme automotive underhood temperatures
- 5.4. Implementation of cybersecurity protocols to safeguard split-view camera data transmission from hacking threats
- 5.5. Compliance with ISO 26262 functional safety standards driving modular design of automotive camera systems
- 5.6. Collaboration between OEMs and semiconductor suppliers for integration of system-on-chip solutions in camera modules
- 5.7. Integration of sensor fusion frameworks combining split-view camera, radar, and lidar data for comprehensive situational awareness
- 5.8. Emergence of over-the-air software update capabilities for continuous optimization of split-view camera performance
- 6. Cumulative Impact of United States Tariffs 2025
- 7. Cumulative Impact of Artificial Intelligence 2025
- 8. Automotive Split-view Camera Module Market, by Vehicle Type
- 8.1. Commercial Vehicle
- 8.1.1. Heavy Commercial Vehicle
- 8.1.2. Light Commercial Vehicle
- 8.2. Passenger Vehicle
- 9. Automotive Split-view Camera Module Market, by Imaging Technology
- 9.1. CCD Sensor
- 9.2. CMOS Sensor
- 10. Automotive Split-view Camera Module Market, by Installation Type
- 10.1. Integrated
- 10.2. Retrofit Kit
- 10.3. Standalone
- 11. Automotive Split-view Camera Module Market, by Price Point
- 11.1. Economy
- 11.2. Premium
- 11.3. Standard
- 12. Automotive Split-view Camera Module Market, by Application
- 12.1. Blind Spot Detection
- 12.2. Night Vision
- 12.3. Parking Assist
- 12.4. Rear View
- 12.5. Surround View
- 13. Automotive Split-view Camera Module Market, by Sales Channel
- 13.1. Aftermarket
- 13.2. OEM
- 14. Automotive Split-view Camera Module Market, by Region
- 14.1. Americas
- 14.1.1. North America
- 14.1.2. Latin America
- 14.2. Europe, Middle East & Africa
- 14.2.1. Europe
- 14.2.2. Middle East
- 14.2.3. Africa
- 14.3. Asia-Pacific
- 15. Automotive Split-view Camera Module Market, by Group
- 15.1. ASEAN
- 15.2. GCC
- 15.3. European Union
- 15.4. BRICS
- 15.5. G7
- 15.6. NATO
- 16. Automotive Split-view Camera Module Market, by Country
- 16.1. United States
- 16.2. Canada
- 16.3. Mexico
- 16.4. Brazil
- 16.5. United Kingdom
- 16.6. Germany
- 16.7. France
- 16.8. Russia
- 16.9. Italy
- 16.10. Spain
- 16.11. China
- 16.12. India
- 16.13. Japan
- 16.14. Australia
- 16.15. South Korea
- 17. Competitive Landscape
- 17.1. Market Share Analysis, 2024
- 17.2. FPNV Positioning Matrix, 2024
- 17.3. Competitive Analysis
- 17.3.1. Robert Bosch GmbH
- 17.3.2. Continental AG
- 17.3.3. Aptiv PLC
- 17.3.4. Denso Corporation
- 17.3.5. Valeo SA
- 17.3.6. Hyundai Mobis Co., Ltd.
- 17.3.7. Magna International Inc.
- 17.3.8. Gentex Corporation
- 17.3.9. Visteon Corporation
- 17.3.10. Hella KGaA Hueck & Co.
- 17.3.11. ZF Friedrichshafen AG
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