Asphalt Market by Product Type (Cold Mix Asphalt, Hot Mix Asphalt, Warm Mix Asphalt), Technology (Conventional Asphalt, Polymer Modified Asphalt), Application, End User, Distribution Channel - Global Forecast 2025-2032
Description
The Asphalt Market was valued at USD 61.12 billion in 2024 and is projected to grow to USD 65.38 billion in 2025, with a CAGR of 7.34%, reaching USD 107.76 billion by 2032.
A strategic introduction setting the context for asphalt industry priorities, material choices, regulatory pressures, and operational trade-offs influencing procurement decisions
The asphalt sector sits at the intersection of infrastructure needs, environmental policy pressures, and technical innovation, requiring stakeholders to balance performance, cost, and sustainability in every specification decision. Recent trends have elevated lifecycle considerations, driving wider adoption of recycled materials and alternative production techniques while industry participants simultaneously manage volatile input costs and evolving regulatory expectations.
As a result, decision-makers increasingly prioritize materials that deliver predictable performance under diverse operating conditions, such as high-traffic roadways and critical aviation surfaces. This report establishes the context for those choices, outlining how product formulations, additive technologies, and end-user requirements shape procurement strategies. The introduction frames the competing imperatives that road owners, contractors, and suppliers must reconcile, and it sets the stage for a deeper assessment of drivers, constraints, and emerging opportunities across the value chain.
An authoritative analysis of converging sustainability, material innovation, and digital adoption that is reshaping procurement, specification, and production practices in asphalt
Market dynamics are undergoing transformative shifts driven by three converging forces: sustainability imperatives, advanced material science, and digital integration across the construction lifecycle. Sustainability mandates and carbon reduction targets are steering demand toward low-temperature production techniques and higher-recycled-content mixes, with specifications increasingly rewarding reduced embodied carbon and improved end-of-life recovery.
Concurrently, material innovation is accelerating, with polymer modification and novel additives enhancing rutting resistance, durability, and noise reduction. These technical advances are unlocking new application-specific solutions for airports, heavy-traffic corridors, and urban overlays. In addition, digital tools for pavement design, asset management, and production monitoring are improving predictability and enabling performance-based contracting. Taken together, these shifts are reshaping procurement practices, supplier relationships, and investment priorities across contractors, material producers, and public agencies.
A clear exposition of how the 2025 United States tariffs reshaped sourcing, procurement policies, supplier qualification, and risk mitigation across the asphalt supply chain
The introduction of tariffs in the United States during 2025 has compelled industry participants to reevaluate sourcing strategies and cost structures across the supply chain. Immediate consequences included higher landed costs for select imported feedstocks and performance polymers, which in turn encouraged buyers to accelerate qualification of domestic suppliers and to explore alternative ingredient formulations that maintain performance while reducing exposure to trade-related price volatility.
Consequently, procurement teams adjusted tender specifications to allow for a wider range of approved inputs and to incorporate risk-sharing clauses that address material cost escalation. Contractors and producers also increased inventory buffers and prioritized suppliers with transparent origin and traceability practices. Over time, these responses promoted supplier diversification and stimulated investment in local capacity for binders and modifiers, while public agencies updated procurement policies to reduce schedule risk and promote continuity of critical infrastructure projects.
Comprehensive segmentation insights that map product types, technologies, applications, end users, and distribution models to specific technical and commercial priorities
Insights from segmentation reveal distinct technical and commercial imperatives across product type, technology, application, end user, and distribution channel that influence development priorities and go-to-market approaches. Product-type differentiation matters: cold mix asphalt offers an important niche for lower-temperature or remote applications; hot mix asphalt dominates heavy-load and high-durability use cases and includes dense graded varieties for conventional roadways, porous asphalt for stormwater management, and stone mastic asphalt for high-traffic endurance; warm mix asphalt presents options to lower production temperatures through additives, foam application, or chemical and organic modifiers, thereby addressing both cost and emissions objectives.
Technology-driven segmentation further highlights divergence between conventional binders and polymer modified asphalt, the latter relying on modifiers such as crumb rubber, ethylene vinyl acetate, and styrene-butadiene-styrene to improve elasticity, rutting resistance, and low-temperature cracking performance. Application segmentation surfaces varying performance and specification demands: airport runways require stringent durability and friction characteristics, maintenance and repair activities prioritize rapid-setting overlays and effective pothole remediation, and road construction balances new-build durability with rehabilitation strategies for existing networks. Within maintenance and repair, overlay techniques and targeted pothole fixes differ materially in material selection and production scheduling, while road construction trade-offs between new construction and rehabilitation drive lifecycle planning. End-user segmentation clarifies procurement behaviors: government agencies tend to emphasize long-term performance criteria, regulatory compliance, and transparent tender processes, whereas private contractors focus on constructability, delivery timelines, and margin optimization. Finally, distribution channel distinctions between direct sales and distributors affect product availability, technical support, and pricing structures, with direct-sales models enabling closer collaboration on specification development and distributors offering broader geographic reach and inventory flexibility.
Taken together, these segmentation insights inform a layered commercialization strategy: product development must tailor formulations to the specific demands of each application; manufacturers should align technology portfolios to deliver both conventional and polymer-enhanced solutions; sales and technical support frameworks need customization by end-user type; and distribution strategies must reflect regional logistics and service expectations. Recognizing these segmentation-driven imperatives enables suppliers and contractors to prioritize investments that yield the most meaningful performance and commercial differentiation.
Region-specific strategic considerations for asphalt producers, contractors, and public agencies shaped by infrastructure priorities, regulation, and climatic conditions across three global regions
Regional dynamics shape material preferences, regulatory settings, and investment rhythms across the Americas, Europe Middle East & Africa, and Asia-Pacific, each presenting distinct strategic implications for manufacturers and contractors. In the Americas, infrastructure renewal programs and heavy freight corridors prioritize durable hot mix formulations and rehabilitation strategies; procurement decisions increasingly reward mixes that extend maintenance cycles while managing lifecycle cost, and private contractors often lead innovation adoption during pilot and pilot-to-scale transitions.
In Europe, Middle East & Africa, stringent environmental standards and urban resilience priorities drive attention to porous and warm mix solutions that address stormwater management and emissions reduction objectives; public-private partnerships and targeted regional investment influence the pace of large-scale projects, and local regulatory frameworks create a strong incentive for materials that demonstrate lower environmental impact. Meanwhile, Asia-Pacific continues to feature a mix of high-volume new construction and rapid urbanization pressures that favor scalable formulations and modular production approaches; regional manufacturers emphasize production efficiency, rapid setting properties for accelerated schedules, and growing interest in polymer-modified binders to support heavy-traffic corridors. Across these regions, supply chain resilience, proximity to feedstock sources, and the ability to meet region-specific performance specifications are central to commercial success, and stakeholders must align product portfolios and logistics plans to regional regulatory and climatic conditions to capture enduring demand.
Competitive company-level priorities emphasizing vertical integration, strategic partnerships, additive expertise, and digital capabilities that drive differentiation and contract wins
Key company dynamics center on vertical integration, strategic partnerships, and technology-driven differentiation that determine competitive positioning. Producers with integrated supply chains-from binder modification through mix production and paving services-tend to capture value through quality control, faster innovation cycles, and closer coordination with contractors. At the same time, specialist additive and modifier suppliers carve out advantage by advancing polymer chemistry, recycled-content solutions, and performance testing capabilities that allow contractors to meet tighter specifications.
Collaborative relationships between manufacturers, research institutions, and technology providers accelerate the deployment of advanced mixes and pave the way for performance-based contracting. Companies pursuing clear sustainability commitments, rigorous product traceability, and demonstrable lifecycle benefits often gain preferential access to public tenders and long-term maintenance contracts. Additionally, emerging digital capabilities for plant optimization, mix design simulation, and asset performance monitoring are becoming differentiating factors, enabling companies to reduce variability, improve margins, and provide evidence-based warranties to owners and operators.
Actionable strategic recommendations for industry leadership that align sourcing resilience, technological investment, sustainability adoption, contractual risk management, and digital transformation
Industry leaders should pursue five practical actions to convert insight into advantage: first, diversify raw material sourcing and qualify multiple suppliers for critical binders and polymer modifiers to reduce exposure to trade disruptions and input cost shocks while improving continuity of supply. Second, accelerate adoption of warm mix technologies and higher-recycled-content formulations to meet regulatory pressures and lower operational emissions, ensuring that pilot initiatives include robust performance monitoring to validate lifecycle benefits.
Third, invest in polymer modification and additive research that targets specific application performance criteria, such as rutting resistance for heavy-haul corridors and friction retention for airport pavements, thereby enabling premium product positioning. Fourth, strengthen contractual frameworks to manage material cost variability and schedule risk, including mechanisms for price adjustment, volume flexibility, and joint risk mitigation with owners. Finally, expand digital capabilities across mix design, plant control, and pavement asset management to reduce variability, enhance predictability, and support performance-based warranties. Together, these actions will help companies manage near-term disruption while positioning them for longer-term procurement trends driven by sustainability and lifecycle performance expectations.
A transparent mixed-methods research framework combining primary stakeholder interviews, technical literature review, and rigorous validation to ensure credible industry insights
The research approach blends primary stakeholder engagements, technical literature review, and rigorous data verification to ensure a robust foundation for the analysis. Primary research included structured interviews with material scientists, procurement officials, contractors, and plant operators to capture practical insights into specification trends, operational constraints, and innovation adoption pathways. Secondary sources encompassed peer-reviewed technical studies, government procurement guidelines, and standards-setting documentation to validate performance characteristics and regulatory drivers.
Data synthesis relied on cross-validation among independent sources, scenario analysis to assess how policy and trade developments influence procurement behavior, and sensitivity testing of key assumptions where evidence varied. Quality assurance procedures included methodological transparency, reproducible data extraction protocols, and expert review to ensure that conclusions are grounded in verifiable practice and technical plausibility. This mixed-methods approach provides stakeholders with credible, action-oriented insights that reflect the complex interplay of performance, cost, and regulation in the asphalt ecosystem.
A conclusive synthesis highlighting strategic priorities and the integrated actions that create durable value across performance, sustainability, and supply chain resilience
In conclusion, the asphalt sector faces a pivotal moment in which sustainability requirements, material innovation, and supply chain resilience collectively redefine competitive advantage. Producers and contractors that align product development with region-specific performance needs, invest in polymer and additive capabilities, and adopt lower-temperature and higher-recycled-content practices will be best positioned to meet evolving procurement criteria and regulatory expectations.
Moreover, proactive commercial strategies-such as diversified sourcing, strengthened contractual risk allocation, and targeted digital investments-will reduce exposure to trade disruptions and improve project delivery predictability. As the industry navigates these transitions, decision-makers who integrate technical rigor with strategic sourcing and partnerships will create the most durable value for owners, operators, and end users alike.
Note: PDF & Excel + Online Access - 1 Year
A strategic introduction setting the context for asphalt industry priorities, material choices, regulatory pressures, and operational trade-offs influencing procurement decisions
The asphalt sector sits at the intersection of infrastructure needs, environmental policy pressures, and technical innovation, requiring stakeholders to balance performance, cost, and sustainability in every specification decision. Recent trends have elevated lifecycle considerations, driving wider adoption of recycled materials and alternative production techniques while industry participants simultaneously manage volatile input costs and evolving regulatory expectations.
As a result, decision-makers increasingly prioritize materials that deliver predictable performance under diverse operating conditions, such as high-traffic roadways and critical aviation surfaces. This report establishes the context for those choices, outlining how product formulations, additive technologies, and end-user requirements shape procurement strategies. The introduction frames the competing imperatives that road owners, contractors, and suppliers must reconcile, and it sets the stage for a deeper assessment of drivers, constraints, and emerging opportunities across the value chain.
An authoritative analysis of converging sustainability, material innovation, and digital adoption that is reshaping procurement, specification, and production practices in asphalt
Market dynamics are undergoing transformative shifts driven by three converging forces: sustainability imperatives, advanced material science, and digital integration across the construction lifecycle. Sustainability mandates and carbon reduction targets are steering demand toward low-temperature production techniques and higher-recycled-content mixes, with specifications increasingly rewarding reduced embodied carbon and improved end-of-life recovery.
Concurrently, material innovation is accelerating, with polymer modification and novel additives enhancing rutting resistance, durability, and noise reduction. These technical advances are unlocking new application-specific solutions for airports, heavy-traffic corridors, and urban overlays. In addition, digital tools for pavement design, asset management, and production monitoring are improving predictability and enabling performance-based contracting. Taken together, these shifts are reshaping procurement practices, supplier relationships, and investment priorities across contractors, material producers, and public agencies.
A clear exposition of how the 2025 United States tariffs reshaped sourcing, procurement policies, supplier qualification, and risk mitigation across the asphalt supply chain
The introduction of tariffs in the United States during 2025 has compelled industry participants to reevaluate sourcing strategies and cost structures across the supply chain. Immediate consequences included higher landed costs for select imported feedstocks and performance polymers, which in turn encouraged buyers to accelerate qualification of domestic suppliers and to explore alternative ingredient formulations that maintain performance while reducing exposure to trade-related price volatility.
Consequently, procurement teams adjusted tender specifications to allow for a wider range of approved inputs and to incorporate risk-sharing clauses that address material cost escalation. Contractors and producers also increased inventory buffers and prioritized suppliers with transparent origin and traceability practices. Over time, these responses promoted supplier diversification and stimulated investment in local capacity for binders and modifiers, while public agencies updated procurement policies to reduce schedule risk and promote continuity of critical infrastructure projects.
Comprehensive segmentation insights that map product types, technologies, applications, end users, and distribution models to specific technical and commercial priorities
Insights from segmentation reveal distinct technical and commercial imperatives across product type, technology, application, end user, and distribution channel that influence development priorities and go-to-market approaches. Product-type differentiation matters: cold mix asphalt offers an important niche for lower-temperature or remote applications; hot mix asphalt dominates heavy-load and high-durability use cases and includes dense graded varieties for conventional roadways, porous asphalt for stormwater management, and stone mastic asphalt for high-traffic endurance; warm mix asphalt presents options to lower production temperatures through additives, foam application, or chemical and organic modifiers, thereby addressing both cost and emissions objectives.
Technology-driven segmentation further highlights divergence between conventional binders and polymer modified asphalt, the latter relying on modifiers such as crumb rubber, ethylene vinyl acetate, and styrene-butadiene-styrene to improve elasticity, rutting resistance, and low-temperature cracking performance. Application segmentation surfaces varying performance and specification demands: airport runways require stringent durability and friction characteristics, maintenance and repair activities prioritize rapid-setting overlays and effective pothole remediation, and road construction balances new-build durability with rehabilitation strategies for existing networks. Within maintenance and repair, overlay techniques and targeted pothole fixes differ materially in material selection and production scheduling, while road construction trade-offs between new construction and rehabilitation drive lifecycle planning. End-user segmentation clarifies procurement behaviors: government agencies tend to emphasize long-term performance criteria, regulatory compliance, and transparent tender processes, whereas private contractors focus on constructability, delivery timelines, and margin optimization. Finally, distribution channel distinctions between direct sales and distributors affect product availability, technical support, and pricing structures, with direct-sales models enabling closer collaboration on specification development and distributors offering broader geographic reach and inventory flexibility.
Taken together, these segmentation insights inform a layered commercialization strategy: product development must tailor formulations to the specific demands of each application; manufacturers should align technology portfolios to deliver both conventional and polymer-enhanced solutions; sales and technical support frameworks need customization by end-user type; and distribution strategies must reflect regional logistics and service expectations. Recognizing these segmentation-driven imperatives enables suppliers and contractors to prioritize investments that yield the most meaningful performance and commercial differentiation.
Region-specific strategic considerations for asphalt producers, contractors, and public agencies shaped by infrastructure priorities, regulation, and climatic conditions across three global regions
Regional dynamics shape material preferences, regulatory settings, and investment rhythms across the Americas, Europe Middle East & Africa, and Asia-Pacific, each presenting distinct strategic implications for manufacturers and contractors. In the Americas, infrastructure renewal programs and heavy freight corridors prioritize durable hot mix formulations and rehabilitation strategies; procurement decisions increasingly reward mixes that extend maintenance cycles while managing lifecycle cost, and private contractors often lead innovation adoption during pilot and pilot-to-scale transitions.
In Europe, Middle East & Africa, stringent environmental standards and urban resilience priorities drive attention to porous and warm mix solutions that address stormwater management and emissions reduction objectives; public-private partnerships and targeted regional investment influence the pace of large-scale projects, and local regulatory frameworks create a strong incentive for materials that demonstrate lower environmental impact. Meanwhile, Asia-Pacific continues to feature a mix of high-volume new construction and rapid urbanization pressures that favor scalable formulations and modular production approaches; regional manufacturers emphasize production efficiency, rapid setting properties for accelerated schedules, and growing interest in polymer-modified binders to support heavy-traffic corridors. Across these regions, supply chain resilience, proximity to feedstock sources, and the ability to meet region-specific performance specifications are central to commercial success, and stakeholders must align product portfolios and logistics plans to regional regulatory and climatic conditions to capture enduring demand.
Competitive company-level priorities emphasizing vertical integration, strategic partnerships, additive expertise, and digital capabilities that drive differentiation and contract wins
Key company dynamics center on vertical integration, strategic partnerships, and technology-driven differentiation that determine competitive positioning. Producers with integrated supply chains-from binder modification through mix production and paving services-tend to capture value through quality control, faster innovation cycles, and closer coordination with contractors. At the same time, specialist additive and modifier suppliers carve out advantage by advancing polymer chemistry, recycled-content solutions, and performance testing capabilities that allow contractors to meet tighter specifications.
Collaborative relationships between manufacturers, research institutions, and technology providers accelerate the deployment of advanced mixes and pave the way for performance-based contracting. Companies pursuing clear sustainability commitments, rigorous product traceability, and demonstrable lifecycle benefits often gain preferential access to public tenders and long-term maintenance contracts. Additionally, emerging digital capabilities for plant optimization, mix design simulation, and asset performance monitoring are becoming differentiating factors, enabling companies to reduce variability, improve margins, and provide evidence-based warranties to owners and operators.
Actionable strategic recommendations for industry leadership that align sourcing resilience, technological investment, sustainability adoption, contractual risk management, and digital transformation
Industry leaders should pursue five practical actions to convert insight into advantage: first, diversify raw material sourcing and qualify multiple suppliers for critical binders and polymer modifiers to reduce exposure to trade disruptions and input cost shocks while improving continuity of supply. Second, accelerate adoption of warm mix technologies and higher-recycled-content formulations to meet regulatory pressures and lower operational emissions, ensuring that pilot initiatives include robust performance monitoring to validate lifecycle benefits.
Third, invest in polymer modification and additive research that targets specific application performance criteria, such as rutting resistance for heavy-haul corridors and friction retention for airport pavements, thereby enabling premium product positioning. Fourth, strengthen contractual frameworks to manage material cost variability and schedule risk, including mechanisms for price adjustment, volume flexibility, and joint risk mitigation with owners. Finally, expand digital capabilities across mix design, plant control, and pavement asset management to reduce variability, enhance predictability, and support performance-based warranties. Together, these actions will help companies manage near-term disruption while positioning them for longer-term procurement trends driven by sustainability and lifecycle performance expectations.
A transparent mixed-methods research framework combining primary stakeholder interviews, technical literature review, and rigorous validation to ensure credible industry insights
The research approach blends primary stakeholder engagements, technical literature review, and rigorous data verification to ensure a robust foundation for the analysis. Primary research included structured interviews with material scientists, procurement officials, contractors, and plant operators to capture practical insights into specification trends, operational constraints, and innovation adoption pathways. Secondary sources encompassed peer-reviewed technical studies, government procurement guidelines, and standards-setting documentation to validate performance characteristics and regulatory drivers.
Data synthesis relied on cross-validation among independent sources, scenario analysis to assess how policy and trade developments influence procurement behavior, and sensitivity testing of key assumptions where evidence varied. Quality assurance procedures included methodological transparency, reproducible data extraction protocols, and expert review to ensure that conclusions are grounded in verifiable practice and technical plausibility. This mixed-methods approach provides stakeholders with credible, action-oriented insights that reflect the complex interplay of performance, cost, and regulation in the asphalt ecosystem.
A conclusive synthesis highlighting strategic priorities and the integrated actions that create durable value across performance, sustainability, and supply chain resilience
In conclusion, the asphalt sector faces a pivotal moment in which sustainability requirements, material innovation, and supply chain resilience collectively redefine competitive advantage. Producers and contractors that align product development with region-specific performance needs, invest in polymer and additive capabilities, and adopt lower-temperature and higher-recycled-content practices will be best positioned to meet evolving procurement criteria and regulatory expectations.
Moreover, proactive commercial strategies-such as diversified sourcing, strengthened contractual risk allocation, and targeted digital investments-will reduce exposure to trade disruptions and improve project delivery predictability. As the industry navigates these transitions, decision-makers who integrate technical rigor with strategic sourcing and partnerships will create the most durable value for owners, operators, and end users alike.
Note: PDF & Excel + Online Access - 1 Year
Table of Contents
193 Pages
- 1. Preface
- 1.1. Objectives of the Study
- 1.2. Market Segmentation & Coverage
- 1.3. Years Considered for the Study
- 1.4. Currency
- 1.5. Language
- 1.6. Stakeholders
- 2. Research Methodology
- 3. Executive Summary
- 4. Market Overview
- 5. Market Insights
- 5.1. Increasing use of recycled plastic and rubber modifiers to enhance asphalt durability and sustainability
- 5.2. Growing implementation of permeable asphalt systems for effective stormwater management in urban areas
- 5.3. Adoption of bio-based asphalt binders derived from industrial waste oils to reduce carbon footprint
- 5.4. Expansion of cold mix asphalt applications to cut energy consumption and facilitate rapid road repairs
- 5.5. Integration of smart sensors in asphalt pavements for real-time performance monitoring and maintenance scheduling
- 5.6. Government incentives driving the shift toward low-temperature warm mix asphalt for greenhouse gas reduction
- 5.7. Development of high-performance asphalt mixtures tailored for electric vehicle charging infrastructure durability
- 6. Cumulative Impact of United States Tariffs 2025
- 7. Cumulative Impact of Artificial Intelligence 2025
- 8. Asphalt Market, by Product Type
- 8.1. Cold Mix Asphalt
- 8.2. Hot Mix Asphalt
- 8.2.1. Dense Graded
- 8.2.2. Porous Asphalt
- 8.2.3. Stone Mastic Asphalt
- 8.3. Warm Mix Asphalt
- 8.3.1. Additives Foam
- 8.3.2. Chemical Additives
- 8.3.3. Organic Additives
- 9. Asphalt Market, by Technology
- 9.1. Conventional Asphalt
- 9.2. Polymer Modified Asphalt
- 9.2.1. Crumb Rubber
- 9.2.2. Ethylene Vinyl Acetate
- 9.2.3. Styrene-Butadiene-Styrene
- 10. Asphalt Market, by Application
- 10.1. Airport Runways
- 10.2. Maintenance & Repair
- 10.2.1. Asphalt Overlay
- 10.2.2. Pothole Repair
- 10.3. Parking Lots
- 10.4. Road Construction
- 10.4.1. New Construction
- 10.4.2. Rehabilitation
- 11. Asphalt Market, by End User
- 11.1. Government Agencies
- 11.2. Private Contractors
- 12. Asphalt Market, by Distribution Channel
- 12.1. Direct Sales
- 12.2. Distributors
- 13. Asphalt Market, by Region
- 13.1. Americas
- 13.1.1. North America
- 13.1.2. Latin America
- 13.2. Europe, Middle East & Africa
- 13.2.1. Europe
- 13.2.2. Middle East
- 13.2.3. Africa
- 13.3. Asia-Pacific
- 14. Asphalt Market, by Group
- 14.1. ASEAN
- 14.2. GCC
- 14.3. European Union
- 14.4. BRICS
- 14.5. G7
- 14.6. NATO
- 15. Asphalt Market, by Country
- 15.1. United States
- 15.2. Canada
- 15.3. Mexico
- 15.4. Brazil
- 15.5. United Kingdom
- 15.6. Germany
- 15.7. France
- 15.8. Russia
- 15.9. Italy
- 15.10. Spain
- 15.11. China
- 15.12. India
- 15.13. Japan
- 15.14. Australia
- 15.15. South Korea
- 16. Competitive Landscape
- 16.1. Market Share Analysis, 2024
- 16.2. FPNV Positioning Matrix, 2024
- 16.3. Competitive Analysis
- 16.3.1. China Petroleum & Chemical Corporation
- 16.3.2. PetroChina Company Limited
- 16.3.3. SK Innovation Co., Ltd.
- 16.3.4. Royal Dutch Shell plc
- 16.3.5. Exxon Mobil Corporation
- 16.3.6. TotalEnergies SE
- 16.3.7. Repsol, S.A.
- 16.3.8. Petroliam Nasional Berhad
- 16.3.9. Indian Oil Corporation Limited
- 16.3.10. Nynas AB
- 16.3.11. Callanan Industries, Inc.
- 16.3.12. The Shelly Company
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