Towers and Poles Report 2016 Ed 4
Electricity Transmission Towers and Monopoles
Electricity Distribution Poles and Telegraph Poles
Street Lights
Comprehensive quantitative data and qualitative analysis about the towers, poles and street lighting markets, with market commentary and competitive analysis.
Base year 2015 and forecasts of the installed base and demand from 2016 to 2020.
Global analysis, the world, regions and for 124 countries.
The 4th edition has three major new features for this $36 billion market:
The March of the Monopoles - long established in the US, EHV monopoles are breaking into new markets with innovative new designs, replacing lattice towers.
Street lighting is included for the first time, a vigorous market driven by the conversion to high efficiency LEDs, a growing market for steel, concrete and composite poles.
The composite poles industry, market development and production technology are analysed, with profiles of the main producers.
TRANSMISSION LATTICE TOWERS AND MONOPOLES
1. Lattice Transmission Towers and Monopoles
Installed base in units - Steel, concrete, wood
Annual sales in units
Annual sales in $ value
2. Long term demand cycle
The long term demand cycle charted for new additions and replacements over the long term since 1900.
3. Monopoles and Lattice Towers
Long established in the United States for EHV lines, monopoles are used in China and are now breaking into the conservative markets of Europe with interesting new designs. This trend is driven by pressure on rights-of-way, visual criticism of lattice towers and public fears of EMF dangers to children.
4. Tower and Monopole vendors, production capacity and market shares
The top 34 manufacturers are listed with shares of production and the leaders profiled.
5. Evolution of the Transmission Networks
Length and voltage time series.
6. Types of Lattice Tower
Lattice towers are designed for different functions and stresses and there is wide variation in cost .
Suspension towers
Tension towers
Angle suspension towers
Dead end towers
7. Service life and maintenance of Towers and Monopoles
Maintenance practices have a critical impact on the service life of towers, especially in harsh cli-mate conditions.
8. The value chain - from materials to capex
The value chain is a continuous process of adding cost to a product and depending where you position it the value changes, the end user’s capex being some five times the cost of original ma-terials. The value chain is analysed with different mark-ups for each of six stages.
UTILITY POLES - WOOD, CONCRETE, STEEL, COMPOSITE
9. Utility Poles - Electricity, Telegraph, Street Lights
Installed base in units - steel, concrete, wood, composite
Annual sales in units
Annual sales in $ value
10. Utility Poles service life and replacement
Demand depends on new build and replacement. In 1950, 4.3% of demand for utility poles was for replacement, in 2015 that has risen to 62%. Poles have widely varying service lives depend-ing on material and conditions. The service lives have been established by region and in some cases for individual countries.
11. Joint use of Utility Poles
Joint use by different utilities is a significant factor in the pole market. The protocols for space allocation and standards are outlined.
12. National market commentary for Utility Poles
Market commentary on installed bases and demand for utility poles in 24 countries, with infor-mation on numbers and type of pole.
13. Types and materials for of Utility Poles and applications
There are many types of pole in use. Different types and applications are outlined.
14. Composite Poles and materials
Composites are analysed in a 23 page section discussing this technology, applications, advantages and disadvantages, market status and manufacturers.
15. Circuits, phases and conductors
Most distribution networks employ single circuits, whereas transmission networks range from single to multiple circuits. This is an important consideration in specifying the type and dimen-sions of towers and poles.
16. ROW - Rights of Way
Rights of Way (ROW) is a significant cost and can be a serious obstacle in designing networks and specifying equipment. It si=is a significant factor in the trend to Monopoles.
17. Utility Pole and Street Light vendors
Companies manufacturing concrete and steel poles are listed with brief details.
Companies harvesting and preparing wood poles are listed with brief details.
18. Dangers & mitigation of damage to Poles by birds.
Birds constitute a significant threat to poles and energised lines. Accidents not only harm the birds but causes power outages. The problems and mitigations are discussed.
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- EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
- Definitions and terms for supports
- Lattice transmission Towers and Monopoles
- Utility Poles
- 1. INSTALLED BASE OF ELECTRICITY TRANSMISSON TOWERS & MONOPOLES
- Global installed base of towers and monopoles
- North America
- Europe
- CIS
- Middle East
- North Africa
- Sub-Saharan Africa
- Asia Pacific
- LAC
- 2. ELECTRICITY TRANSMISSION TOWERS MARKET
- Global demand for towers
- North America
- Europe
- CIS
- Middle East
- Africa
- Asia Pacific
- LAC
- 3. LONG TERM DEMAND CYCLES FOR ELECTRICITY TOWERS AND MONOPOLES
- Growth of transmission line networks
- 4. MONOPOLES vs. LATTICE TOWERS
- Netherlands
- Scandinavia
- Denmark
- Iceland
- Finland
- United Kingdom
- Italy
- France
- Asia Pacific
- Middle East
- Latin America
- South Africa
- Cost
- Space requirements
- Reduction of the electromagnetic field
- Foundations
- 5. TYPES OF TOWER OR PYLONS
- Suspension tower
- Tension towers
- Angle suspension tower
- Termination or dead end towers, also called tension towers
- Transposition towers
- Tower Installation
- Build-up or piecemeal method.
- Section method
- Ground assembly method
- Helicopter method.
- 6. TRANSMISSION TOWERS DESIGN
- 7. UTILITY POLES
- Installed base of poles by country and utility, 2016
- Voltage levels of electricity sub-transmission and distribution poles
- 8. INSTALLED BASE OF POLES BY COUNTRY AND MATERIAL
- 9. GROWTH OF THE POLE POPULATION
- 10. DEMAND FOR POLES
- Demand in numbers of poles
- Demand for poles 2015 to 2020
- 11. DEMAND FOR POLES BY VALUE
- 12. COMPOSITE POLES
- Introduction
- Development of composite technology and poles in the US
- Price/cost
- Safety factor
- Materials for composites and the manufacturing processes
- Filament winding
- Pultrusion
- Testing composites
- Scandinavian trials of composites
- Advantages of composite poles
- Composite and fibreglass maintenance
- Service life of composites and other materials
- Hardware modifications
- Modular Poles
- Manufacturers of composite poles and hardware
- Cross arms
- 13. THE VALUE CHAIN – FROM MATERIALS TO CAPEX
- The value chain at 6 levels
- 14. NATIONAL MARKETS FOR POLES
- United States
- Europe
- Austria
- Czech Republic
- Cyprus
- Finland
- France
- Germany
- Greece
- Ireland
- Netherlands
- Norway
- Spain
- Sweden
- Switzerland
- United Kingdom:
- Russia
- Japan
- China
- India
- Korea
- Singapore and Macau
- Australia
- Middle East
- Africa
- 15. MATERIAL COMPOSITION OF POLES AND SERVICE LIFE
- Materials
- Use
- Description
- Size classification
- H5 - H1
- 1-5
- 6-10
- Wood
- Wood preservatives
- Pollution from wood preservatives - Leaching
- Steel
- Concrete
- Composites- fibreglass
- Disposal
- 16. POLE SPAN
- 17. TYPES OF POLES
- Other equipment
- Grounding Rod
- Dead-end (anchor or termination) poles
- Physical access
- Construction Classifications
- 18. SPACE ALLOCATION ON JOINT USE UTILITY POLES
- Supply Space
- Safety Zone Space
- Communications Space
- 19. SERVICE LIFE AND MAINTENANCE OF STEEL LATTICE TOWERS AND MONOPOLES
- Service Life
- Maintenance
- Phase 1 – Coffee Stain Rust
- Phase 2 – Abrasive Rust
- Phase 3 – Extensive Abrasive Rust
- Phase 4 – Crash
- 20. SERVICE LIFE AND MAINTENANCE OF POLES
- Wooden Poles
- Service life
- Maintenance
- Groundline Treatment
- Internal Treatment
- Concrete Poles
- Steel Poles
- Composite Poles
- 21. MANUFACTURERS OF LATTICE TOWERS AND POLES
- Chinese manufacturers
- Indian manufacturers
- KEC International
- Other Asian manufacturers
- North American manufacturers
- Brazil
- Turkey
- 22. MANUFACTURERS OF DISTRIBUTION POLES
- North American manufacturers
- African manufacturers
- Indian manufacturers
- 23. CIRCUIT PHASES AND CONDUCTORS
- SINGLE CIRCUIT
- DOUBLE CIRCUIT
- MULTIPLE CONDUCTORS
- Restrictions on multiple use of corridors
- 24. COMPETITIONS FOR TOWER DESIGN
- 25. RIGHTS OF WAY
- Multiple use of ROWs
- 26. DANGER TO AND FROM BIRDS
- Extent of the problem
- The mechanics of an electrocution
- Mitigation and prevention of collisions
- Mitigation and prevention of electrocution
- METHODOLOGY
- The installed base and demand
- The model of the demand cycle
- Creation of the databases of towers and poles
- Short term demand forecast
- Street lights
- Validation
- Figures
- Figure 1: Global installed electricity transmission towers, 2015-2020
- Figure 2: Global installed electricity transmission towers by regions, 2016
- Figure 3: Regional growth in electricity transmission towers, 2015-2020
- Figure 4: Global installed electricity transmission towers, North America, 2015-20
- Figure 5: Global installed electricity transmission towers, Europe, 2015-20
- Figure 6: Global installed electricity transmission towers, CIS, 2015-20
- Figure 7: Global installed electricity transmission towers, Middle East, 2015-20
- Figure 8: Global installed electricity transmission towers, North Africa, 2015-20
- Figure 9: Global installed electricity transmission towers, Sub-Saharan Africa, 2015-20
- Figure 10: Global installed electricity transmission towers, Asia Pacific, 2015-20
- Figure 11: Global installed electricity transmission towers, South America, 2015-20
- Figure 12: Global installed electricity transmission towers, Central America, 2015-20
- Figure 13: World sales of electricity transmission towers, nominal $, 2015-2020
- Figure 14: Sales of electricity transmission towers by regions, nominal $, 2016
- Figure 15: The global networks of transmission lines, length in route km 1900 to 2050
- Figure 16: The evolution of transmission line voltage, the first introductions
- Figure 17: The long term demand cycles for towers, 1900 to 2050
- Figure 18: Annual new and replacement installations of towers, 1900 to 2050
- Figure 19: The market for lattice towers and poles in the USA, $, 2015
- Figure 20: European countries installing new EHV monopoles
- Figure 21: Some new designs being installed in Europe
- Figure 22: New 400 kV monopole designs in the Netherlands
- Figure 23: New EHV poles in Scandinavia
- Figure 24: New 400 kV transmission monopoles in Denmark.
- Figure 25: Iceland new 220 kV transmission towers
- Figure 26: New 400 kV and 275 kV transmission monopoles in the United Kingdom.
- Figure 27: A camouflaged 400 kV transmission monopole in the United Kingdom
- Figure 28: Terna and 380 kV monopoles
- Figure 29: New 380 kV monopole in Dubai
- Figure 30: Comparison of the footprint of a monopole versus a lattice tower.
- Figure 31: Reduction of electromagnetic fields and space requirements
- Figure 32: Economy of foundations
- Figure 33: Suspension tower, single steel pole
- Figure 34: Lattice steel suspension tower (L6 used in the United Kingdom)
- Figure 35: Installation of transmission tower by helicopter
- Figure 36: Peak and Cage of a Transmission Tower
- Figure 37: Cross Arm and Body of a Transmission Tower
- Figure 38: 220-kV single-circuit LST
- Figure 39: 500-kV single-circuit LST
- Figure 40: 220-kV double-circuit LST
- Figure 41: 500-kV double-circuit LST
- Figure 42: Historical growth of the pole population; electricity MV/LV poles, telegraph poles, street lights, 1900 to 2015, forecast to 2050
- Figure 43: Demand for poles; electricity MV/LV poles, telegraph poles, street lights, 1900 to 2015, forecast to 2050
- Figure 44: Additions and replacements for poles; electricity MV/LV poles, telegraph poles, street lights, 1900 to 2015, forecast to 2050
- Figure 45: New additions and replacements of poles with a 35 year service life, 1900 to 2040
- Figure 46: Global demand for electricity MV/LV poles, telegraph poles, street lights by country in value nominal $, North America, 2015-2020
- Figure 47: A nest of poles for shipment
- Figure 48: Utility pole in Japan
- Figure 49: Lines in Bolivia (left) have considerably longer span than lines in Laos (right)
- Figure 50: Double-circuit, 138-kV line on wood structures
- Figure 51: Double-circuit, 138-kV line on galvanized steel poles
- Figure 52: Single-circuit 138-kV line on weathering steel.
- Figure 53: H-frame wood structure
- Figure 54: Space allocations on a joint utility pole
- Figure 55: Supply space on a utility pole
- Figure 56: Safety Zone Space on a utility pole
- Figure 57: The Communications Space in a utility pole
- Figure 58: The principle of exponential corrosion
- Figure 59: Phase 1 – Coffee Stain Rust
- Figure 60: Phase 2 – Abrasive Rust
- Figure 61: Phase 3 – Abrasive Rust
- Figure 62: Phase 3 – The tower falls
- Figure 63 : Outline of potential decay patterns
- Figure 64 : Decay in a wood utility pole
- Figure 65: Tower for single circuit, three phase system (three conductors)
- Figure 66: Tower for double circuit, three phase system (six conductors)
- Figure 67: Tower for multiple circuits, three phase system (twelve conductors)
- Figure 68: Multiple lines, lattice towers and monopoles in same corridor
- Figure 69: Dietmar Koering of Arphenotype, competition for Icelandic Electrical Transco/1
- Figure 70: Dietmar Koering of Arphenotype, competition for Icelandic Electrical Transco/2
- Figure 71: Dietmar Koering of Arphenotype, competition for Icelandic Electrical Transco/3
- Figure 72: Y Pylon by Knight Architects competition for National Grid 2012
- Figure 73: Plexus by Arup for National Grid 2012
- Figure 74: The Land of Giants, Iceland, Choi & Shine
- Figure 75: A distribution line right of way
- Figure 76: A wetland-scrub/shrub-dominated community the first year after a mow.
- Figure 77: A grass-dominated community in an agricultural matrix the first year after a mow.
- Figure 78: An example of a single ROW corridor.
- Figure 79: An example of parallel transmission ROW corridor
- Figure 80 : Typical European right of way cross section, self-supporting tower
- Figure 81: Typical European right of way cross section, guyed tower
- Figure 82: Right-of-way comparison for equivalent capacity of 765-kV and 345-kV lines
- Figure 83: Blue crane electrocuted in South Africa
- Figure 84: White Storks in their nest on a utility pole in Vladeni in Romania
- Figure 85: An example of a pole-mounted transformer
- Figure 86: Distribution pole with symmetric chevron (arrow) on top as bird exclusion device
- Figure 87: Dedicated nesting pole next to distribution pole with bird exclusion device
- Figure 88: Additions and replacements from 1945 to 1950
- Figure 89: Additions and replacements from 1900 to 1950
- Figure 90: Comparison of the installed base an annual demand for towers, 1900 to 2050
- Tables
- Table 1: Global installed electricity transmission towers, by region, 2014-2020
- Table 2: Global installed electricity transmission towers, North America, 2015-20
- Table 3: Global installed electricity transmission towers, Europe, 2015-20
- Table 4: Global installed electricity transmission towers, CIS, 2015-20
- Table 5: Global installed electricity transmission towers, Middle East, 2015-20
- Table 6: Global installed electricity transmission towers, North Africa, 2015-20
- Table 7: Global installed electricity transmission towers, Sub-Saharan Africa, 2015-20
- Table 8: Global installed electricity transmission towers, Asia Pacific, 2015-20
- Table 9: Global installed electricity transmission towers, South America, 2015-20
- Table 10: Global installed electricity transmission towers, Central America, 2015-20
- Table 11: Sales of electricity transmission towers by regions, nominal $, 2016
- Table 12: Sales of electricity transmission towers, North America, nominal $, 2015-2020
- Table 13: Sales of electricity transmission towers, Europe, nominal $, 2015-2020
- Table 14: Sales of electricity transmission towers, CIS, nominal $, 2015-2020
- Table 15: Sales of electricity transmission towers, Middle East, nominal $, 2015-2020
- Table 16: Sales of electricity transmission towers, North Africa, nominal $, 2015-2020
- Table 17: Sales of electricity transmission towers, Sub-Saharan Africa, nominal $, 2015-2020
- Table 18: Sales of electricity transmission towers, Asia, nominal $, 2015-2020
- Table 19: Sales of electricity transmission towers, Pacific, nominal $, 2015-2020
- Table 20: Sales of electricity transmission towers, South America, nominal $, 2015-2020
- Table 21: Sales of electricity transmission towers, Central America, nominal $, 2015-2020
- Table 22 : Numbers of electricity poles, telegraph poles and streetlights, 2016
- Table 23: Electricity, telegraph poles and street lights in North America, 2016
- Table 24: Electricity, telegraph poles and street lights in Europe, 2016
- Table 25: Electricity, telegraph poles and street lights in CIS, 2016
- Table 26: Electricity, telegraph poles and street lights in the Middle East, 2016
- Table 27: Electricity, telegraph poles and street lights in North Africa, 2016
- Table 28: Electricity, telegraph poles and street lights in Sub-Saharan Africa, 2016
- Table 29: Electricity, telegraph poles and street lights in Asia, 2016
- Table 30: Electricity, telegraph poles and street lights in Pacific, 2016
- Table 31: Electricity, telegraph poles and street lights in South America, 2016
- Table 32: Electricity, telegraph poles and street lights in Central America, 2016
- Table 33: Numbers of electricity poles, telegraph poles and streetlights by material, 2016
- Table 34: Electricity, telegraph poles and street lights in North America by material, 2016
- Table 35: Electricity, telegraph poles and street lights in Europe by material, 2016
- Table 36: Electricity, telegraph poles and street lights in CIS by material, 2016
- Table 37: Electricity, telegraph poles and street lights in the Middle East by material, 2016
- Table 38: Electricity, telegraph poles and street lights in North Africa by material, 2016
- Table 39: Electricity, telegraph poles and street lights in Sub-Saharan Africa by material, 2016
- Table 40: Electricity, telegraph poles and street lights in Asia by material, 2016
- Table 41: Electricity, telegraph poles and street lights in Pacific by material, 2016
- Table 42: Electricity, telegraph poles and street lights in South America by material, 2016
- Table 43: Electricity, telegraph poles and street lights in Central America by material, 2016
- Table 44: Installed base of electricity poles, telegraph poles and street lights, 2015 - 2020
- Table 45: Installed base of electricity, telegraph poles and street lights in North America, 2015 - 2020
- Table 46: Installed base of electricity, telegraph poles and street lights in Europe, 2015 - 2020
- Table 47: Installed base of electricity, telegraph poles and street lights in CIS, 2015 - 2020
- Table 48: Installed base of electricity, telegraph poles and street lights in the Middle East, 2015 - 2020
- Table 49: Installed base of electricity, telegraph poles and street lights in North Africa, 2015 - 2020
- Table 50: Installed base of electricity, telegraph poles and street lights, S-Saharan Africa, 2015 - 20
- Table 51: Installed base of electricity, telegraph poles and street lights in Asia, 2015 - 2020
- Table 52: Installed base of electricity, telegraph poles and street lights in Pacific, 2015 - 2020
- Table 53: Installed base of electricity, telegraph poles and street lights, South America, 2015-20
- Table 54: Installed base of electricity, telegraph poles and street lights, Central America, 2015-20
- Table 55: New additions and replacements of poles with a 35 year service life, 1900 to 2040
- Table 56: Demand for electricity MV/LV poles, telegraph poles, street lights by region, 2015-2020
- Table 57: Demand for electricity MV/LV poles, telegraph poles, street lights by country, North America, 2015-2020
- Table 58: Demand for electricity MV/LV poles, telegraph poles, street lights by country, Europe, 2015-2020
- Table 59: Demand for electricity MV/LV poles, telegraph poles, street lights by country, CIS, 2015-2020
- Table 60: Demand for electricity MV/LV poles, telegraph poles, street lights by country, Middle East, 2015-2020
- Table 61: Demand for electricity MV/LV poles, telegraph poles, street lights by country, North Africa, 2015-2020
- Table 62: Demand for electricity MV/LV poles, telegraph poles, street lights by country, Sub-Saharan Africa, 2015-2020
- Table 63: Demand for poles electricity MV/LV poles, telegraph poles, street lights by country, Asia, 2015-2020
- Table 64: Demand for electricity MV/LV poles, telegraph poles, street lights by country, Pacific, 2015-2020
- Table 65: Demand for electricity MV/LV poles, telegraph poles, street lights by country, South America, 2015-2020
- Table 66: Demand for electricity MV/LV poles, telegraph poles, street lights by country, Central America, 2015-2020
- Table 67: Demand for electricity MV/LV poles, telegraph poles, street lights by country in value nominal $, North America, 2015-2020
- Table 68: Demand for electricity MV/LV poles, telegraph poles, street lights by country in value nominal $, North America, 2015-2020
- Table 69: Demand for electricity MV/LV poles, telegraph poles, street lights by country in value nominal $, Europe, 2015-2020
- Table 70: Demand for electricity MV/LV poles, telegraph poles, street lights by country in value nominal $, CIS, 2015-2020
- Table 71: Demand for electricity MV/LV poles, telegraph poles, street lights by country in value nominal $, Middle East, 2015-2020
- Table 72: Demand for electricity MV/LV poles, telegraph poles, street lights by country in value nominal $, North Africa, 2015-2020
- Table 73: Demand for electricity MV/LV poles, telegraph poles, street lights by country in value nominal $, Sub-Saharan Africa, 2015-2020
- Table 74: Demand for electricity MV/LV poles, telegraph poles, street lights by country in value nominal $, Asia, 2015-2020
- Table 75: Demand for electricity MV/LV poles, telegraph poles, street lights by country in value nominal $, Pacific, 2015-2020
- Table 76: Demand for electricity MV/LV poles, telegraph poles, street lights by country in value nominal $, South America, 2015-2020
- Table 77: Demand for electricity MV/LV poles, telegraph poles, street lights by country in value nominal $, Central America, 2015-2020
- Table 78: Service lives of poles with different materials
- Table 79: Costs and mark-up from Bill of Materials to Capex
- Table 80: Description and cost of repairs
- Table 81: Recommended Pole Inspection Schedules, Rural Utilities Service, US
- Table 82: Manufacturers of steel towers and poles, by share of production capacity
- Table 83 : Estimates of the annual number of collision victims with above ground transmission lines (excluding distribution lines) for three different countries.
- Table 84 : The size of large raptors