Authentication is the process of proving your identity. Identification and authentication are always close neighbours, and a method of identification may be used as a means of authentication in a different context, and vice versa. The identification and authentication processes depend on the environment, with radically different approaches being used in the online, telephone, face-to-face and physical man-machine interaction environments. With new technology, the choice of methods is growing rapidly, for example, with growing interest in ‘intelligence-led’ strategies from the fraud detection world. This report reviews the situation in 2008.