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CountryFocus: Healthcare, Regulatory and Reimbursement Landscape - Canada

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from $1,995 228 Pages GlobalData July, 2017 GBDT15469554
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Published Date July, 2017
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CountryFocus: Healthcare, Regulatory and Reimbursement Landscape - Canada

Summary

Canada is a mature healthcare market, with a strong focus on pharma R&D and a high level of total healthcare expenditure that is 11% of its Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The increasing elderly population and its associated disease burden are expected to drive the growth of the pharmaceutical market, while government initiatives to reduce healthcare expenditure may limit growth. The value of the Canadian pharmaceutical market increased from US$19.6 Billion in 2009 to US$22.6 Billion in 2016, at a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 2%. The market value is expected to reach US$25 Billion in 2021.

In 2016, the value of the generic pharmaceutical market was US$6.16 Billion. In 2016, generic drugs accounted for 70.2% of prescriptions in Canada, compared with 89% in the US. However, generic drug sales account for only 22.4% of the US$25.1 Billion pharmaceutical market. The use of generic medicines saved nearly US$20 Billion for the government in 2016. The generics market is expected to continue to grow as the government promotes generics usage and as quality perception improves among patients.

In 2016 healthcare expenditure in Canada stood at US$228.1 Billion, an increase of US$44.8 Billion from 2015. In 2009, the healthcare expenditure as a percentage of GDP was 11.6%, which decreased to an estimated 11.1% in 2016. In 2009, health expenditure per capita was approximately US$4,497, which increased to an estimated US$6,299 in 2016. The increasingly elderly population and associated disease burden have been driving the growth of the pharmaceutical market. In 2016, the elderly population accounted for 17% of the total population, and this is expected to increase at a CAGR of 3.7% to 20% by 2021.

Canadian medical device market was valued at US$8.6 Billion in 2009, which increased to US$10.5 Billion in 2016, and it is expected to grow at a CAGR of 4.2% from US$11.4 Billion in 2017 to US$13.4 Billion in 2021. The main segments were ophthalmic devices, orthopedic devices, drug delivery devices, in vitro diagnostics and healthcare IT.

The report CountryFocus: Healthcare, Regulatory and Reimbursement Landscape - Canada is an essential source of information and analysis on the healthcare, regulatory and reimbursement landscape in Canada.

In particular, this report provides the following analysis -

  • Provides an overview of the Canadian healthcare market and its key driving factors. It also gives a snapshot of the demographic, regulatory, and reimbursement landscape and healthcare infrastructure in Canada.
  • Provides an overview of the Canadian pharmaceutical and medical device markets, covering market size; the market shares of generic, Over-the-Counter (OTC) and biologic/biosimilar products; and the key drivers and barriers for the overall market. It also includes profiles of the major players, as well as SWOT assessments.
  • Covers the reimbursement and payer landscape, and includes details of the reimbursement process, insurance providers, pricing policies and drug price trends in Canada.
  • Provides detailed analysis of the political and economic environment in Canada, and analyses economic indicators, demographics, and healthcare infrastructure and expenditure.
  • Provides an overview of the opportunities for and challenges to growth in the Canadian healthcare market.
Companies mentioned in this report: Johnson & Johnson, Novartis, Teva, Apotex, Gilead.

Scope

The report provides information on the healthcare, regulatory, and reimbursement landscape in Canada, and includes -
  • An overview of the pharmaceutical and medical device markets, comprising market size, segmentation, and key drivers and barriers
  • Profiles and SWOT analyses of the major players in the pharmaceutical market (Johnson & Johnson, Novartis, Teva, Apotex and Gilead) and profiles and SWOT analyses of the major players in the medical device market (Johnson & Johnson, Medtronic, Baxter, Fresenius and Sonova)
  • An insightful review of the reimbursement and regulatory landscape, of which analysis includes details of the healthcare reimbursement process, the regulatory agencies and the approval processes for new drugs and medical devices
  • Detailed analysis of the political and economic environment, covering economic indicators, demographics, healthcare infrastructure and healthcare expenditure
  • An overview of the opportunities for and challenges to growth in the Canadian healthcare market
Reasons to buy

This report will enhance your decision-making capability by allowing you to -
  • Develop business strategies by understanding the trends shaping and driving the Canadian healthcare market
  • Drive revenues by understanding the key trends, reimbursement and regulatory policies, pharmaceutical market segments, and companies likely to impact the healthcare market in the future
  • Formulate effective sales and marketing strategies by understanding the competitive landscape and analyzing the performance of various competitors
  • Organize your sales and marketing efforts by identifying the market categories and segments that present the most opportunities for consolidation, investment, and strategic partnership
  • Identify, understand, and capitalize on the opportunities and challenges in the Canadian healthcare market


1 Table of Contents 2
1.1 List of Tables 5
1.2 List of Figures 7
2 Executive Summary 9
3 Introduction 14
3.1 GlobalData Report Guidance 14
4 Overview of the Pharmaceutical and Medical Device Markets 15
4.1 Pharmaceutical Market 15
4.1.1 Market Overview 15
4.1.2 Pharmaceutical Imports and Exports 19
4.1.3 Supply Channels 20
4.1.4 Market Segments 21
4.1.5 Overview of Major Therapeutic Areas 25
4.1.6 Overview of Major Drug Classes 27
4.1.7 Major Players 29
4.2 Medical Device Market 62
4.2.1 Market Overview 62
4.2.2 Overview of Top Five Segments 65
4.2.3 Major Players 76
4.3 Market Drivers and Barriers 101
4.3.1 Drivers 101
4.3.2 Barriers 102
5 Market Access 104
5.1 Reimbursement and Payer Landscape 104
5.1.1 Overview of Healthcare System 104
5.1.2 Drug Reimbursement Process 105
5.1.3 Medical Device and Diagnostics Reimbursement Process 108
5.1.4 Overview of Insurance Providers 110
5.1.5 Patient Share in Healthcare Spending 112
5.1.6 Price Trend in Healthcare Services 113
5.1.7 Pricing Policies 115
5.2 Regulatory Landscape 116
5.2.1 Overview of Regulatory Agencies 116
5.2.2 Market Authorization Procedure for Pharmaceutical Products 118
5.2.3 Market Authorization Procedure for Medical Devices 123
5.2.4 Licensing Process for Pharmaceutical and Medical Device Manufacturing 126
5.2.5 Licensing Process for Pharmaceutical Exports and Imports 127
5.2.6 Intellectual Property Rights 128
5.2.7 Clinical Trial Regulations 131
5.2.8 Pharmacy Regulations 134
5.2.9 Labeling and Packaging Regulations 135
6 Country Analysis 137
6.1 Political Environment 137
6.1.1 Political Structure 137
6.1.2 Analysis of the Current Political Environment 139
6.1.3 Healthcare Policy Initiatives 140
6.2 Economic Landscape 142
6.3 Economic Indicators 146
6.3.1 Gross Domestic Product 146
6.3.2 Gross National Income 150
6.3.3 Inflation 152
6.3.4 Currency Exchange Rate 154
6.3.5 Foreign Direct Investment 155
6.3.6 Foreign Exchange Reserves 156
6.3.7 Trade Balance 157
6.3.8 General Government Structural Balance 159
6.3.9 General Government Net Debt 160
6.3.10 Major Industries 161
6.4 Demographics 163
6.4.1 Population 163
6.4.2 Urban-Rural Share 165
6.4.3 Distribution by Age Group 166
6.4.4 Birth Rate 168
6.4.5 Mortality 169
6.4.6 Causes of Mortality 170
6.4.7 Health Status by Gender and Age 171
6.4.8 Education and Literacy 179
6.4.9 Employment 181
6.4.10 Disease Burden 182
6.5 Healthcare Infrastructure 185
6.5.1 Healthcare Facilities 185
6.5.2 Healthcare Parameters 187
6.5.3 Environmental Health 190
6.5.4 Healthcare Personnel 193
6.6 Healthcare Expenditure 197
6.6.1 Overview 197
6.6.2 Public-Private Sector Share 200
6.6.3 Major Components of Healthcare Spending 201
6.6.4 Spending in Science and Technology Research and Development 203
6.7 Trade Associations 204
6.7.1 Canadian Pharmacists Association (CPhA) 204
6.7.2 Canadian Association of Professional Regulatory Affairs 204
6.7.3 Canadian Society for Hospital Pharmacists 204
6.7.4 Canadian Generic Pharmaceutical Association 204
6.8 Trade Fairs 205
7 Opportunities and Challenges 206
7.1 Opportunities 206
7.2 Challenges 206
8 Appendix 208
8.1 Abbreviations 208
8.2 Bibliography 213
8.3 Research Methodology 225
8.3.1 Coverage 226
8.3.2 Secondary Research 226
8.3.3 Forecasts 227
8.3.4 Expert Panel 227
8.4 Contact Us 227
8.5 Disclaimer 228
1.1 List of Tables
Table 1: Pharmaceutical Market, Canada, Revenue ($bn), 2009-2016 16
Table 2: Pharmaceutical Market, Canada, Revenue Forecast ($bn), 2017-2021 17
Table 3: Pharmaceutical Market, Canada, Pharmaceutical Spending (% of health spending), 2009-2015 18
Table 4: Pharmaceutical Market, Canada, Pharmaceutical Exports and Imports ($bn), 2009-2016 20
Table 5: Pharmaceutical Market, Canada, Average Price Generic Drug vs. Branded Drug, 2009-2016 22
Table 6: Pharmaceutical Market, Biologics, Canada, Approved Biologics, 2016 23
Table 7: Pharmaceutical Market, Canada, Over-the-Counter Drug Market Revenue ($bn), 2009-2016 24
Table 8: Pharmaceutical Market, Canada, Sales of Patented Drug Products by Major Therapeutic Class ($bn), 2015 26
Table 9: Pharmaceutical Market, Canada, Major Drug Classes by Annual Growth Rate (%), 2012-2015 29
Table 10: Pharmaceutical Market, Johnson & Johnson, Canada, Major Products, 2016 30
Table 11: Pharmaceutical Market, Johnson & Johnson, Planned Filings, 2017-2020 32
Table 12: Pharmaceutical Market, Novartis, Canada, Major Products, 2017 40
Table 13: Pharmaceutical Market, Novartis, Planned Filings, 2017-2020 42
Table 14: Pharmaceutical Market, Teva, Late-Stage Pipeline, 2017 48
Table 15: Pharmaceutical Market, Gilead, Major Products, 2017 57
Table 16: Pharmaceutical Market, Gilead, Global, Late-Stage Pipeline, 2017 58
Table 17: Medical Device Market, Canada, Revenue ($bn), 2009-2016 63
Table 18: Medical Device Market, Canada, Revenue Forecast ($bn), 2017-2021 64
Table 19: Medical Device Market, Canada, Revenue ($bn) and Market Share ($bn) by Segment, 2016 65
Table 20: Orthopedic Devices Market, Canada, Revenue ($bn), 2009-2016 66
Table 21: Orthopedic Devices Market, Canada, Revenue ($m) and Market Share (%) of Major Companies, 2016 67
Table 22: Ophthalmic Devices Market, Canada, Revenue ($bn), 2009-2016 68
Table 23: Ophthalmic Devices Market, Canada, Revenue ($m) and Market Share (%) of Major Companies, 2016 69
Table 24: Drug Delivery Devices Market, Canada, Revenue ($bn), 2009-2016 70
Table 25: Ophthalmic Devices Market, Canada, Revenue ($m) and Market Share (%) of Major Companies, 2016 71
Table 26: Cardiovascular Devices Market, Canada, Revenue of Major Players ($m), 2009-2016 72
Table 27: IVD Market, Canada, Revenue ($m) and Market Share (%) of Major Companies, 2015 73
Table 28: IVD Market, Canada, Revenue ($bn), 2009-2016 74
Table 29: Healthcare IT Market, Canada, Revenue ($m) and Market Share (%) of Major Companies, 2016 75
Table 30: Medical Device Market, Canada, Revenue ($m) of Major Companies, 2012 76
Table 31: Medical Device Market, Johnson & Johnson, Major Medical Device Sales, 2016 77
Table 32: Medical Device Market, Medtronic, Major Products, 2016 82
Table 33: Medical Device Market, Baxter, Global, Major Products, 2017 89
Table 34: Medical Device Market, Fresenius Medical Care, Global, Major Products, 2016 94
Table 35: Medical Device Market, Sonova, Global, Major Products, 2017 99
Table 36: Market Access, Canada, Out-of-Pocket Expenditure (% of total expenditure on health), 2009-2016 112
Table 37: Market Access, Canada, Annual Rate of Change (%), Patented Medicines Price Index, 2009-2015 113
Table 38: Market Access, Canada, Average Ratio of International Price to Canadian Price, 2009-2015 114
Table 39: Market Access, Target Review Times for New Drug Submissions, Canada, 2016 120
Table 40: Market Access, Classes of Medical Devices, 2016 124
Table 41: Economic Indicators, Canada, Gross Domestic Product per Capita ($), 2009-2016 147
Table 42: Economic Indicators, Canada, Gross Domestic Product per Capita Forecast ($), 2017-2021 148
Table 43: Economic Indicators, Canada, Gross Domestic Product Annual Growth (%), 2009-2016 149
Table 44: Economic Indicators, Canada, Gross Domestic Product Annual Growth Forecast (%), 2017-2021 150
Table 45: Economic Indicators, Canada, Gross National Income per Capita ($), 2009-2016 151
Table 46: Economic Indicators, Canada, Average Consumer Price Index, 2009-2016 152
Table 47: Economic Indicators, Canada, Average Consumer Price Annual Change (%), 2009-2016 153
Table 48: Economic Indicators, Canada, Currency Exchange Rate (CAD per $), 2009-2016 154
Table 49: Economic Indicators, Canada, Foreign Direct Investment ($bn), 2009-2015 155
Table 50: Economic Indicators, Canada, Foreign Exchange Reserves ($bn), 2009-2016 156
Table 51: Economic Indicators, Canada, Imports of Goods and Services ($bn), 2009-2016 157
Table 52: Economic Indicators, Canada, Exports of Goods and Services ($bn), 2009-2016 158
Table 53: Economic Indicators, Canada, Government Structural Balance ($bn), 2009-2016 159
Table 54: Economic Indicators, Canada, General Government Net Debt ($bn), 2009-2016 160
Table 55: Economic Indicators, Canada, Major Industries by Gross Value Added (percentage of GDP), 2016 162
Table 56: Demographics, Canada, Population (million), 2009-2016 163
Table 57: Demographics, Canada, Population (million), 2017-2021 164
Table 58: Demographics, Canada, Urban-Rural Population Share (%), 2009-2016 165
Table 59: Demographics, Canada, Population Distribution by Age Group (%), 2009-2016 166
Table 60: Demographics, Canada, Population Distribution by Age Group Forecast (%), 2017-2021 167
Table 61: Demographics, Canada, Births (per 1,000 population), 2009-2015 168
Table 62: Demographics, Canada, Mortality (per 1,000 population), 2009-2015 169
Table 63: Demographics, Canada, Major Causes of Mortality, 2015 171
Table 64: Demographics, Canada, Infant Mortality (per 1,000 live births), 2009-2016 172
Table 65: Demographics, Canada, Immunization Rate (%), 2009-2016 173
Table 66: Demographics, Canada, Major Causes of Male Mortality, 2015 175
Table 67: Demographics, Canada, Major Causes of Female Mortality, 2015 176
Table 68: Demographics, Canada, Gender Ratio (M/F), 2009-2016 177
Table 69: Demographics, Canada, Life Expectancy at Birth (years), 2009-2016 179
Table 70: Demographics, Canada, Part-Time and Full-Time University Students (‘000), 2009-2015 180
Table 71: Demographics, Canada, Unemployment Rate (%), 2009-2016 181
Table 72: Demographics, Canada, Most Frequently Diagnosed Diseases (‘000), 2015 183
Table 73: Demographics, Canada, Disability-Adjusted Life Years by Major Disease (‘000), 2015 184
Table 74: Healthcare Infrastructure, Canada, Number of Hospitals, 2009-2015 185
Table 75: Healthcare Infrastructure, Canada, Diagnostic Equipment (per million population), 2009-2015 186
Table 76: Healthcare Infrastructure, Canada, Hospital Beds (per 1,000 population), 2009-2015 187
Table 77: Healthcare Infrastructure, Canada, Acute Care Hospital Beds (per 1,000 population), 2009-2015 188
Table 78: Healthcare Infrastructure, Canada, Psychiatric Hospital Beds (per 1,000 population), 2009-2015 189
Table 79: Healthcare Infrastructure, Canada, PM2.5 (µg per m3), 2009-2015 191
Table 80: Healthcare Infrastructure, Canada, CO2 Emissions (million tons), 2009-2015 192
Table 81: Healthcare Infrastructure, Canada, Physicians (per 1,000 population), 2009-2015 193
Table 82: Healthcare Infrastructure, Canada, Dentists, 2009-2015 194
Table 83: Healthcare Infrastructure, Canada, Pharmacists, 2009-2015 195
Table 84: Healthcare Infrastructure, Canada, Nurses (per 1,000 population), 2009-2015 196
Table 85: Healthcare Expenditure, Canada, Healthcare Expenditure as Percentage of GDP (%), 2009-2016 198
Table 86: Healthcare Expenditure, Canada, Healthcare Expenditure ($bn), 2014-2019 199
Table 87: Healthcare Expenditure, Canada, Public-Private Share (%), 2009-2015 200
Table 88: Healthcare Expenditure, Canada, Major Components of Healthcare Spending (%), 2014 201
Table 89: Healthcare Expenditure, Canada, Share of Financing Agents (%), 2016 202
Table 90: Healthcare Expenditure, Canada, R&D Expenditure as Percentage of GDP (%), 2009-2015 203
Table 91: Healthcare Expenditure, Canada, Major Healthcare Trade Fairs, 2017 205
1.2 List of Figures
Figure 1: Pharmaceutical Market, Canada, Revenue ($bn), 2009-2021 10
Figure 2: Medical Device Market, Canada, Revenue ($bn), 2009-2021 11
Figure 3: Country Profile, Canada, 2017 13
Figure 4: Pharmaceutical Market, Canada, Revenue ($bn), 2009-2016 16
Figure 5: Pharmaceutical Market, Canada, Revenue Forecast ($bn), 2017-2021 17
Figure 6: Pharmaceutical Market, Canada, Pharmaceutical Spending as Percentage of Health Spending (%), 2009-2015 18
Figure 7: Pharmaceutical Market, Canada, Pharmaceutical Exports and Imports ($bn), 2009-2016 19
Figure 8: Pharmaceutical Market, Canada, Supply Channels, 2016 21
Figure 9: Pharmaceutical Market, Canada, Average Price Generic Drug vs. Branded Drug, 2009-2016 22
Figure 10: Pharmaceutical Market, Canada, Over-the-Counter Drug Market Revenue ($bn), 2009-2016 24
Figure 11: Pharmaceutical Market, Canada, Sales of Patented Drug Products by Major Therapeutic Class, 2015 25
Figure 12: Pharmaceutical Market, Canada, Major Drug Classes by Annual Growth Rate (%), 2012-2015 28
Figure 13: Medical Device Market, Canada, Revenue ($bn), 2009-2016 63
Figure 14: Medical Device Market, Canada, Revenue Forecast ($bn), 2017-2021 64
Figure 15: Medical Device Market, Canada, Revenue by Segment ($bn), 2016 65
Figure 16: Orthopedic Devices Market, Canada, Revenue ($bn), 2009-2016 66
Figure 17: Orthopedic Devices Market, Canada, Market Share of Major Players (%), 2016 67
Figure 18: Ophthalmic Devices Market, Canada, Revenue ($bn), 2009-2016 68
Figure 19: Ophthalmic Devices Market, Canada, Market Share of Major Players (%), 2016 69
Figure 20: Drug Delivery Devices Market, Canada, Revenue ($bn), 2009-2016 70
Figure 21: Drug Delivery Devices Market, Canada, Market Share of Major Players (%), 2016 71
Figure 22: In Vitro Diagnostics Market, Canada, Revenue ($bn), 2009-2016 72
Figure 23: In Vitro Diagnostics Market, Canada, Market Share of Major Players (%), 2015 73
Figure 24: Healthcare IT Market, Canada, Revenue ($bn), 2009-2016 74
Figure 25: Healthcare IT Market, Canada, Market Share of Major Companies (%), 2016 75
Figure 26: Medical Device Market, Canada, Revenue of Major Companies ($m), 2012 76
Figure 27: Pharmaceutical Market, Canada, Drivers and Barriers, 2017 103
Figure 28: Market Access, Canada, Reimbursement Process, 2017 107
Figure 29: Market Access, Canada, Medical Device and Diagnostics Reimbursement Process, 2017 109
Figure 30: Market Access, Canada, Out-of-Pocket Expenditure (% of total expenditure on health), 2009-2016 112
Figure 31: Market Access, Canada, Annual Rate of Change (%), Patented Medicines Price Index, 2009-2015 113
Figure 32: Market Access, Canada, Average Ratio of International Price to Canadian Price, 2009-2015 114
Figure 33: Health Products and Food Branch, Organization Chart, Canada, 2015 117
Figure 34: New Drug Approval Process, Canada, 2017 122
Figure 35: Patent Approval Process, Canada, 2015 130
Figure 36: Clinical Trial Regulation Process, Canada, 2016 133
Figure 37: Economic Indicators, Canada, Gross Domestic Product per Capita ($), 2009-2016 147
Figure 38: Economic Indicators, Canada, Gross Domestic Product per Capita Forecast ($), 2017-2021 148
Figure 39: Economic Indicators, Canada, Gross Domestic Product Annual Growth (%), 2009-2016 149
Figure 40: Economic Indicators, Canada, Gross Domestic Product Annual Growth Forecast (%), 2017-2021 150
Figure 41: Economic Indicators, Canada, Gross National Income per Capita ($), 2009-2016 151
Figure 42: Economic Indicators, Canada, Average Consumer Price Index, 2009-2016 152
Figure 43: Economic Indicators, Canada, Average Consumer Price Annual Change (%), 2009-2016 153
Figure 44: Economic Indicators, Canada, Currency Exchange Rate (CAD per $), 2009-2016 154
Figure 45: Economic Indicators, Canada, Foreign Direct Investment ($bn), 2009-2015 155
Figure 46: Economic Indicators, Canada, Foreign Exchange Reserves ($bn), 2009-2016 156
Figure 47: Economic Indicators, Canada, Imports of Goods and Services ($bn), 2009-2016 157
Figure 48: Economic Indicators, Canada, Exports of Goods and Services ($bn), 2009-2016 158
Figure 49: Economic Indicators, Canada, Government Structural Balance ($bn), 2009-2016 159
Figure 50: Economic Indicators, Canada, General Government Net Debt ($bn), 2009-2016 160
Figure 51: Economic Indicators, Canada, Major Industries by Gross Value Added (percentage of GDP), 2016 161
Figure 52: Demographics, Canada, Population (million), 2009-2016 163
Figure 53: Demographics, Canada, Population (million), 2017-2021 164
Figure 54: Demographics, Canada, Urban-Rural Population Share (%), 2009-2016 165
Figure 55: Demographics, Canada, Population Distribution by Age Group (%), 2009-2016 166
Figure 56: Demographics, Canada, Population Distribution by Age Group Forecast (%), 2017-2021 167
Figure 57: Demographics, Canada, Births (per 1,000 population), 2009-2015 168
Figure 58: Demographics, Canada, Mortality (per 1,000 population), 2009-2015 169
Figure 59: Demographics, Canada, Major Causes of Mortality, 2015 170
Figure 60: Demographics, Canada, Infant Mortality (per 1,000 live births), 2009-2016 172
Figure 61: Demographics, Canada, Immunization Rate (%), 2009-2016 173
Figure 62: Demographics, Canada, Major Causes of Male Mortality, 2015 174
Figure 63: Demographics, Canada, Major Causes of Female Mortality, 2015 176
Figure 64: Demographics, Canada, Gender Ratio (M/F), 2009-2016 177
Figure 65: Demographics, Canada, Life Expectancy at Birth (years), 2009-2016 178
Figure 66: Demographics, Canada, Part-Time and Full-Time University Students (‘000), 2009-2015 180
Figure 67: Demographics, Canada, Unemployment Rate (%), 2009-2016 181
Figure 68: Demographics, Canada, Patients (‘000s), 2015-2016 182
Figure 69: Demographics, Canada, Disability-Adjusted Life Years by Major Disease (‘000), 2015 184
Figure 70: Healthcare Infrastructure, Canada, Number of Hospitals, 2009-2015 185
Figure 71: Healthcare Infrastructure, Canada, Diagnostic Equipment (per million population), 2009-2015 186
Figure 72: Healthcare Infrastructure, Canada, Hospital Beds (per 1,000 population), 2009-2015 187
Figure 73: Healthcare Infrastructure, Canada, Acute Care Hospital Beds (per 1,000 population), 2009-2015 188
Figure 74: Healthcare Infrastructure, Canada, Psychiatric Hospital Beds (per 1,000 population), 2009-2015 189
Figure 75: Healthcare Infrastructure, Canada, PM2.5 (µg per m3), 2009-2015 191
Figure 76: Healthcare Infrastructure, Canada, CO2 Emissions (million tons), 2009-2015 192
Figure 77: Healthcare Infrastructure, Canada, Physicians, 2009-2015 193
Figure 78: Healthcare Infrastructure, Canada, Dentists, 2009-2015 194
Figure 79: Healthcare Infrastructure, Canada, Pharmacists, 2009-2015 195
Figure 80: Healthcare Infrastructure, Canada, Nurses, 2009-2015 196
Figure 81: Healthcare Expenditure, Canada, Healthcare Expenditure as Percentage of GDP (%), 2009-2016 198
Figure 82: Healthcare Expenditure, Canada, Healthcare Expenditure ($bn), 2014-2019 199
Figure 83: Healthcare Expenditure, Canada, Public-Private Share (%), 2009-2015 200
Figure 84: Healthcare Expenditure, Canada, Major Components of Healthcare Spending (%), 2014 201
Figure 85: Healthcare Expenditure, Canada, Share of Financing Agents (%), 2016 202
Figure 86: Healthcare Expenditure, Canada, R&D Expenditure as Percentage of GDP (%), 2009-2015 203
Figure 87: Healthcare Market, Canada, Opportunities and Challenges, 2017 207

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