Automotive Battery Market by Battery Type (Lead Acid, Lithium-Ion, Nickel-Metal Hydride), Drive Type (Electric Vehicles, IC Engines), Vehicle Type, Application - Global Forecast 2025-2032
Description
The Automotive Battery Market was valued at USD 67.56 billion in 2024 and is projected to grow to USD 73.91 billion in 2025, with a CAGR of 9.97%, reaching USD 144.53 billion by 2032.
Contextual overview of how technology, regulation, and supply chain evolution are reshaping competitive strategies and investment priorities across the automotive battery landscape
The automotive battery sector sits at the intersection of accelerating vehicle electrification, evolving regulatory frameworks, and rapid technology maturation, making it a strategic priority for original equipment manufacturers, tier suppliers, fleet operators, and energy providers. Demand dynamics are being shaped not only by vehicle adoption patterns but also by advances in cell chemistry, manufacturing scale-up, and recycling pathways that are transforming value chains from raw material sourcing through end-of-life management.
This executive summary synthesizes current dynamics, emergent inflection points, and practical implications for stakeholders seeking clarity in a highly dynamic environment. It frames core structural shifts such as supply chain reconfiguration, policy-driven incentives and constraints, and the commercial strategies required to compete across different vehicle and application segments. The goal is to provide a concise, insight-driven narrative that supports executive decision-making and cross-functional alignment.
How converging technological breakthroughs, architecture innovations, and sustainability mandates are forcing new strategic alignments across the automotive energy storage ecosystem
The landscape of automotive energy storage is undergoing transformative shifts driven by converging technological breakthroughs and strategic policy choices. Improvements in cell energy density, cycle life, and manufacturability are enabling higher-performing battery packs while concurrently reducing some historical cost drivers, which in turn expands feasible use cases beyond conventional passenger vehicles. This enhancement of core technical performance is accompanied by growing attention to material provenance, supply chain transparency, and carbon-intensity reporting, prompting manufacturers to re-evaluate sourcing strategies and to pursue closer integration with upstream suppliers.
Meanwhile, vehicle architectures are converging toward modular, integrated battery-payload designs that permit faster assembly and improved thermal management. These architecture changes are prompting suppliers and assemblers to prioritize systems engineering capabilities and software-defined features such as battery management optimization, predictive maintenance, and safety diagnostics. At the same time, the industry is exploring circular economy solutions, including scalable recycling technologies and second-life applications, which are emerging as essential levers for both sustainability claims and long-term cost mitigation. Taken together, these shifts demand that participants balance near-term operational execution with medium-term strategic investments that secure raw material access, manufacturing flexibility, and differentiated software-service capabilities.
Assessment of the cumulative operational and supply chain implications arising from recent United States tariff measures and how they are reshaping supplier footprint and procurement strategies
Recent trade measures imposed by the United States have recalibrated global supply chain economics, prompting manufacturers and suppliers to reassess location strategies, tariff mitigation approaches, and supplier diversification plans. Tariffs and related policies have increased the importance of local manufacturing footprints and nearshoring alternatives to reduce exposure to cross-border duties and logistics volatility. As a result, original equipment manufacturers and battery cell producers are accelerating investments in domestic assembly capacity and strategic joint ventures that localize critical stages of the value chain.
Beyond facility location decisions, the tariffs have intensified supplier negotiations and contract design, with buyers seeking greater price certainty and risk-sharing clauses. Procurement teams are increasingly embedding tariff pass-through provisions, indexed pricing mechanisms for key commodities, and tiered sourcing strategies to preserve continuity. At the same time, regulatory induced costs have heightened interest in vertically integrated approaches that lock in raw material access and in multi-source strategies that combine domestic production with trusted import channels. These responses illustrate how trade policy functions as a structural driver of operational choices, capital allocation, and partnership formation across the ecosystem.
Detailed segmentation-driven insight revealing distinct technical requirements and go-to-market imperatives across battery chemistry, vehicle and drive variants, application uses, and sales channels
A granular segmentation lens reveals differentiated dynamics that demand tailored go-to-market and product strategies. Across battery type, legacy chemistries such as lead acid continue to serve established auxiliary and low-power applications, while lithium-ion chemistries dominate high-energy and high-power propulsion use cases due to superior energy density and cycle performance. Nickel-metal hydride retains relevance in specific hybrid applications where robustness and thermal tolerance provide advantages, and emerging sodium-ion technologies present potential niche opportunities where raw material abundance and cost profile align with targeted vehicle classes.
Drive type segmentation underscores diverging technical and commercial requirements between electric vehicles and internal combustion engine platforms that still rely on batteries for starting, lighting, and ancillary systems. Vehicle-type distinctions further refine product and service priorities: commercial vehicles impose heavier duty cycles and higher energy throughput that favor designs emphasizing durability, thermal management, and ease of maintenance, whereas passenger vehicles prioritize energy density, packaging efficiency, and cabin integration. Within passenger vehicle subclasses, small-form-factor hatchbacks, comfort-focused sedans, and utility-oriented SUVs each demand different balance-of-system trade-offs. Application segmentation differentiates between primary propulsion systems that require high-performance cells and integrated battery packs and ancillary and auxiliary applications where standardized, lower-cost solutions with proven reliability are more appropriate. Finally, sales channel segmentation influences customer engagement and support models, with direct sales enabling closer OEM collaboration and co-development while distribution networks extend reach and serviceability across diverse geographic markets. These layered segmentation insights highlight that one-size-fits-all strategies are unlikely to succeed; instead, firms must align product architecture, commercial approach, and service offerings to each segment’s technical priorities and buying behaviors.
Comparative regional analysis highlighting how Americas, Europe, Middle East & Africa, and Asia-Pacific present unique regulatory, manufacturing, and commercialization opportunities for battery stakeholders
Regional dynamics present distinct competitive and regulatory environments that influence investment decisions and commercial tactics. In the Americas, industrial policy emphasis on manufacturing resilience, incentives for domestic production, and growing EV adoption in key markets create opportunities for localized assembly and integrated supply chain partnerships, while also increasing scrutiny on material traceability and emissions reporting across the value chain. Companies operating here are prioritizing partnerships that enable quick scale-up, workforce development, and localized recycling initiatives to meet both policy expectations and fleet operator needs.
In Europe, Middle East & Africa, regulatory stringency, ambitious decarbonization targets, and an established automotive manufacturing base are driving sophisticated demand for high-performance, low-carbon battery solutions. This region’s focus on lifecycle emissions and end-of-life circularity is encouraging collaboration between OEMs, cell producers, and recyclers. In the Middle East, strategic moves toward industrial diversification are stimulating pilot projects and investments in upstream raw material processing. Asia-Pacific continues to be a powerhouse for cell manufacturing, materials processing, and technology innovation, supported by deep supplier ecosystems and strong public-private investment. The region’s dominance in cell production and materials supply shapes global sourcing, while rapid EV adoption and varied regulatory regimes create a mosaic of commercial opportunities and operational complexities. Recognizing these regional differences is essential for defining supply chain footprints, regulatory engagement strategies, and market-entry approaches.
How integrated capabilities, strategic partnerships, and software-enabled services are defining competitive advantage among leading battery system manufacturers and suppliers
Leading firms across the value chain are distinguishing themselves through integrated capabilities, strategic partnerships, and focused investments in proprietary technologies. Companies that combine advanced cell chemistry development with scalable manufacturing processes and strong systems integration expertise are better positioned to deliver differentiated pack-level performance. Meanwhile, firms that invest in software-defined features such as advanced battery management systems, predictive analytics, and remote diagnostics are extending the value proposition beyond hardware to services that improve lifecycle outcomes and total cost of ownership for fleet managers and OEMs.
Collaborative models are emerging as an effective competitive response. Joint ventures and long-term supply agreements between automakers, cell producers, and material suppliers create mutual assurance over capacity and quality. At the same time, vertically integrated actors that control raw material sourcing, cell production, and recycling streams achieve greater resilience against commodity volatility and regulatory requirements. Companies that balance capital discipline with targeted R&D in cell chemistry, safety, and recyclability stand to capture multi-dimensional value as buyer preferences evolve toward sustainability and total lifecycle performance.
Actionable strategic recommendations that balance supplier diversification, selective vertical integration, and digital-enabled lifecycle services to strengthen resilience and competitive positioning
Industry leaders should adopt a multi-pronged strategy that balances near-term operational continuity with medium-term capability building. Immediate actions include diversifying supplier portfolios to mitigate single-source exposure, renegotiating contractual terms to incorporate tariff and logistics contingencies, and accelerating validation programs for alternative chemistries and second-life applications. Concurrently, companies should prioritize investments in digital twins and predictive analytics to optimize pack performance and reduce warranty-related costs through condition-based maintenance.
On the strategic horizon, firms should pursue selective vertical integration that secures access to critical precursor materials and recycling pathways, while also cultivating partnerships for localized production to navigate trade barriers effectively. Investing in modular pack architectures and standardized interfaces will reduce time-to-market for new vehicle platforms and enable more efficient upgrades. Finally, building service-oriented revenue models around battery health monitoring, repurposing, and recycling can create differentiated margins and reinforce sustainability commitments, contributing to both resilience and long-term competitiveness.
Description of a mixed-methods research approach combining stakeholder interviews, technical literature review, and scenario analysis to ensure robust insight without speculative forecasting
This research synthesizes primary interviews with technical and commercial leaders across vehicle OEMs, battery cell manufacturers, tier suppliers, and recycling specialists, complemented by secondary analysis of public filings, regulatory announcements, and industry technical literature. The methodology emphasizes cross-validation between qualitative insights and observable operational signals, including capacity announcements, partnership disclosures, and product roadmaps, to ensure robust interpretation of market dynamics and technology trajectories.
Analytical rigor was applied through scenario-based sensitivity checks on supply chain configurations and technology adoption pathways, and through triangulation of supplier and buyer perspectives to reveal alignment and disconnects in strategic priorities. Where relevant, lifecycle assessments and engineering performance data informed evaluations of chemistry suitability for different vehicle and application segments. The research consciously avoided proprietary forecasting assumptions and instead focused on demonstrable trends, contractual behaviors, and investment patterns that inform actionable decision-making.
Synthesis of why integrated systems thinking, localized supply resilience, and circularity investments will determine long-term success across the evolving automotive battery ecosystem
The automotive battery ecosystem is entering a period of structural redefinition that will reward organizations able to align technology, manufacturing, and commercial strategy with evolving regulatory and customer expectations. The interplay between advances in cell chemistry, software-enabled battery management, and policy-driven localization is creating both risk and opportunity across the value chain. Companies that adopt flexible manufacturing footprints, invest in circularity, and pursue selective vertical integration will secure options to respond to supply shocks and shifting demand profiles.
In sum, success will hinge on an integrated approach that treats batteries not only as hardware components but as system solutions requiring coordinated capabilities in materials, cells, pack engineering, software, and end-of-life management. By prioritizing resilience, sustainability, and customer-centric service models, organizations can position themselves to capture durable competitive advantage as the industry evolves.
Please Note: PDF & Excel + Online Access - 1 Year
Contextual overview of how technology, regulation, and supply chain evolution are reshaping competitive strategies and investment priorities across the automotive battery landscape
The automotive battery sector sits at the intersection of accelerating vehicle electrification, evolving regulatory frameworks, and rapid technology maturation, making it a strategic priority for original equipment manufacturers, tier suppliers, fleet operators, and energy providers. Demand dynamics are being shaped not only by vehicle adoption patterns but also by advances in cell chemistry, manufacturing scale-up, and recycling pathways that are transforming value chains from raw material sourcing through end-of-life management.
This executive summary synthesizes current dynamics, emergent inflection points, and practical implications for stakeholders seeking clarity in a highly dynamic environment. It frames core structural shifts such as supply chain reconfiguration, policy-driven incentives and constraints, and the commercial strategies required to compete across different vehicle and application segments. The goal is to provide a concise, insight-driven narrative that supports executive decision-making and cross-functional alignment.
How converging technological breakthroughs, architecture innovations, and sustainability mandates are forcing new strategic alignments across the automotive energy storage ecosystem
The landscape of automotive energy storage is undergoing transformative shifts driven by converging technological breakthroughs and strategic policy choices. Improvements in cell energy density, cycle life, and manufacturability are enabling higher-performing battery packs while concurrently reducing some historical cost drivers, which in turn expands feasible use cases beyond conventional passenger vehicles. This enhancement of core technical performance is accompanied by growing attention to material provenance, supply chain transparency, and carbon-intensity reporting, prompting manufacturers to re-evaluate sourcing strategies and to pursue closer integration with upstream suppliers.
Meanwhile, vehicle architectures are converging toward modular, integrated battery-payload designs that permit faster assembly and improved thermal management. These architecture changes are prompting suppliers and assemblers to prioritize systems engineering capabilities and software-defined features such as battery management optimization, predictive maintenance, and safety diagnostics. At the same time, the industry is exploring circular economy solutions, including scalable recycling technologies and second-life applications, which are emerging as essential levers for both sustainability claims and long-term cost mitigation. Taken together, these shifts demand that participants balance near-term operational execution with medium-term strategic investments that secure raw material access, manufacturing flexibility, and differentiated software-service capabilities.
Assessment of the cumulative operational and supply chain implications arising from recent United States tariff measures and how they are reshaping supplier footprint and procurement strategies
Recent trade measures imposed by the United States have recalibrated global supply chain economics, prompting manufacturers and suppliers to reassess location strategies, tariff mitigation approaches, and supplier diversification plans. Tariffs and related policies have increased the importance of local manufacturing footprints and nearshoring alternatives to reduce exposure to cross-border duties and logistics volatility. As a result, original equipment manufacturers and battery cell producers are accelerating investments in domestic assembly capacity and strategic joint ventures that localize critical stages of the value chain.
Beyond facility location decisions, the tariffs have intensified supplier negotiations and contract design, with buyers seeking greater price certainty and risk-sharing clauses. Procurement teams are increasingly embedding tariff pass-through provisions, indexed pricing mechanisms for key commodities, and tiered sourcing strategies to preserve continuity. At the same time, regulatory induced costs have heightened interest in vertically integrated approaches that lock in raw material access and in multi-source strategies that combine domestic production with trusted import channels. These responses illustrate how trade policy functions as a structural driver of operational choices, capital allocation, and partnership formation across the ecosystem.
Detailed segmentation-driven insight revealing distinct technical requirements and go-to-market imperatives across battery chemistry, vehicle and drive variants, application uses, and sales channels
A granular segmentation lens reveals differentiated dynamics that demand tailored go-to-market and product strategies. Across battery type, legacy chemistries such as lead acid continue to serve established auxiliary and low-power applications, while lithium-ion chemistries dominate high-energy and high-power propulsion use cases due to superior energy density and cycle performance. Nickel-metal hydride retains relevance in specific hybrid applications where robustness and thermal tolerance provide advantages, and emerging sodium-ion technologies present potential niche opportunities where raw material abundance and cost profile align with targeted vehicle classes.
Drive type segmentation underscores diverging technical and commercial requirements between electric vehicles and internal combustion engine platforms that still rely on batteries for starting, lighting, and ancillary systems. Vehicle-type distinctions further refine product and service priorities: commercial vehicles impose heavier duty cycles and higher energy throughput that favor designs emphasizing durability, thermal management, and ease of maintenance, whereas passenger vehicles prioritize energy density, packaging efficiency, and cabin integration. Within passenger vehicle subclasses, small-form-factor hatchbacks, comfort-focused sedans, and utility-oriented SUVs each demand different balance-of-system trade-offs. Application segmentation differentiates between primary propulsion systems that require high-performance cells and integrated battery packs and ancillary and auxiliary applications where standardized, lower-cost solutions with proven reliability are more appropriate. Finally, sales channel segmentation influences customer engagement and support models, with direct sales enabling closer OEM collaboration and co-development while distribution networks extend reach and serviceability across diverse geographic markets. These layered segmentation insights highlight that one-size-fits-all strategies are unlikely to succeed; instead, firms must align product architecture, commercial approach, and service offerings to each segment’s technical priorities and buying behaviors.
Comparative regional analysis highlighting how Americas, Europe, Middle East & Africa, and Asia-Pacific present unique regulatory, manufacturing, and commercialization opportunities for battery stakeholders
Regional dynamics present distinct competitive and regulatory environments that influence investment decisions and commercial tactics. In the Americas, industrial policy emphasis on manufacturing resilience, incentives for domestic production, and growing EV adoption in key markets create opportunities for localized assembly and integrated supply chain partnerships, while also increasing scrutiny on material traceability and emissions reporting across the value chain. Companies operating here are prioritizing partnerships that enable quick scale-up, workforce development, and localized recycling initiatives to meet both policy expectations and fleet operator needs.
In Europe, Middle East & Africa, regulatory stringency, ambitious decarbonization targets, and an established automotive manufacturing base are driving sophisticated demand for high-performance, low-carbon battery solutions. This region’s focus on lifecycle emissions and end-of-life circularity is encouraging collaboration between OEMs, cell producers, and recyclers. In the Middle East, strategic moves toward industrial diversification are stimulating pilot projects and investments in upstream raw material processing. Asia-Pacific continues to be a powerhouse for cell manufacturing, materials processing, and technology innovation, supported by deep supplier ecosystems and strong public-private investment. The region’s dominance in cell production and materials supply shapes global sourcing, while rapid EV adoption and varied regulatory regimes create a mosaic of commercial opportunities and operational complexities. Recognizing these regional differences is essential for defining supply chain footprints, regulatory engagement strategies, and market-entry approaches.
How integrated capabilities, strategic partnerships, and software-enabled services are defining competitive advantage among leading battery system manufacturers and suppliers
Leading firms across the value chain are distinguishing themselves through integrated capabilities, strategic partnerships, and focused investments in proprietary technologies. Companies that combine advanced cell chemistry development with scalable manufacturing processes and strong systems integration expertise are better positioned to deliver differentiated pack-level performance. Meanwhile, firms that invest in software-defined features such as advanced battery management systems, predictive analytics, and remote diagnostics are extending the value proposition beyond hardware to services that improve lifecycle outcomes and total cost of ownership for fleet managers and OEMs.
Collaborative models are emerging as an effective competitive response. Joint ventures and long-term supply agreements between automakers, cell producers, and material suppliers create mutual assurance over capacity and quality. At the same time, vertically integrated actors that control raw material sourcing, cell production, and recycling streams achieve greater resilience against commodity volatility and regulatory requirements. Companies that balance capital discipline with targeted R&D in cell chemistry, safety, and recyclability stand to capture multi-dimensional value as buyer preferences evolve toward sustainability and total lifecycle performance.
Actionable strategic recommendations that balance supplier diversification, selective vertical integration, and digital-enabled lifecycle services to strengthen resilience and competitive positioning
Industry leaders should adopt a multi-pronged strategy that balances near-term operational continuity with medium-term capability building. Immediate actions include diversifying supplier portfolios to mitigate single-source exposure, renegotiating contractual terms to incorporate tariff and logistics contingencies, and accelerating validation programs for alternative chemistries and second-life applications. Concurrently, companies should prioritize investments in digital twins and predictive analytics to optimize pack performance and reduce warranty-related costs through condition-based maintenance.
On the strategic horizon, firms should pursue selective vertical integration that secures access to critical precursor materials and recycling pathways, while also cultivating partnerships for localized production to navigate trade barriers effectively. Investing in modular pack architectures and standardized interfaces will reduce time-to-market for new vehicle platforms and enable more efficient upgrades. Finally, building service-oriented revenue models around battery health monitoring, repurposing, and recycling can create differentiated margins and reinforce sustainability commitments, contributing to both resilience and long-term competitiveness.
Description of a mixed-methods research approach combining stakeholder interviews, technical literature review, and scenario analysis to ensure robust insight without speculative forecasting
This research synthesizes primary interviews with technical and commercial leaders across vehicle OEMs, battery cell manufacturers, tier suppliers, and recycling specialists, complemented by secondary analysis of public filings, regulatory announcements, and industry technical literature. The methodology emphasizes cross-validation between qualitative insights and observable operational signals, including capacity announcements, partnership disclosures, and product roadmaps, to ensure robust interpretation of market dynamics and technology trajectories.
Analytical rigor was applied through scenario-based sensitivity checks on supply chain configurations and technology adoption pathways, and through triangulation of supplier and buyer perspectives to reveal alignment and disconnects in strategic priorities. Where relevant, lifecycle assessments and engineering performance data informed evaluations of chemistry suitability for different vehicle and application segments. The research consciously avoided proprietary forecasting assumptions and instead focused on demonstrable trends, contractual behaviors, and investment patterns that inform actionable decision-making.
Synthesis of why integrated systems thinking, localized supply resilience, and circularity investments will determine long-term success across the evolving automotive battery ecosystem
The automotive battery ecosystem is entering a period of structural redefinition that will reward organizations able to align technology, manufacturing, and commercial strategy with evolving regulatory and customer expectations. The interplay between advances in cell chemistry, software-enabled battery management, and policy-driven localization is creating both risk and opportunity across the value chain. Companies that adopt flexible manufacturing footprints, invest in circularity, and pursue selective vertical integration will secure options to respond to supply shocks and shifting demand profiles.
In sum, success will hinge on an integrated approach that treats batteries not only as hardware components but as system solutions requiring coordinated capabilities in materials, cells, pack engineering, software, and end-of-life management. By prioritizing resilience, sustainability, and customer-centric service models, organizations can position themselves to capture durable competitive advantage as the industry evolves.
Please Note: PDF & Excel + Online Access - 1 Year
Table of Contents
180 Pages
- 1. Preface
- 1.1. Objectives of the Study
- 1.2. Market Segmentation & Coverage
- 1.3. Years Considered for the Study
- 1.4. Currency
- 1.5. Language
- 1.6. Stakeholders
- 2. Research Methodology
- 3. Executive Summary
- 4. Market Overview
- 5. Market Insights
- 5.1. Roadmap for solid-state battery commercialization driving next generation EV range enhancements
- 5.2. Implementation of second-life EV battery recycling solutions for grid storage applications
- 5.3. Technological breakthroughs in ultra fast charging cells reducing downtime for electric vehicles
- 5.4. Advancements in lithium sulfur battery chemistries enabling longer driving distances on single charge
- 5.5. Development of AI driven battery management systems optimizing cell performance and longevity
- 5.6. Scaling regional gigafactory networks to secure sustainable battery supply chains and reduce transportation emissions
- 5.7. Integration of wireless charging infrastructure into urban mobility ecosystems for seamless EV charging
- 5.8. Lifecycle emissions reduction strategies in battery manufacturing through renewable energy adoption
- 5.9. Innovations in solid electrolyte materials improving battery safety and energy density for EVs
- 5.10. Strategic partnerships between automakers and battery manufacturers to localize production capabilities
- 6. Cumulative Impact of United States Tariffs 2025
- 7. Cumulative Impact of Artificial Intelligence 2025
- 8. Automotive Battery Market, by Battery Type
- 8.1. Lead Acid
- 8.2. Lithium-Ion
- 8.3. Nickel-Metal Hydride
- 8.4. Sodium-Ion
- 9. Automotive Battery Market, by Drive Type
- 9.1. Electric Vehicles
- 9.2. IC Engines
- 10. Automotive Battery Market, by Vehicle Type
- 10.1. Commercial Vehicles
- 10.1.1. Heavy Commercial Vehicles
- 10.1.2. Light Commercial Vehicles
- 10.2. Passenger Vehicles
- 10.2.1. Hatchbacks
- 10.2.2. Sedans
- 10.2.3. SUVs
- 11. Automotive Battery Market, by Application
- 11.1. Ancillary & Auxiliary Applications
- 11.2. Primary Propulsion
- 12. Automotive Battery Market, by Region
- 12.1. Americas
- 12.1.1. North America
- 12.1.2. Latin America
- 12.2. Europe, Middle East & Africa
- 12.2.1. Europe
- 12.2.2. Middle East
- 12.2.3. Africa
- 12.3. Asia-Pacific
- 13. Automotive Battery Market, by Group
- 13.1. ASEAN
- 13.2. GCC
- 13.3. European Union
- 13.4. BRICS
- 13.5. G7
- 13.6. NATO
- 14. Automotive Battery Market, by Country
- 14.1. United States
- 14.2. Canada
- 14.3. Mexico
- 14.4. Brazil
- 14.5. United Kingdom
- 14.6. Germany
- 14.7. France
- 14.8. Russia
- 14.9. Italy
- 14.10. Spain
- 14.11. China
- 14.12. India
- 14.13. Japan
- 14.14. Australia
- 14.15. South Korea
- 15. Competitive Landscape
- 15.1. Market Share Analysis, 2024
- 15.2. FPNV Positioning Matrix, 2024
- 15.3. Competitive Analysis
- 15.3.1. Exide Industries Limited
- 15.3.2. General Motors Company
- 15.3.3. GS Yuasa Corporation
- 15.3.4. Hitachi, Ltd.
- 15.3.5. LG Energy Solution Ltd.
- 15.3.6. Mitsubishi Corporation
- 15.3.7. NEC Corporation
- 15.3.8. Okaya Power Pvt. Ltd.
- 15.3.9. Panasonic Holdings Corporation
- 15.3.10. Robert Bosch GmbH
- 15.3.11. Samsung SDI Co., Ltd.
- 15.3.12. Tata Motors Limited
- 15.3.13. Tesla Power USA LLC
- 15.3.14. Tianneng Group
- 15.3.15. Toshiba Corporation
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