While the expectation of a massive “baby boomer” retirement wave across the federal government has been a major cause for concern, evidence suggests that retirements will occur at a more modest rate. Whether the federal government confronts a typical retirement phase or a surge, the impending retirements draw attention to the long-term workforce challenges impacting it today: attracting talent in a competitive market, retaining and training its current workforce, and capturing institutional knowledge. This INPUT/Output® report examines federal human capital challenges and how the government is addressing them, and suggests ways the federal IT vendor community can help the government address the challenges.