Automotive Dyno Market by Product Type (Chassis Dyno, Engine Dyno), Vehicle Type (Commercial Vehicles, Heavy Trucks, Motorcycles), Automation, Application, End User, Sales Channel - Global Forecast 2025-2032
Description
The Automotive Dyno Market was valued at USD 2.52 billion in 2024 and is projected to grow to USD 2.65 billion in 2025, with a CAGR of 5.85%, reaching USD 3.97 billion by 2032.
An authoritative introduction outlining how regulatory trends, electrification, and digital engineering are redefining requirements for vehicle and engine testing infrastructures
The automotive dynamometer market operates at the intersection of traditional mechanical testing and cutting-edge digital engineering. This executive summary introduces the critical forces reshaping how manufacturers, suppliers, test facilities, and research organizations validate vehicle and powertrain performance. It frames the competitive dynamics and technological inflection points that matter to executives charged with product validation, regulatory compliance, and performance optimization.
Across the testing ecosystem, stakeholders increasingly demand systems that integrate precise mechanical measurement with advanced data acquisition, remote monitoring, and model-based simulation. As a result, purchase decisions hinge on more than baseline accuracy: buyers now weigh system interoperability, software extensibility, and lifecycle support. This introduction establishes the lens for the subsequent analysis, underscoring how regulatory pressure, electrification, and digital engineering converge to redefine requirements for test rigs, instrumentation, and services.
How electrification, emissions regulation, and digitalization are converging to transform test lab requirements and vendor relationships in automotive dynamometer testing
The landscape for automotive dynamometer testing is experiencing transformative shifts driven by several converging trends that extend beyond incremental equipment upgrades. Electrification of powertrains compels test labs to adapt to high-voltage, high-power, and battery-in-the-loop scenarios, while the growth of hybrid architectures requires flexible dynamometer configurations capable of handling combined mechanical and electrical load profiles. Simultaneously, emissions and real-world driving emissions regulations push testing toward cycle-based, high-fidelity measurement regimes and expanded durability programs.
In parallel, digitalization reshapes the value chain through model-based development, hardware-in-the-loop integration, and digital twins that reduce physical test iterations. Remote access and cloud-enabled data management permit distributed teams to collaborate on test plans and analyze large datasets in near real time, which accelerates development cycles and supports continuous validation. Moreover, increasing demand for turnkey solutions and integrated services is shifting vendor relationships from transactional equipment sales to long-term partnerships centered on service, upgrades, and data analytics. Together, these shifts create a market that rewards adaptability, software competence, and cross-domain engineering expertise.
Understanding the operational implications of United States tariff measures in 2025 and how they reshape sourcing, manufacturing footprints, and lifecycle strategies for dynamometer stakeholders
The tariff environment in the United States for 2025 introduces material considerations for manufacturers and procurement teams that rely on cross-border supply chains for dynamometer hardware, components, and subassemblies. Tariffs affect landed cost, which in turn influences sourcing strategies, inventory policy, and supplier selection. Equipment buyers who previously justified offshore procurement on price increasingly assess total cost of ownership, factoring in duties, longer lead times, and potential supply chain disruptions.
Consequently, some vendors may adjust manufacturing footprints or shift higher-value assembly and finishing operations onshore to mitigate tariff exposure and offer faster lead times. As procurement teams respond, they prioritize supplier transparency, tariff-classification expertise, and mitigation measures such as bonded inventory, localized assembly, and strategic stockholding. Furthermore, tariffs heighten the attractiveness of aftermarket service models and spare parts ecosystems that reduce the need for full equipment replacement by extending asset life through certified upgrades and in-country support.
A comprehensive segmentation analysis revealing how product variants, vehicle classes, automation levels, distribution models, end users, and applications define distinct demand profiles
Key segmentation insights emerge when the market is examined across product type, vehicle type, automation, sales channel, end user, and application, revealing differentiated demand patterns and technology requirements. Based on product type, the market divides into chassis dyno and engine dyno categories; chassis dynos further decompose into four wheel, hub mounted, and two wheel configurations, while engine dynos segment into eddy current, electric, and water brake systems. These product distinctions influence laboratory layouts, powertrain interfacing requirements, and safety infrastructure, with chassis systems prioritizing vehicle integration and engine rigs focusing on controlled combustion or electric motor test conditions.
Examining vehicle type highlights distinct needs for commercial vehicles, heavy trucks, motorcycles, and passenger cars, each driving different torque, speed, and endurance profiles that dictate machine sizing and cooling systems. Based on automation, test floors deploy fully automatic, manual, or semi automatic solutions, with automation maturity affecting throughput, repeatability, and the necessity for advanced control software. Sales channel segmentation, spanning direct sales or distribution channel pathways, impacts aftersales support expectations and contractual structures. End users such as educational institutions, motorsport teams, and research institutes apply divergent performance criteria and budget drivers, which shape procurement priorities and acceptance testing. Finally, application-based segmentation across durability testing, emissions testing, engine development, tuning, and vehicle performance testing clarifies that customers value modularity and software ecosystems that support a variety of test protocols, data formats, and validation workflows.
Regional dynamics and adoption patterns across the Americas, Europe Middle East & Africa, and Asia-Pacific revealing differentiated priorities for test capabilities and support ecosystems
Regional dynamics reveal differentiated adoption patterns, regulatory influences, and investment priorities across major geographies. In the Americas, demand is driven by a mix of advanced OEM development programs and aftermarket performance tuning, coupled with an emphasis on emissions compliance and electrified vehicle validation. North American testing centers often prioritize rapid prototyping, high-capacity dyno cells for heavy-duty and passenger applications, and strong service networks to support uptime and calibration regimes.
Europe, Middle East & Africa presents a complex regulatory tapestry that accelerates demand for precise emissions testing and real-world driving simulation, while European OEMs push for integrated test benches that support hybrid and electric powertrains. Middle Eastern markets emphasize heavy-duty and commercial vehicle testing aligned with fleet operations, and African markets demonstrate selective investment tied to industrial modernization. In the Asia-Pacific region, rapid vehicle production growth, increasing electrification, and a vibrant motorsport and tuning culture drive demand for both high-volume engine dynos and specialized chassis systems. Regional service ecosystems and local manufacturing capabilities further influence procurement preferences and the feasibility of onshore assembly or calibration services.
How vendors differentiate through integrated software, modular architectures, and service-led business models to secure long-term client partnerships in dynamometer testing
Key company insights point to strategic differentiation through systems integration, software capability, and service networks rather than solely through hardware specification. Leading equipment suppliers increasingly bundle data acquisition, control software, and analytics to provide end-to-end test solutions that reduce integration risk for buyers. Strategic partnerships with component suppliers, calibration labs, and cloud analytics providers amplify a vendor’s ability to offer turnkey validation programs and ongoing performance benchmarking.
Additionally, some firms pursue vertical integration to control motor, inverter, and load unit supply, improving compatibility for electric powertrain testing. Others emphasize modular architectures that allow incremental upgrades-such as adding high-power electric absorbers, battery simulators, or environmental chambers-to preserve capital investment while supporting evolving test scopes. Service-oriented business models, including performance-based contracts, preventive maintenance programs, and remote diagnostics, are emerging as differentiators that enhance customer retention and create recurring revenue streams. New entrants and specialty suppliers concentrate on niche applications such as high-speed motorcycle cells or motorsport-grade dynamometers, while established vendors compete on global service reach and standardized quality assurance practices.
Practical strategic initiatives for suppliers and test facilities to adopt modular architectures, software-first designs, and service-led models that accelerate time-to-value
Industry leaders should prioritize a set of actionable initiatives to preserve competitive advantage and accelerate adoption of advanced test capabilities. First, invest in software-defined architectures that enable flexible control strategies, accommodate model-based workflows, and support remote access for distributed engineering teams. By doing so, organizations can reduce integration timelines and increase test throughput while improving traceability and data reuse across programs.
Second, develop modular upgrade pathways that allow customers to transition from mechanical load systems to hybrid setups incorporating electric absorbers or battery interfacing without full equipment replacement. This approach reduces procurement barriers and aligns capital expenditure with evolving test requirements. Third, strengthen service and spare parts networks with clearly defined SLAs, remote diagnostics, and predictive maintenance offerings to minimize downtime and enhance total lifecycle value. Finally, cultivate cross-industry partnerships with battery specialists, software providers, and regulatory test houses to co-create validated protocols and accelerate acceptance of new test methodologies, thereby expanding addressable use cases and reducing time to market for validated powertrain solutions.
A rigorous mixed-methods research approach combining primary stakeholder interviews and multi-source secondary validation to ensure credible, actionable insights
The research methodology underpinning this report integrates primary and secondary approaches to ensure robustness, triangulation, and relevance to practitioners. Primary research included structured interviews with test engineers, laboratory managers, OEM validation leads, and aftermarket specialists to capture real-world constraints, procurement drivers, and operational pain points. Interview insights were used to validate vendor claims, identify common retrofit needs, and understand acceptance criteria for electric and hybrid testing solutions.
Secondary research encompassed technical literature, regulatory guidance, product manuals, and industry white papers to map technology trajectories and standards evolution. Supply chain analysis examined component sourcing, lead times, and manufacturing footprints to assess how tariffs and logistics influence procurement decisions. Throughout the methodology, data points were cross-verified across multiple sources and stakeholders to mitigate single-source bias, and limitations were explicitly noted where proprietary performance testing data was unavailable or where rapidly changing regulatory guidance introduced short-term uncertainty.
A conclusive synthesis outlining how integrated systems, resilient supply chains, and talent investments will determine competitive advantage in test and validation
In conclusion, the automotive dynamometer ecosystem is at a strategic inflection characterized by electrification, heightened regulatory demands, and the digitization of test workflows. Vendors and test facilities that align product roadmaps with software-enabled control, modular upgradeability, and resilient service models will be better positioned to capture long-term value. Furthermore, procurement strategies must account for tariff-driven cost dynamics and supply chain resilience to maintain predictable delivery and lifecycle support.
Looking ahead, adoption trajectories will favor solutions that enable rapid iteration through model-in-the-loop and hardware-in-the-loop paradigms, while also providing robust real-world emissions and durability validation. Strategic partnerships and investments in talent development for test engineers and data scientists will be decisive in converting technological capability into measurable program outcomes. The synthesis of these trends points to a future in which integrated systems and services, rather than standalone machines, define competitive advantage in vehicle and powertrain validation.
Please Note: PDF & Excel + Online Access - 1 Year
An authoritative introduction outlining how regulatory trends, electrification, and digital engineering are redefining requirements for vehicle and engine testing infrastructures
The automotive dynamometer market operates at the intersection of traditional mechanical testing and cutting-edge digital engineering. This executive summary introduces the critical forces reshaping how manufacturers, suppliers, test facilities, and research organizations validate vehicle and powertrain performance. It frames the competitive dynamics and technological inflection points that matter to executives charged with product validation, regulatory compliance, and performance optimization.
Across the testing ecosystem, stakeholders increasingly demand systems that integrate precise mechanical measurement with advanced data acquisition, remote monitoring, and model-based simulation. As a result, purchase decisions hinge on more than baseline accuracy: buyers now weigh system interoperability, software extensibility, and lifecycle support. This introduction establishes the lens for the subsequent analysis, underscoring how regulatory pressure, electrification, and digital engineering converge to redefine requirements for test rigs, instrumentation, and services.
How electrification, emissions regulation, and digitalization are converging to transform test lab requirements and vendor relationships in automotive dynamometer testing
The landscape for automotive dynamometer testing is experiencing transformative shifts driven by several converging trends that extend beyond incremental equipment upgrades. Electrification of powertrains compels test labs to adapt to high-voltage, high-power, and battery-in-the-loop scenarios, while the growth of hybrid architectures requires flexible dynamometer configurations capable of handling combined mechanical and electrical load profiles. Simultaneously, emissions and real-world driving emissions regulations push testing toward cycle-based, high-fidelity measurement regimes and expanded durability programs.
In parallel, digitalization reshapes the value chain through model-based development, hardware-in-the-loop integration, and digital twins that reduce physical test iterations. Remote access and cloud-enabled data management permit distributed teams to collaborate on test plans and analyze large datasets in near real time, which accelerates development cycles and supports continuous validation. Moreover, increasing demand for turnkey solutions and integrated services is shifting vendor relationships from transactional equipment sales to long-term partnerships centered on service, upgrades, and data analytics. Together, these shifts create a market that rewards adaptability, software competence, and cross-domain engineering expertise.
Understanding the operational implications of United States tariff measures in 2025 and how they reshape sourcing, manufacturing footprints, and lifecycle strategies for dynamometer stakeholders
The tariff environment in the United States for 2025 introduces material considerations for manufacturers and procurement teams that rely on cross-border supply chains for dynamometer hardware, components, and subassemblies. Tariffs affect landed cost, which in turn influences sourcing strategies, inventory policy, and supplier selection. Equipment buyers who previously justified offshore procurement on price increasingly assess total cost of ownership, factoring in duties, longer lead times, and potential supply chain disruptions.
Consequently, some vendors may adjust manufacturing footprints or shift higher-value assembly and finishing operations onshore to mitigate tariff exposure and offer faster lead times. As procurement teams respond, they prioritize supplier transparency, tariff-classification expertise, and mitigation measures such as bonded inventory, localized assembly, and strategic stockholding. Furthermore, tariffs heighten the attractiveness of aftermarket service models and spare parts ecosystems that reduce the need for full equipment replacement by extending asset life through certified upgrades and in-country support.
A comprehensive segmentation analysis revealing how product variants, vehicle classes, automation levels, distribution models, end users, and applications define distinct demand profiles
Key segmentation insights emerge when the market is examined across product type, vehicle type, automation, sales channel, end user, and application, revealing differentiated demand patterns and technology requirements. Based on product type, the market divides into chassis dyno and engine dyno categories; chassis dynos further decompose into four wheel, hub mounted, and two wheel configurations, while engine dynos segment into eddy current, electric, and water brake systems. These product distinctions influence laboratory layouts, powertrain interfacing requirements, and safety infrastructure, with chassis systems prioritizing vehicle integration and engine rigs focusing on controlled combustion or electric motor test conditions.
Examining vehicle type highlights distinct needs for commercial vehicles, heavy trucks, motorcycles, and passenger cars, each driving different torque, speed, and endurance profiles that dictate machine sizing and cooling systems. Based on automation, test floors deploy fully automatic, manual, or semi automatic solutions, with automation maturity affecting throughput, repeatability, and the necessity for advanced control software. Sales channel segmentation, spanning direct sales or distribution channel pathways, impacts aftersales support expectations and contractual structures. End users such as educational institutions, motorsport teams, and research institutes apply divergent performance criteria and budget drivers, which shape procurement priorities and acceptance testing. Finally, application-based segmentation across durability testing, emissions testing, engine development, tuning, and vehicle performance testing clarifies that customers value modularity and software ecosystems that support a variety of test protocols, data formats, and validation workflows.
Regional dynamics and adoption patterns across the Americas, Europe Middle East & Africa, and Asia-Pacific revealing differentiated priorities for test capabilities and support ecosystems
Regional dynamics reveal differentiated adoption patterns, regulatory influences, and investment priorities across major geographies. In the Americas, demand is driven by a mix of advanced OEM development programs and aftermarket performance tuning, coupled with an emphasis on emissions compliance and electrified vehicle validation. North American testing centers often prioritize rapid prototyping, high-capacity dyno cells for heavy-duty and passenger applications, and strong service networks to support uptime and calibration regimes.
Europe, Middle East & Africa presents a complex regulatory tapestry that accelerates demand for precise emissions testing and real-world driving simulation, while European OEMs push for integrated test benches that support hybrid and electric powertrains. Middle Eastern markets emphasize heavy-duty and commercial vehicle testing aligned with fleet operations, and African markets demonstrate selective investment tied to industrial modernization. In the Asia-Pacific region, rapid vehicle production growth, increasing electrification, and a vibrant motorsport and tuning culture drive demand for both high-volume engine dynos and specialized chassis systems. Regional service ecosystems and local manufacturing capabilities further influence procurement preferences and the feasibility of onshore assembly or calibration services.
How vendors differentiate through integrated software, modular architectures, and service-led business models to secure long-term client partnerships in dynamometer testing
Key company insights point to strategic differentiation through systems integration, software capability, and service networks rather than solely through hardware specification. Leading equipment suppliers increasingly bundle data acquisition, control software, and analytics to provide end-to-end test solutions that reduce integration risk for buyers. Strategic partnerships with component suppliers, calibration labs, and cloud analytics providers amplify a vendor’s ability to offer turnkey validation programs and ongoing performance benchmarking.
Additionally, some firms pursue vertical integration to control motor, inverter, and load unit supply, improving compatibility for electric powertrain testing. Others emphasize modular architectures that allow incremental upgrades-such as adding high-power electric absorbers, battery simulators, or environmental chambers-to preserve capital investment while supporting evolving test scopes. Service-oriented business models, including performance-based contracts, preventive maintenance programs, and remote diagnostics, are emerging as differentiators that enhance customer retention and create recurring revenue streams. New entrants and specialty suppliers concentrate on niche applications such as high-speed motorcycle cells or motorsport-grade dynamometers, while established vendors compete on global service reach and standardized quality assurance practices.
Practical strategic initiatives for suppliers and test facilities to adopt modular architectures, software-first designs, and service-led models that accelerate time-to-value
Industry leaders should prioritize a set of actionable initiatives to preserve competitive advantage and accelerate adoption of advanced test capabilities. First, invest in software-defined architectures that enable flexible control strategies, accommodate model-based workflows, and support remote access for distributed engineering teams. By doing so, organizations can reduce integration timelines and increase test throughput while improving traceability and data reuse across programs.
Second, develop modular upgrade pathways that allow customers to transition from mechanical load systems to hybrid setups incorporating electric absorbers or battery interfacing without full equipment replacement. This approach reduces procurement barriers and aligns capital expenditure with evolving test requirements. Third, strengthen service and spare parts networks with clearly defined SLAs, remote diagnostics, and predictive maintenance offerings to minimize downtime and enhance total lifecycle value. Finally, cultivate cross-industry partnerships with battery specialists, software providers, and regulatory test houses to co-create validated protocols and accelerate acceptance of new test methodologies, thereby expanding addressable use cases and reducing time to market for validated powertrain solutions.
A rigorous mixed-methods research approach combining primary stakeholder interviews and multi-source secondary validation to ensure credible, actionable insights
The research methodology underpinning this report integrates primary and secondary approaches to ensure robustness, triangulation, and relevance to practitioners. Primary research included structured interviews with test engineers, laboratory managers, OEM validation leads, and aftermarket specialists to capture real-world constraints, procurement drivers, and operational pain points. Interview insights were used to validate vendor claims, identify common retrofit needs, and understand acceptance criteria for electric and hybrid testing solutions.
Secondary research encompassed technical literature, regulatory guidance, product manuals, and industry white papers to map technology trajectories and standards evolution. Supply chain analysis examined component sourcing, lead times, and manufacturing footprints to assess how tariffs and logistics influence procurement decisions. Throughout the methodology, data points were cross-verified across multiple sources and stakeholders to mitigate single-source bias, and limitations were explicitly noted where proprietary performance testing data was unavailable or where rapidly changing regulatory guidance introduced short-term uncertainty.
A conclusive synthesis outlining how integrated systems, resilient supply chains, and talent investments will determine competitive advantage in test and validation
In conclusion, the automotive dynamometer ecosystem is at a strategic inflection characterized by electrification, heightened regulatory demands, and the digitization of test workflows. Vendors and test facilities that align product roadmaps with software-enabled control, modular upgradeability, and resilient service models will be better positioned to capture long-term value. Furthermore, procurement strategies must account for tariff-driven cost dynamics and supply chain resilience to maintain predictable delivery and lifecycle support.
Looking ahead, adoption trajectories will favor solutions that enable rapid iteration through model-in-the-loop and hardware-in-the-loop paradigms, while also providing robust real-world emissions and durability validation. Strategic partnerships and investments in talent development for test engineers and data scientists will be decisive in converting technological capability into measurable program outcomes. The synthesis of these trends points to a future in which integrated systems and services, rather than standalone machines, define competitive advantage in vehicle and powertrain validation.
Please Note: PDF & Excel + Online Access - 1 Year
Table of Contents
185 Pages
- 1. Preface
- 1.1. Objectives of the Study
- 1.2. Market Segmentation & Coverage
- 1.3. Years Considered for the Study
- 1.4. Currency
- 1.5. Language
- 1.6. Stakeholders
- 2. Research Methodology
- 3. Executive Summary
- 4. Market Overview
- 5. Market Insights
- 5.1. Integration of cloud-based data analytics platforms in automotive dyno testing workflows
- 5.2. Adoption of electric vehicle specific dyno calibration protocols for accurate range estimation
- 5.3. Implementation of real-time AI driven predictive maintenance in dyno test facilities
- 5.4. Development of multi axis chassis dynamometers for comprehensive vehicle handling analysis
- 5.5. Integration of hybrid and mild hybrid powertrain testing modules within existing dyno setups
- 5.6. Expansion of mobile dyno units for on site performance evaluation and fleet management support
- 5.7. Regulatory compliance testing for ultra low emission vehicles on advanced dynamometer systems
- 5.8. Integration of vehicle onboard data bus communication protocols into dyno measurement systems
- 5.9. Adapting hydrogen fuel cell powertrain dynamometers for zero emission mobility validation programs
- 5.10. Use of digital twin technology to simulate complex vehicle dyno testing scenarios and optimization
- 6. Cumulative Impact of United States Tariffs 2025
- 7. Cumulative Impact of Artificial Intelligence 2025
- 8. Automotive Dyno Market, by Product Type
- 8.1. Chassis Dyno
- 8.1.1. Four Wheel
- 8.1.2. Hub Mounted
- 8.1.3. Two Wheel
- 8.2. Engine Dyno
- 8.2.1. Eddy Current
- 8.2.2. Electric
- 8.2.3. Water Brake
- 9. Automotive Dyno Market, by Vehicle Type
- 9.1. Commercial Vehicles
- 9.2. Heavy Trucks
- 9.3. Motorcycles
- 9.4. Passenger Cars
- 10. Automotive Dyno Market, by Automation
- 10.1. Fully Automatic
- 10.2. Manual
- 10.3. Semi Automatic
- 11. Automotive Dyno Market, by Application
- 11.1. Durability Testing
- 11.2. Emissions Testing
- 11.3. Engine Development
- 11.4. Tuning
- 11.5. Vehicle Performance Testing
- 12. Automotive Dyno Market, by End User
- 12.1. Educational Institutions
- 12.2. Motorsport Teams
- 12.3. Research Institutes
- 13. Automotive Dyno Market, by Sales Channel
- 13.1. Direct Sales
- 13.2. Distribution Channel
- 14. Automotive Dyno Market, by Region
- 14.1. Americas
- 14.1.1. North America
- 14.1.2. Latin America
- 14.2. Europe, Middle East & Africa
- 14.2.1. Europe
- 14.2.2. Middle East
- 14.2.3. Africa
- 14.3. Asia-Pacific
- 15. Automotive Dyno Market, by Group
- 15.1. ASEAN
- 15.2. GCC
- 15.3. European Union
- 15.4. BRICS
- 15.5. G7
- 15.6. NATO
- 16. Automotive Dyno Market, by Country
- 16.1. United States
- 16.2. Canada
- 16.3. Mexico
- 16.4. Brazil
- 16.5. United Kingdom
- 16.6. Germany
- 16.7. France
- 16.8. Russia
- 16.9. Italy
- 16.10. Spain
- 16.11. China
- 16.12. India
- 16.13. Japan
- 16.14. Australia
- 16.15. South Korea
- 17. Competitive Landscape
- 17.1. Market Share Analysis, 2024
- 17.2. FPNV Positioning Matrix, 2024
- 17.3. Competitive Analysis
- 17.3.1. AVL List GmbH
- 17.3.2. HORIBA Ltd.
- 17.3.3. Meidensha Corporation
- 17.3.4. Power Test, Inc.
- 17.3.5. SAKOR Technologies, Inc.
- 17.3.6. Taylor Dynamometer, Inc.
- 17.3.7. Rototest International AB
- 17.3.8. MTS Systems Corporation
- 17.3.9. NTS
- 17.3.10. SuperFlow Technologies Group
- 17.3.11. Schenck RoTec GmbH
- 17.3.12. SGS SA
- 17.3.13. Sierra Instruments, Inc.
- 17.3.14. Mustang Dynamometer, Inc.
- 17.3.15. KAHN Industries, Inc.
- 17.3.16. Froude Hofmann
- 17.3.17. MAHA Maschinenbau Haldenwang GmbH & Co. KG
- 17.3.18. Dynojet Research, Inc.
- 17.3.19. Dynocom Industries, Inc.
- 17.3.20. D2T Powertrain Engineering
- 17.3.21. Dynomerk Controls
- 17.3.22. Land & Sea, Inc.
- 17.3.23. V‑Tech Dynamometers
- 17.3.24. Dyno One, Inc.
- 17.3.25. MOTOMEA (Inc.)
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