Active Implantable Medical Devices Market by Device Type (Cardiac Pacemaker, Cochlear Implant, Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator), Technology (Non-Rechargeable, Rechargeable), Patient Age Group, Application, End User - Global Forecast 2025-2032
Description
The Active Implantable Medical Devices Market was valued at USD 2.91 billion in 2024 and is projected to grow to USD 3.21 billion in 2025, with a CAGR of 11.05%, reaching USD 6.73 billion by 2032.
Setting the strategic context for active implantable devices by framing clinical drivers regulatory pressures and digital integration reshaping development and deployment
The active implantable medical device landscape is defined by rapid technological progress, evolving clinical protocols, and intensifying regulatory scrutiny. Devices such as cardiac pacemakers, cochlear implants, implantable cardioverter defibrillators, infusion pumps, and neurostimulators are converging toward integrated therapeutic ecosystems that emphasize longevity, patient comfort, and connectivity. As clinicians and health systems increasingly prioritize value-based outcomes, device developers are compelled to balance form factor innovations with rigorous safety and post-market surveillance obligations.
Moreover, digital integration and device telemetry are reshaping care pathways, enabling remote titration, earlier detection of adverse events, and more precise therapy optimization. These capabilities have implications for clinical workflows, reimbursement structures, and cybersecurity priorities. Investors and strategic leaders must therefore appreciate not only the hardware advancements but also the software stacks, data governance, and service models that underpin durable adoption. In this context, the introduction sets the stage for a thorough review of technological shifts, policy influences, segmentation dynamics, regional performance drivers, and competitor positioning, all of which are explored in subsequent sections to support informed executive decision making.
Charting the major transformative shifts in technology regulation and commercial models that are reshaping product lifecycles and competitive advantage in the industry
The market has experienced transformative shifts driven by device miniaturization, rechargeable power approaches, and the integration of sensing with stimulation or drug delivery systems. Advances in battery chemistry and energy-harvesting techniques are enabling smaller implants with longer functional lives, while non-rechargeable and rechargeable architectures continue to coexist depending on clinical indication and patient preference. Simultaneously, connectivity and embedded analytics have elevated the role of real-world device data in clinical decision making, enabling more personalized therapy adjustments and earlier detection of device- or therapy-related complications.
Regulatory landscapes have adapted to these technological advancements by emphasizing post-market evidence generation and cybersecurity resilience. Payers and providers are increasingly focused on outcomes that extend beyond procedural success, measuring hospitalization rates, therapy adherence, and quality-of-life metrics. As a result, manufacturers are shifting to bundled care propositions and outcome-linked contracting in addition to traditional product sales. These shifts have broadened the definition of competitive advantage to include service capabilities, software platforms, and partnerships across clinical, payer, and digital ecosystems, altering how new entrants and incumbent firms allocate capital and prioritize pipeline investments.
Analyzing the cumulative impacts of evolving United States tariff policies on global supply chains manufacturing decisions and procurement resilience across the device ecosystem
The policy environment has become an increasingly prominent factor in strategic planning as tariff structures influence supply chain design and sourcing decisions. In 2025, changes to United States tariff policies prompted device manufacturers and contract manufacturers to reassess global production footprints and component sourcing strategies. Firms with vertically integrated supply chains or diversified manufacturing nodes were better positioned to absorb incremental cost pressures while preserving lead times and product availability. Conversely, companies reliant on single-region suppliers faced more acute operational risk and were driven to accelerate qualification of alternate sources.
In practice, these tariff-related adjustments translated into renegotiated supplier contracts, enhanced inventory hedging strategies, and in certain cases, nearshoring initiatives to reduce exposure to cross-border cost volatility. Importantly, procurement teams increased focus on total landed cost analysis and scenario planning to evaluate the trade-offs between unit cost, regulatory compliance timelines, and logistical resilience. Going forward, the interplay between trade policy and clinical supply reliability will remain a strategic imperative for executives, influencing capital allocation for manufacturing capacity, quality assurance investments, and strategic partnerships across regions.
Uncovering actionable segmentation insights that link device types technologies patient demographics clinical use cases and care settings to distinct adoption and development imperatives
Segmentation insights reveal differentiated demands and development priorities across device types, technologies, patient populations, clinical applications, and end users. Based on device type, clinical priorities and regulatory pathways vary significantly between cardiac pacemakers, cochlear implants, implantable cardioverter defibrillators, infusion pumps, and neurostimulators, shaping product feature sets, durability expectations, and post-market study requirements. Based on technology, distinctions between non-rechargeable and rechargeable devices influence surgical frequency, patient education needs, and follow-up protocols, which in turn affect device selection by clinicians and patients.
Based on patient age group, the adult population drives much of routine adoption while geriatric patients raise distinct concerns around comorbidities, frailty, and device management, and pediatric cohorts introduce long-term durability and growth-related considerations that alter device design and clinical follow-up. Based on application, cardiology, endocrinology, neurology, and otology present unique efficacy endpoints and workflow implications, with cardiology further bifurcated into heart failure management and heart rhythm management priorities and neurology separated into deep brain stimulation and spinal cord stimulation use cases. Based on end user, adoption dynamics differ across ambulatory surgical centers, clinics, and hospitals, and within hospitals the decision-making environment diverges between private and public institutions driven by procurement cycles, budgetary constraints, and patient population mix. Collectively, these segmentation lenses help executives prioritize development, clinical evidence generation, and commercial strategies tailored to distinct stakeholder needs.
Comparative regional insights into regulatory reimbursement and adoption dynamics that shape differentiated entry strategies across the Americas EMEA and Asia-Pacific
Regional performance is shaped by distinct regulatory frameworks, reimbursement architectures, and healthcare delivery models across the Americas, Europe Middle East & Africa, and Asia-Pacific. In the Americas, procurement dynamics and private pay interactions often enable faster uptake of premium technologies when supported by robust clinical evidence and value demonstrations, and capital investment in electrophysiology and cardiology centers remains a key growth driver. In Europe, Middle East & Africa, heterogeneity in regulatory timelines and payer fragmentation creates a more complex path to scale, demanding localized evidence strategies and adaptive pricing approaches that align with country-level health technology assessment processes.
Asia-Pacific is characterized by a mix of advanced markets with high adoption of cutting-edge devices and rapidly developing systems where access expansion is driven by capacity building, trained specialists, and localized manufacturing partnerships. Across all regions, cross-border collaboration, academic-clinical partnerships, and regional centers of excellence play significant roles in establishing clinical norms and training pathways. Moreover, regulatory convergence efforts and bilateral trade agreements are slowly reducing friction in certain corridors, which can accelerate deployment of new technologies when complemented by tailored market entry plans and strong distribution partnerships.
Strategic competitive insights highlighting incumbents challengers and partnership models that are redefining differentiation through technology clinical evidence and service capabilities
Competitive dynamics are defined by a mix of established medical device enterprises, specialized innovators, and new entrants that combine digital capabilities with therapeutic hardware. Leading companies retain advantages through deep clinical relationships, extensive post-market data repositories, and established manufacturing and quality systems that support regulatory compliance across multiple jurisdictions. At the same time, a wave of specialized firms focused on miniaturization, rechargeable energy systems, or novel stimulation algorithms is creating pressure to accelerate product refresh cycles and expand evidence portfolios.
Partnerships and M&A activity continue to be strategic levers for incumbents seeking to integrate complementary technology stacks, accelerate time-to-market for adjacent indications, or gain access to emerging geographies. Likewise, service-oriented business models that bundle device therapy with remote monitoring, patient engagement tools, and outcome-based contracts are increasingly prominent. For executives, tracking the intersection of clinical performance claims, real-world evidence generation, and commercialization capability is essential to anticipate competitive moves and identify potential alliance or acquisition targets that can fortify therapeutic and commercial positioning.
Actionable recommendations for leaders to align evidence generation supply resilience digital services and commercial models to accelerate adoption and reduce execution risk
Industry leaders should adopt a multi-pronged strategy that aligns product design with clinical outcomes, supply chain resilience, and evolving reimbursement expectations. First, invest in evidence generation programs that extend beyond procedural success to include longitudinal outcomes, patient-reported measures, and health economic analyses to strengthen value propositions for payers and providers. Second, diversify manufacturing and sourcing strategies to mitigate tariff and logistics exposure by qualifying multiple suppliers, evaluating nearshore options, and incorporating flexible contract terms that enable rapid scaling while maintaining quality standards.
Third, develop robust digital and service capabilities that complement hardware offerings, including remote monitoring, secure data platforms, and clinician decision-support tools that improve adherence and clinical follow-up. Fourth, pursue targeted partnerships with academic centers and regional clinical leaders to accelerate adoption through training, centers of excellence, and real-world implementation studies. Finally, align commercial models with payer expectations by exploring outcome-linked contracting and bundled care approaches that demonstrate cost offsets and improved patient experiences. By integrating these tactics, organizations can enhance resilience, accelerate clinical acceptance, and create sustainable differentiation in an increasingly outcomes-focused landscape.
Comprehensive research methodology integrating clinical expert engagement technical assessment and supply chain evaluation to underpin robust strategic insights and recommendations
The research methodology combines structured literature synthesis, expert interviews, and ethnographic observations within clinical environments to create a comprehensive evidence base. Technical assessment included device specification reviews, comparative analysis of technology platforms, and evaluation of regulatory submissions and safety communications to understand approval pathways and post-market obligations. Clinical validation incorporated interviews with cardiologists, electrophysiologists, neurologists, otologists, and endocrinologists to capture real-world practice patterns, patient management challenges, and adoption drivers across care settings.
Supply chain and commercial analyses drew on procurement documents, distribution network maps, and contract frameworks coupled with conversations with manufacturing and quality leaders to evaluate sourcing resilience and logistical constraints. Data synthesis emphasized triangulation across sources to reduce bias and to highlight convergent findings. Throughout the process, attention was paid to ethical considerations, patient privacy implications of connected devices, and the evolving regulatory expectations that shape evidence generation plans and product labeling strategies.
Synthesizing technological regulatory and operational trends into a cohesive strategic outlook for translating innovation into clinical adoption and commercial success
In conclusion, the active implantable device sector is moving toward integrated therapeutic solutions that combine durable hardware with data-driven services and outcome-focused commercial models. Technological advances in power management, sensing, and digital connectivity are enabling new care pathways, while regulatory and payer expectations are elevating the importance of longitudinal evidence and cybersecurity preparedness. Supply chain dynamics, influenced by trade policy and component sourcing, require proactive resilience planning to ensure continuity of care and predictable product availability.
Strategic success in this environment depends on the ability to align clinical evidence strategies, manufacturing flexibility, and service-oriented commercialization models that collectively demonstrate value to clinicians, patients, and payers. Organizations that invest in partnerships, real-world evidence, and adaptive supply networks will be best positioned to translate innovation into scalable clinical and commercial impact. The subsequent call to action outlines how to obtain the full report and engage with the sales contact to convert these insights into operational plans and investment decisions.
Please Note: PDF & Excel + Online Access - 1 Year
Setting the strategic context for active implantable devices by framing clinical drivers regulatory pressures and digital integration reshaping development and deployment
The active implantable medical device landscape is defined by rapid technological progress, evolving clinical protocols, and intensifying regulatory scrutiny. Devices such as cardiac pacemakers, cochlear implants, implantable cardioverter defibrillators, infusion pumps, and neurostimulators are converging toward integrated therapeutic ecosystems that emphasize longevity, patient comfort, and connectivity. As clinicians and health systems increasingly prioritize value-based outcomes, device developers are compelled to balance form factor innovations with rigorous safety and post-market surveillance obligations.
Moreover, digital integration and device telemetry are reshaping care pathways, enabling remote titration, earlier detection of adverse events, and more precise therapy optimization. These capabilities have implications for clinical workflows, reimbursement structures, and cybersecurity priorities. Investors and strategic leaders must therefore appreciate not only the hardware advancements but also the software stacks, data governance, and service models that underpin durable adoption. In this context, the introduction sets the stage for a thorough review of technological shifts, policy influences, segmentation dynamics, regional performance drivers, and competitor positioning, all of which are explored in subsequent sections to support informed executive decision making.
Charting the major transformative shifts in technology regulation and commercial models that are reshaping product lifecycles and competitive advantage in the industry
The market has experienced transformative shifts driven by device miniaturization, rechargeable power approaches, and the integration of sensing with stimulation or drug delivery systems. Advances in battery chemistry and energy-harvesting techniques are enabling smaller implants with longer functional lives, while non-rechargeable and rechargeable architectures continue to coexist depending on clinical indication and patient preference. Simultaneously, connectivity and embedded analytics have elevated the role of real-world device data in clinical decision making, enabling more personalized therapy adjustments and earlier detection of device- or therapy-related complications.
Regulatory landscapes have adapted to these technological advancements by emphasizing post-market evidence generation and cybersecurity resilience. Payers and providers are increasingly focused on outcomes that extend beyond procedural success, measuring hospitalization rates, therapy adherence, and quality-of-life metrics. As a result, manufacturers are shifting to bundled care propositions and outcome-linked contracting in addition to traditional product sales. These shifts have broadened the definition of competitive advantage to include service capabilities, software platforms, and partnerships across clinical, payer, and digital ecosystems, altering how new entrants and incumbent firms allocate capital and prioritize pipeline investments.
Analyzing the cumulative impacts of evolving United States tariff policies on global supply chains manufacturing decisions and procurement resilience across the device ecosystem
The policy environment has become an increasingly prominent factor in strategic planning as tariff structures influence supply chain design and sourcing decisions. In 2025, changes to United States tariff policies prompted device manufacturers and contract manufacturers to reassess global production footprints and component sourcing strategies. Firms with vertically integrated supply chains or diversified manufacturing nodes were better positioned to absorb incremental cost pressures while preserving lead times and product availability. Conversely, companies reliant on single-region suppliers faced more acute operational risk and were driven to accelerate qualification of alternate sources.
In practice, these tariff-related adjustments translated into renegotiated supplier contracts, enhanced inventory hedging strategies, and in certain cases, nearshoring initiatives to reduce exposure to cross-border cost volatility. Importantly, procurement teams increased focus on total landed cost analysis and scenario planning to evaluate the trade-offs between unit cost, regulatory compliance timelines, and logistical resilience. Going forward, the interplay between trade policy and clinical supply reliability will remain a strategic imperative for executives, influencing capital allocation for manufacturing capacity, quality assurance investments, and strategic partnerships across regions.
Uncovering actionable segmentation insights that link device types technologies patient demographics clinical use cases and care settings to distinct adoption and development imperatives
Segmentation insights reveal differentiated demands and development priorities across device types, technologies, patient populations, clinical applications, and end users. Based on device type, clinical priorities and regulatory pathways vary significantly between cardiac pacemakers, cochlear implants, implantable cardioverter defibrillators, infusion pumps, and neurostimulators, shaping product feature sets, durability expectations, and post-market study requirements. Based on technology, distinctions between non-rechargeable and rechargeable devices influence surgical frequency, patient education needs, and follow-up protocols, which in turn affect device selection by clinicians and patients.
Based on patient age group, the adult population drives much of routine adoption while geriatric patients raise distinct concerns around comorbidities, frailty, and device management, and pediatric cohorts introduce long-term durability and growth-related considerations that alter device design and clinical follow-up. Based on application, cardiology, endocrinology, neurology, and otology present unique efficacy endpoints and workflow implications, with cardiology further bifurcated into heart failure management and heart rhythm management priorities and neurology separated into deep brain stimulation and spinal cord stimulation use cases. Based on end user, adoption dynamics differ across ambulatory surgical centers, clinics, and hospitals, and within hospitals the decision-making environment diverges between private and public institutions driven by procurement cycles, budgetary constraints, and patient population mix. Collectively, these segmentation lenses help executives prioritize development, clinical evidence generation, and commercial strategies tailored to distinct stakeholder needs.
Comparative regional insights into regulatory reimbursement and adoption dynamics that shape differentiated entry strategies across the Americas EMEA and Asia-Pacific
Regional performance is shaped by distinct regulatory frameworks, reimbursement architectures, and healthcare delivery models across the Americas, Europe Middle East & Africa, and Asia-Pacific. In the Americas, procurement dynamics and private pay interactions often enable faster uptake of premium technologies when supported by robust clinical evidence and value demonstrations, and capital investment in electrophysiology and cardiology centers remains a key growth driver. In Europe, Middle East & Africa, heterogeneity in regulatory timelines and payer fragmentation creates a more complex path to scale, demanding localized evidence strategies and adaptive pricing approaches that align with country-level health technology assessment processes.
Asia-Pacific is characterized by a mix of advanced markets with high adoption of cutting-edge devices and rapidly developing systems where access expansion is driven by capacity building, trained specialists, and localized manufacturing partnerships. Across all regions, cross-border collaboration, academic-clinical partnerships, and regional centers of excellence play significant roles in establishing clinical norms and training pathways. Moreover, regulatory convergence efforts and bilateral trade agreements are slowly reducing friction in certain corridors, which can accelerate deployment of new technologies when complemented by tailored market entry plans and strong distribution partnerships.
Strategic competitive insights highlighting incumbents challengers and partnership models that are redefining differentiation through technology clinical evidence and service capabilities
Competitive dynamics are defined by a mix of established medical device enterprises, specialized innovators, and new entrants that combine digital capabilities with therapeutic hardware. Leading companies retain advantages through deep clinical relationships, extensive post-market data repositories, and established manufacturing and quality systems that support regulatory compliance across multiple jurisdictions. At the same time, a wave of specialized firms focused on miniaturization, rechargeable energy systems, or novel stimulation algorithms is creating pressure to accelerate product refresh cycles and expand evidence portfolios.
Partnerships and M&A activity continue to be strategic levers for incumbents seeking to integrate complementary technology stacks, accelerate time-to-market for adjacent indications, or gain access to emerging geographies. Likewise, service-oriented business models that bundle device therapy with remote monitoring, patient engagement tools, and outcome-based contracts are increasingly prominent. For executives, tracking the intersection of clinical performance claims, real-world evidence generation, and commercialization capability is essential to anticipate competitive moves and identify potential alliance or acquisition targets that can fortify therapeutic and commercial positioning.
Actionable recommendations for leaders to align evidence generation supply resilience digital services and commercial models to accelerate adoption and reduce execution risk
Industry leaders should adopt a multi-pronged strategy that aligns product design with clinical outcomes, supply chain resilience, and evolving reimbursement expectations. First, invest in evidence generation programs that extend beyond procedural success to include longitudinal outcomes, patient-reported measures, and health economic analyses to strengthen value propositions for payers and providers. Second, diversify manufacturing and sourcing strategies to mitigate tariff and logistics exposure by qualifying multiple suppliers, evaluating nearshore options, and incorporating flexible contract terms that enable rapid scaling while maintaining quality standards.
Third, develop robust digital and service capabilities that complement hardware offerings, including remote monitoring, secure data platforms, and clinician decision-support tools that improve adherence and clinical follow-up. Fourth, pursue targeted partnerships with academic centers and regional clinical leaders to accelerate adoption through training, centers of excellence, and real-world implementation studies. Finally, align commercial models with payer expectations by exploring outcome-linked contracting and bundled care approaches that demonstrate cost offsets and improved patient experiences. By integrating these tactics, organizations can enhance resilience, accelerate clinical acceptance, and create sustainable differentiation in an increasingly outcomes-focused landscape.
Comprehensive research methodology integrating clinical expert engagement technical assessment and supply chain evaluation to underpin robust strategic insights and recommendations
The research methodology combines structured literature synthesis, expert interviews, and ethnographic observations within clinical environments to create a comprehensive evidence base. Technical assessment included device specification reviews, comparative analysis of technology platforms, and evaluation of regulatory submissions and safety communications to understand approval pathways and post-market obligations. Clinical validation incorporated interviews with cardiologists, electrophysiologists, neurologists, otologists, and endocrinologists to capture real-world practice patterns, patient management challenges, and adoption drivers across care settings.
Supply chain and commercial analyses drew on procurement documents, distribution network maps, and contract frameworks coupled with conversations with manufacturing and quality leaders to evaluate sourcing resilience and logistical constraints. Data synthesis emphasized triangulation across sources to reduce bias and to highlight convergent findings. Throughout the process, attention was paid to ethical considerations, patient privacy implications of connected devices, and the evolving regulatory expectations that shape evidence generation plans and product labeling strategies.
Synthesizing technological regulatory and operational trends into a cohesive strategic outlook for translating innovation into clinical adoption and commercial success
In conclusion, the active implantable device sector is moving toward integrated therapeutic solutions that combine durable hardware with data-driven services and outcome-focused commercial models. Technological advances in power management, sensing, and digital connectivity are enabling new care pathways, while regulatory and payer expectations are elevating the importance of longitudinal evidence and cybersecurity preparedness. Supply chain dynamics, influenced by trade policy and component sourcing, require proactive resilience planning to ensure continuity of care and predictable product availability.
Strategic success in this environment depends on the ability to align clinical evidence strategies, manufacturing flexibility, and service-oriented commercialization models that collectively demonstrate value to clinicians, patients, and payers. Organizations that invest in partnerships, real-world evidence, and adaptive supply networks will be best positioned to translate innovation into scalable clinical and commercial impact. The subsequent call to action outlines how to obtain the full report and engage with the sales contact to convert these insights into operational plans and investment decisions.
Please Note: PDF & Excel + Online Access - 1 Year
Table of Contents
183 Pages
- 1. Preface
- 1.1. Objectives of the Study
- 1.2. Market Segmentation & Coverage
- 1.3. Years Considered for the Study
- 1.4. Currency
- 1.5. Language
- 1.6. Stakeholders
- 2. Research Methodology
- 3. Executive Summary
- 4. Market Overview
- 5. Market Insights
- 5.1. Adoption of next generation leadless pacemakers with extended battery longevity and remote monitoring capabilities
- 5.2. Integration of AI-driven diagnostics in implantable cardiac devices for predictive arrhythmia management and personalized therapy
- 5.3. Development of bioresorbable intracranial electrodes for temporary neuromodulation therapies in chronic pain management
- 5.4. Implementation of wireless energy harvesting and inductive charging for continuous power supply in implantable insulin pumps
- 5.5. Regulatory harmonization under EU MDR and FDA guidance driving standardized clinical trials for implantable medical devices
- 5.6. Emergence of 3D printed patient-specific electrode arrays enhancing targeted neuromodulation and reducing tissue irritation
- 5.7. Increased focus on cybersecurity frameworks to mitigate risks in connected implantable medical devices with wireless telemetry
- 6. Cumulative Impact of United States Tariffs 2025
- 7. Cumulative Impact of Artificial Intelligence 2025
- 8. Active Implantable Medical Devices Market, by Device Type
- 8.1. Cardiac Pacemaker
- 8.2. Cochlear Implant
- 8.3. Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator
- 8.4. Infusion Pump
- 8.5. Neurostimulator
- 9. Active Implantable Medical Devices Market, by Technology
- 9.1. Non-Rechargeable
- 9.2. Rechargeable
- 10. Active Implantable Medical Devices Market, by Patient Age Group
- 10.1. Adult
- 10.2. Geriatric
- 10.3. Pediatric
- 11. Active Implantable Medical Devices Market, by Application
- 11.1. Cardiology
- 11.1.1. Heart Failure Management
- 11.1.2. Heart Rhythm Management
- 11.2. Endocrinology
- 11.3. Neurology
- 11.3.1. Deep Brain Stimulation
- 11.3.2. Spinal Cord Stimulation
- 11.4. Otology
- 12. Active Implantable Medical Devices Market, by End User
- 12.1. Ambulatory Surgical Centers
- 12.2. Clinics
- 12.3. Hospitals
- 12.3.1. Private Hospitals
- 12.3.2. Public Hospitals
- 13. Active Implantable Medical Devices Market, by Region
- 13.1. Americas
- 13.1.1. North America
- 13.1.2. Latin America
- 13.2. Europe, Middle East & Africa
- 13.2.1. Europe
- 13.2.2. Middle East
- 13.2.3. Africa
- 13.3. Asia-Pacific
- 14. Active Implantable Medical Devices Market, by Group
- 14.1. ASEAN
- 14.2. GCC
- 14.3. European Union
- 14.4. BRICS
- 14.5. G7
- 14.6. NATO
- 15. Active Implantable Medical Devices Market, by Country
- 15.1. United States
- 15.2. Canada
- 15.3. Mexico
- 15.4. Brazil
- 15.5. United Kingdom
- 15.6. Germany
- 15.7. France
- 15.8. Russia
- 15.9. Italy
- 15.10. Spain
- 15.11. China
- 15.12. India
- 15.13. Japan
- 15.14. Australia
- 15.15. South Korea
- 16. Competitive Landscape
- 16.1. Market Share Analysis, 2024
- 16.2. FPNV Positioning Matrix, 2024
- 16.3. Competitive Analysis
- 16.3.1. Medtronic plc
- 16.3.2. Abbott Laboratories
- 16.3.3. Boston Scientific Corporation
- 16.3.4. BIOTRONIK SE & Co. KG
- 16.3.5. LivaNova PLC
- 16.3.6. Cochlear Limited
- 16.3.7. Sonova Holding AG
- 16.3.8. MED‑EL Elektromedizinische Geräte GmbH
- 16.3.9. William Demant Holding A/S
- 16.3.10. Nurotron Biotechnology Co., Ltd.
- 16.3.11. MicroPort CRM Corporation
- 16.3.12. Nevro Corp.
- 16.3.13. Axonics Modulation Technologies, Inc.
- 16.3.14. Advanced Bionics Corporation
- 16.3.15. Oticon Medical A/S
- 16.3.16. Berlin Heart GmbH
- 16.3.17. SynCardia Systems LLC
- 16.3.18. Jarvik Heart, Inc.
- 16.3.19. CARMAT SA
- 16.3.20. Calon Cardio Ltd.
- 16.3.21. Envoy Medical Corporation
- 16.3.22. MicroTransponder Inc.
- 16.3.23. CVRx Inc.
- 16.3.24. Inspire Medical Systems, Inc.
- 16.3.25. Aleva Neurotherapeutics S.A.
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