Towers and Poles Report 2016 Ed 4

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Definitions and terms for supports

Lattice transmission Towers and Monopoles

Utility Poles

1. INSTALLED BASE OF ELECTRICITY TRANSMISSON TOWERS & MONOPOLES

Global installed base of towers and monopoles

North America

Europe

CIS

Middle East

North Africa

Sub-Saharan Africa

Asia Pacific

LAC

2. ELECTRICITY TRANSMISSION TOWERS MARKET

Global demand for towers

North America

Europe

CIS

Middle East

Africa

Asia Pacific

LAC

3. LONG TERM DEMAND CYCLES FOR ELECTRICITY TOWERS AND MONOPOLES

Growth of transmission line networks

4. MONOPOLES vs. LATTICE TOWERS

Netherlands

Scandinavia

Denmark

Iceland

Finland

United Kingdom

Italy

France

Asia Pacific

Middle East

Latin America

South Africa

Cost

Space requirements

Reduction of the electromagnetic field

Foundations

5. TYPES OF TOWER OR PYLONS

Suspension tower

Tension towers

Angle suspension tower

Termination or dead end towers, also called tension towers

Transposition towers

Tower Installation

Build-up or piecemeal method.

Section method

Ground assembly method

Helicopter method.

6. TRANSMISSION TOWERS DESIGN

7. UTILITY POLES

Installed base of poles by country and utility, 2016

Voltage levels of electricity sub-transmission and distribution poles

8. INSTALLED BASE OF POLES BY COUNTRY AND MATERIAL

9. GROWTH OF THE POLE POPULATION

10. DEMAND FOR POLES

Demand in numbers of poles

Demand for poles 2015 to 2020

11. DEMAND FOR POLES BY VALUE

12. COMPOSITE POLES

Introduction

Development of composite technology and poles in the US

Price/cost

Safety factor

Materials for composites and the manufacturing processes

Filament winding

Pultrusion

Testing composites

Scandinavian trials of composites

Advantages of composite poles

Composite and fibreglass maintenance

Service life of composites and other materials

Hardware modifications

Modular Poles

Manufacturers of composite poles and hardware

Cross arms

13. THE VALUE CHAIN – FROM MATERIALS TO CAPEX

The value chain at 6 levels

14. NATIONAL MARKETS FOR POLES

United States

Europe

Austria

Czech Republic

Cyprus

Finland

France

Germany

Greece

Ireland

Netherlands

Norway

Spain

Sweden

Switzerland

United Kingdom:

Russia

Japan

China

India

Korea

Singapore and Macau

Australia

Middle East

Africa

15. MATERIAL COMPOSITION OF POLES AND SERVICE LIFE

Materials

Use

Description

Size classification

H5 - H1

1-5

6-10

Wood

Wood preservatives

Pollution from wood preservatives - Leaching

Steel

Concrete

Composites- fibreglass

Disposal

16. POLE SPAN

17. TYPES OF POLES

Other equipment

Grounding Rod

Dead-end (anchor or termination) poles

Physical access

Construction Classifications

18. SPACE ALLOCATION ON JOINT USE UTILITY POLES

Supply Space

Safety Zone Space

Communications Space

19. SERVICE LIFE AND MAINTENANCE OF STEEL LATTICE TOWERS AND MONOPOLES

Service Life

Maintenance

Phase 1 – Coffee Stain Rust

Phase 2 – Abrasive Rust

Phase 3 – Extensive Abrasive Rust

Phase 4 – Crash

20. SERVICE LIFE AND MAINTENANCE OF POLES

Wooden Poles

Service life

Maintenance

Groundline Treatment

Internal Treatment

Concrete Poles

Steel Poles

Composite Poles

21. MANUFACTURERS OF LATTICE TOWERS AND POLES

Chinese manufacturers

Indian manufacturers

KEC International

Other Asian manufacturers

North American manufacturers

Brazil

Turkey

22. MANUFACTURERS OF DISTRIBUTION POLES

North American manufacturers

African manufacturers

Indian manufacturers

23. CIRCUIT PHASES AND CONDUCTORS

SINGLE CIRCUIT

DOUBLE CIRCUIT

MULTIPLE CONDUCTORS

Restrictions on multiple use of corridors

24. COMPETITIONS FOR TOWER DESIGN

25. RIGHTS OF WAY

Multiple use of ROWs

26. DANGER TO AND FROM BIRDS

Extent of the problem

The mechanics of an electrocution

Mitigation and prevention of collisions

Mitigation and prevention of electrocution

METHODOLOGY

The installed base and demand

The model of the demand cycle

Creation of the databases of towers and poles

Short term demand forecast

Street lights

Validation

Figures

Figure 1: Global installed electricity transmission towers, 2015-2020

Figure 2: Global installed electricity transmission towers by regions, 2016

Figure 3: Regional growth in electricity transmission towers, 2015-2020

Figure 4: Global installed electricity transmission towers, North America, 2015-20

Figure 5: Global installed electricity transmission towers, Europe, 2015-20

Figure 6: Global installed electricity transmission towers, CIS, 2015-20

Figure 7: Global installed electricity transmission towers, Middle East, 2015-20

Figure 8: Global installed electricity transmission towers, North Africa, 2015-20

Figure 9: Global installed electricity transmission towers, Sub-Saharan Africa, 2015-20

Figure 10: Global installed electricity transmission towers, Asia Pacific, 2015-20

Figure 11: Global installed electricity transmission towers, South America, 2015-20

Figure 12: Global installed electricity transmission towers, Central America, 2015-20

Figure 13: World sales of electricity transmission towers, nominal $, 2015-2020

Figure 14: Sales of electricity transmission towers by regions, nominal $, 2016

Figure 15: The global networks of transmission lines, length in route km 1900 to 2050

Figure 16: The evolution of transmission line voltage, the first introductions

Figure 17: The long term demand cycles for towers, 1900 to 2050

Figure 18: Annual new and replacement installations of towers, 1900 to 2050

Figure 19: The market for lattice towers and poles in the USA, $, 2015

Figure 20: European countries installing new EHV monopoles

Figure 21: Some new designs being installed in Europe

Figure 22: New 400 kV monopole designs in the Netherlands

Figure 23: New EHV poles in Scandinavia

Figure 24: New 400 kV transmission monopoles in Denmark.

Figure 25: Iceland new 220 kV transmission towers

Figure 26: New 400 kV and 275 kV transmission monopoles in the United Kingdom.

Figure 27: A camouflaged 400 kV transmission monopole in the United Kingdom

Figure 28: Terna and 380 kV monopoles

Figure 29: New 380 kV monopole in Dubai

Figure 30: Comparison of the footprint of a monopole versus a lattice tower.

Figure 31: Reduction of electromagnetic fields and space requirements

Figure 32: Economy of foundations

Figure 33: Suspension tower, single steel pole

Figure 34: Lattice steel suspension tower (L6 used in the United Kingdom)

Figure 35: Installation of transmission tower by helicopter

Figure 36: Peak and Cage of a Transmission Tower

Figure 37: Cross Arm and Body of a Transmission Tower

Figure 38: 220-kV single-circuit LST

Figure 39: 500-kV single-circuit LST

Figure 40: 220-kV double-circuit LST

Figure 41: 500-kV double-circuit LST

Figure 42: Historical growth of the pole population; electricity MV/LV poles, telegraph poles, street lights, 1900 to 2015, forecast to 2050

Figure 43: Demand for poles; electricity MV/LV poles, telegraph poles, street lights, 1900 to 2015, forecast to 2050

Figure 44: Additions and replacements for poles; electricity MV/LV poles, telegraph poles, street lights, 1900 to 2015, forecast to 2050

Figure 45: New additions and replacements of poles with a 35 year service life, 1900 to 2040

Figure 46: Global demand for electricity MV/LV poles, telegraph poles, street lights by country in value nominal $, North America, 2015-2020

Figure 47: A nest of poles for shipment

Figure 48: Utility pole in Japan

Figure 49: Lines in Bolivia (left) have considerably longer span than lines in Laos (right)

Figure 50: Double-circuit, 138-kV line on wood structures

Figure 51: Double-circuit, 138-kV line on galvanized steel poles

Figure 52: Single-circuit 138-kV line on weathering steel.

Figure 53: H-frame wood structure

Figure 54: Space allocations on a joint utility pole

Figure 55: Supply space on a utility pole

Figure 56: Safety Zone Space on a utility pole

Figure 57: The Communications Space in a utility pole

Figure 58: The principle of exponential corrosion

Figure 59: Phase 1 – Coffee Stain Rust

Figure 60: Phase 2 – Abrasive Rust

Figure 61: Phase 3 – Abrasive Rust

Figure 62: Phase 3 – The tower falls

Figure 63 : Outline of potential decay patterns

Figure 64 : Decay in a wood utility pole

Figure 65: Tower for single circuit, three phase system (three conductors)

Figure 66: Tower for double circuit, three phase system (six conductors)

Figure 67: Tower for multiple circuits, three phase system (twelve conductors)

Figure 68: Multiple lines, lattice towers and monopoles in same corridor

Figure 69: Dietmar Koering of Arphenotype, competition for Icelandic Electrical Transco/1

Figure 70: Dietmar Koering of Arphenotype, competition for Icelandic Electrical Transco/2

Figure 71: Dietmar Koering of Arphenotype, competition for Icelandic Electrical Transco/3

Figure 72: Y Pylon by Knight Architects competition for National Grid 2012

Figure 73: Plexus by Arup for National Grid 2012

Figure 74: The Land of Giants, Iceland, Choi & Shine

Figure 75: A distribution line right of way

Figure 76: A wetland-scrub/shrub-dominated community the first year after a mow.

Figure 77: A grass-dominated community in an agricultural matrix the first year after a mow.

Figure 78: An example of a single ROW corridor.

Figure 79: An example of parallel transmission ROW corridor

Figure 80 : Typical European right of way cross section, self-supporting tower

Figure 81: Typical European right of way cross section, guyed tower

Figure 82: Right-of-way comparison for equivalent capacity of 765-kV and 345-kV lines

Figure 83: Blue crane electrocuted in South Africa

Figure 84: White Storks in their nest on a utility pole in Vladeni in Romania

Figure 85: An example of a pole-mounted transformer

Figure 86: Distribution pole with symmetric chevron (arrow) on top as bird exclusion device

Figure 87: Dedicated nesting pole next to distribution pole with bird exclusion device

Figure 88: Additions and replacements from 1945 to 1950

Figure 89: Additions and replacements from 1900 to 1950

Figure 90: Comparison of the installed base an annual demand for towers, 1900 to 2050

Tables

Table 1: Global installed electricity transmission towers, by region, 2014-2020

Table 2: Global installed electricity transmission towers, North America, 2015-20

Table 3: Global installed electricity transmission towers, Europe, 2015-20

Table 4: Global installed electricity transmission towers, CIS, 2015-20

Table 5: Global installed electricity transmission towers, Middle East, 2015-20

Table 6: Global installed electricity transmission towers, North Africa, 2015-20

Table 7: Global installed electricity transmission towers, Sub-Saharan Africa, 2015-20

Table 8: Global installed electricity transmission towers, Asia Pacific, 2015-20

Table 9: Global installed electricity transmission towers, South America, 2015-20

Table 10: Global installed electricity transmission towers, Central America, 2015-20

Table 11: Sales of electricity transmission towers by regions, nominal $, 2016

Table 12: Sales of electricity transmission towers, North America, nominal $, 2015-2020

Table 13: Sales of electricity transmission towers, Europe, nominal $, 2015-2020

Table 14: Sales of electricity transmission towers, CIS, nominal $, 2015-2020

Table 15: Sales of electricity transmission towers, Middle East, nominal $, 2015-2020

Table 16: Sales of electricity transmission towers, North Africa, nominal $, 2015-2020

Table 17: Sales of electricity transmission towers, Sub-Saharan Africa, nominal $, 2015-2020

Table 18: Sales of electricity transmission towers, Asia, nominal $, 2015-2020

Table 19: Sales of electricity transmission towers, Pacific, nominal $, 2015-2020

Table 20: Sales of electricity transmission towers, South America, nominal $, 2015-2020

Table 21: Sales of electricity transmission towers, Central America, nominal $, 2015-2020

Table 22 : Numbers of electricity poles, telegraph poles and streetlights, 2016

Table 23: Electricity, telegraph poles and street lights in North America, 2016

Table 24: Electricity, telegraph poles and street lights in Europe, 2016

Table 25: Electricity, telegraph poles and street lights in CIS, 2016

Table 26: Electricity, telegraph poles and street lights in the Middle East, 2016

Table 27: Electricity, telegraph poles and street lights in North Africa, 2016

Table 28: Electricity, telegraph poles and street lights in Sub-Saharan Africa, 2016

Table 29: Electricity, telegraph poles and street lights in Asia, 2016

Table 30: Electricity, telegraph poles and street lights in Pacific, 2016

Table 31: Electricity, telegraph poles and street lights in South America, 2016

Table 32: Electricity, telegraph poles and street lights in Central America, 2016

Table 33: Numbers of electricity poles, telegraph poles and streetlights by material, 2016

Table 34: Electricity, telegraph poles and street lights in North America by material, 2016

Table 35: Electricity, telegraph poles and street lights in Europe by material, 2016

Table 36: Electricity, telegraph poles and street lights in CIS by material, 2016

Table 37: Electricity, telegraph poles and street lights in the Middle East by material, 2016

Table 38: Electricity, telegraph poles and street lights in North Africa by material, 2016

Table 39: Electricity, telegraph poles and street lights in Sub-Saharan Africa by material, 2016

Table 40: Electricity, telegraph poles and street lights in Asia by material, 2016

Table 41: Electricity, telegraph poles and street lights in Pacific by material, 2016

Table 42: Electricity, telegraph poles and street lights in South America by material, 2016

Table 43: Electricity, telegraph poles and street lights in Central America by material, 2016

Table 44: Installed base of electricity poles, telegraph poles and street lights, 2015 - 2020

Table 45: Installed base of electricity, telegraph poles and street lights in North America, 2015 - 2020

Table 46: Installed base of electricity, telegraph poles and street lights in Europe, 2015 - 2020

Table 47: Installed base of electricity, telegraph poles and street lights in CIS, 2015 - 2020

Table 48: Installed base of electricity, telegraph poles and street lights in the Middle East, 2015 - 2020

Table 49: Installed base of electricity, telegraph poles and street lights in North Africa, 2015 - 2020

Table 50: Installed base of electricity, telegraph poles and street lights, S-Saharan Africa, 2015 - 20

Table 51: Installed base of electricity, telegraph poles and street lights in Asia, 2015 - 2020

Table 52: Installed base of electricity, telegraph poles and street lights in Pacific, 2015 - 2020

Table 53: Installed base of electricity, telegraph poles and street lights, South America, 2015-20

Table 54: Installed base of electricity, telegraph poles and street lights, Central America, 2015-20

Table 55: New additions and replacements of poles with a 35 year service life, 1900 to 2040

Table 56: Demand for electricity MV/LV poles, telegraph poles, street lights by region, 2015-2020

Table 57: Demand for electricity MV/LV poles, telegraph poles, street lights by country, North America, 2015-2020

Table 58: Demand for electricity MV/LV poles, telegraph poles, street lights by country, Europe, 2015-2020

Table 59: Demand for electricity MV/LV poles, telegraph poles, street lights by country, CIS, 2015-2020

Table 60: Demand for electricity MV/LV poles, telegraph poles, street lights by country, Middle East, 2015-2020

Table 61: Demand for electricity MV/LV poles, telegraph poles, street lights by country, North Africa, 2015-2020

Table 62: Demand for electricity MV/LV poles, telegraph poles, street lights by country, Sub-Saharan Africa, 2015-2020

Table 63: Demand for poles electricity MV/LV poles, telegraph poles, street lights by country, Asia, 2015-2020

Table 64: Demand for electricity MV/LV poles, telegraph poles, street lights by country, Pacific, 2015-2020

Table 65: Demand for electricity MV/LV poles, telegraph poles, street lights by country, South America, 2015-2020

Table 66: Demand for electricity MV/LV poles, telegraph poles, street lights by country, Central America, 2015-2020

Table 67: Demand for electricity MV/LV poles, telegraph poles, street lights by country in value nominal $, North America, 2015-2020

Table 68: Demand for electricity MV/LV poles, telegraph poles, street lights by country in value nominal $, North America, 2015-2020

Table 69: Demand for electricity MV/LV poles, telegraph poles, street lights by country in value nominal $, Europe, 2015-2020

Table 70: Demand for electricity MV/LV poles, telegraph poles, street lights by country in value nominal $, CIS, 2015-2020

Table 71: Demand for electricity MV/LV poles, telegraph poles, street lights by country in value nominal $, Middle East, 2015-2020

Table 72: Demand for electricity MV/LV poles, telegraph poles, street lights by country in value nominal $, North Africa, 2015-2020

Table 73: Demand for electricity MV/LV poles, telegraph poles, street lights by country in value nominal $, Sub-Saharan Africa, 2015-2020

Table 74: Demand for electricity MV/LV poles, telegraph poles, street lights by country in value nominal $, Asia, 2015-2020

Table 75: Demand for electricity MV/LV poles, telegraph poles, street lights by country in value nominal $, Pacific, 2015-2020

Table 76: Demand for electricity MV/LV poles, telegraph poles, street lights by country in value nominal $, South America, 2015-2020

Table 77: Demand for electricity MV/LV poles, telegraph poles, street lights by country in value nominal $, Central America, 2015-2020

Table 78: Service lives of poles with different materials

Table 79: Costs and mark-up from Bill of Materials to Capex

Table 80: Description and cost of repairs

Table 81: Recommended Pole Inspection Schedules, Rural Utilities Service, US

Table 82: Manufacturers of steel towers and poles, by share of production capacity

Table 83 : Estimates of the annual number of collision victims with above ground transmission lines (excluding distribution lines) for three different countries.

Table 84 : The size of large raptors

Towers and Poles Report 2016 Ed 4

Electricity Transmission Towers and Monopoles
Electricity Distribution Poles and Telegraph Poles
Street Lights

Comprehensive quantitative data and qualitative analysis about the towers, poles and street lighting markets, with market commentary and competitive analysis.
Base year 2015 and forecasts of the installed base and demand from 2016 to 2020.
Global analysis, the world, regions and for 124 countries.

The 4th edition has three major new features for this $36 billion market:
The March of the Monopoles - long established in the US, EHV monopoles are breaking into new markets with innovative new designs, replacing lattice towers.
Street lighting is included for the first time, a vigorous market driven by the conversion to high efficiency LEDs, a growing market for steel, concrete and composite poles.
The composite poles industry, market development and production technology are analysed, with profiles of the main producers.

TRANSMISSION LATTICE TOWERS AND MONOPOLES
1. Lattice Transmission Towers and Monopoles
Installed base in units - Steel, concrete, wood
Annual sales in units
Annual sales in $ value

2. Long term demand cycle
The long term demand cycle charted for new additions and replacements over the long term since 1900.

3. Monopoles and Lattice Towers
Long established in the United States for EHV lines, monopoles are used in China and are now breaking into the conservative markets of Europe with interesting new designs. This trend is driven by pressure on rights-of-way, visual criticism of lattice towers and public fears of EMF dangers to children.

4. Tower and Monopole vendors, production capacity and market shares
The top 34 manufacturers are listed with shares of production and the leaders profiled.

5. Evolution of the Transmission Networks
Length and voltage time series.

6. Types of Lattice Tower
Lattice towers are designed for different functions and stresses and there is wide variation in cost .
Suspension towers
Tension towers
Angle suspension towers
Dead end towers

7. Service life and maintenance of Towers and Monopoles
Maintenance practices have a critical impact on the service life of towers, especially in harsh cli-mate conditions.

8. The value chain - from materials to capex
The value chain is a continuous process of adding cost to a product and depending where you position it the value changes, the end user’s capex being some five times the cost of original ma-terials. The value chain is analysed with different mark-ups for each of six stages.

UTILITY POLES - WOOD, CONCRETE, STEEL, COMPOSITE

9. Utility Poles - Electricity, Telegraph, Street Lights
Installed base in units - steel, concrete, wood, composite
Annual sales in units
Annual sales in $ value

10. Utility Poles service life and replacement
Demand depends on new build and replacement. In 1950, 4.3% of demand for utility poles was for replacement, in 2015 that has risen to 62%. Poles have widely varying service lives depend-ing on material and conditions. The service lives have been established by region and in some cases for individual countries.

11. Joint use of Utility Poles
Joint use by different utilities is a significant factor in the pole market. The protocols for space allocation and standards are outlined.

12. National market commentary for Utility Poles
Market commentary on installed bases and demand for utility poles in 24 countries, with infor-mation on numbers and type of pole.

13. Types and materials for of Utility Poles and applications
There are many types of pole in use. Different types and applications are outlined.

14. Composite Poles and materials
Composites are analysed in a 23 page section discussing this technology, applications, advantages and disadvantages, market status and manufacturers.

15. Circuits, phases and conductors
Most distribution networks employ single circuits, whereas transmission networks range from single to multiple circuits. This is an important consideration in specifying the type and dimen-sions of towers and poles.

16. ROW - Rights of Way
Rights of Way (ROW) is a significant cost and can be a serious obstacle in designing networks and specifying equipment. It si=is a significant factor in the trend to Monopoles.

17. Utility Pole and Street Light vendors
Companies manufacturing concrete and steel poles are listed with brief details.
Companies harvesting and preparing wood poles are listed with brief details.

18. Dangers & mitigation of damage to Poles by birds.
Birds constitute a significant threat to poles and energised lines. Accidents not only harm the birds but causes power outages. The problems and mitigations are discussed.

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