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Electric and Hybrid Vehicles in Asia PacificPublished by: Frost & Sullivan Published: Mar. 31, 2004 Table of Contents1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND METHODOLOGY Executive Summary A Study Capsule Study Highlights and Findings Methodology and Scope Scope Methodology Legend 2 A BIRD'S EYE VIEW OF THE ELECTRIC VEHICLE INDUSTRY The Need for Electric Vehicles A Preface Pollution: Why Our Planet Needs Electric Vehicles? Battery and Hybrid Electric Vehicles Battery Electric Vehicles Hybrid Electric Vehicles - A Primer Series Hybrids Parallel Hybrids Series/Parallel Hybrids Brave New World: Fuel Cells in Automobiles Fuel Cells Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles The Skeptic's View of FCEVs Status Quo and Outlook for Electric and Hybrid Vehicles So Which One Is Best? Development Cycle in the Region Japanese Bullishness on FCVs Steps and Strategies for Regulators Regulatory Environment in the Asia Pacific Introduction Japan China India Other Countries 3 THE NUTS AND BOLTS OF THE INDUSTRY: EV TECHNOLOGY STATUS Technology Drivers Restraints and Challenges Technology Challenges Technology Drivers Technology Restraints Battery and Hybrid Technology Overview Lead-Acid Batteries Nickel-Based Batteries VRLA Batteries Lithium-Ion Batteries Hybrid Technology Fuel Cell Technology Fuel Cell Technology Overview Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs) Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells (PAFCs) Alkaline Fuel Cells (AFCs) Other EV Energy Source Technologies Electrochemical Supercapacitors Flywheels Solar Cells 4 MARKET OVERVIEW AND OUTLOOK Market Overview Market Engineering Analysis Competitive Force Analysis Market Drivers Restraints and Challenges Market Challenges Market Drivers Market Restraints Market Revenues Revenue and Shipment Forecasts Trends by Region and Vehicle Type 5 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT IN LABORATORIES AND UNIVERSITIES Energy Storage and Charging Technology Carbon Nanotubes and Inductive Polymers for Supercapacitor Applications - China A Noncontact Charge System for Electric Vehicles of the Next Generation - Japan Motors and Vehicular Control Technology A Two-Phase Switched Reluctance Motor for Electric Vehicle Applications - Taiwan Independent Wheel Torque Control in an Electric Vehicle - Japan An Advanced Electric Vehicle Motor Drive - Hong Kong; PRC Intelligent Controller Design for Electric Vehicles - India Modular Propulsion System for Light-Vehicle Applications - Taiwan All-Wheel Drive EVs with Fuzzy Logic Controllers - Iran Vehicle Parts and Prototype Design Light Frames for EVs of the Future - Japan Electric Car Aims to Set World Record of 400 KPH - Japan First Fuel Cell Vehicle - India A New Parallel-Type Hybrid Electric-Vehicle - Taiwan Alloy Thixoforming for Suspension Parts of Electric Vehicles - Korea 6 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT IN COMPANIES Energy Storage Technology 36 V Valve-Regulated Lead-Acid Battery for Hybrid Electric Vehicles - Japan Manganese-Based Lithium Ion Battery for Hybrid Vehicle Applications - Japan Thermally Stable Solid Polymer Electrolyte for Lithium Secondary Battery - Japan Vehicle Prototype and Parts Design Toyota's Fuel Cell Hybrid Vehicle - Japan Development of Toyota Mild Hybrid System with 42 V Power Supply - Japan Development of a Capacitor Hybrid Electric Truck - Japan Transaxle for Mini-Van Hybrid Vehicles - Japan 7 EV INDUSTRY ACTIVITY An Overview The EV Industry Heats Up as Japan Sets the Bar... ...But Other Countries Are Slow to Follow Industry Activity in Japan Daihatsu to Test New Hybrids; Toyota to Launch Hybrid SUV in Korea Toyota and Honda to Explore Australian HEV Market More Toyota to Delay FCHV Delivery Japan's Tayca to Mass Produce Material For Hybrid-Vehicle Batteries Takara to Ramp Up Electric Car Production Isuzu to Use GM’s Hybrid System for Its Elf Series Trucks Mitsubishi Heavy and Tokyo Gas Develop Membrane for Hydrogen Extraction for FCVs Matsushita to Employ Hybrid Model Trucks Honda and Fuel Cells Nissan X-Trail FCV Successfully Tested Toyota to License Hybrid Technology to Ford Suppliers to Look Out For Industry Activity in China and South Korea Toyota to Lend Engine Technology to China Hyundai Developing Hybrid Vehicles; But Mazda Reveals No Such Plans ZAP to Pursue Expansion in China SAIC Develops EV Industry Activity in the Rest of Asia Pacific Reva Electric Car Company Plans to Expand Toyota Prius and Honda Civic Hybrid to be Launched in New Zealand Malaysia Takes Steps Toward Becoming a World Leader in EV Technology Indonesia Not Very Keen on Developing Concept Electric Car FCV Activity 8 ELECTRIC VEHICLE PRODUCT LAUNCHES AND PATENT APPLICATIONS IN THE REGION EV-Related Product Launches Japan Rest of Asia Pacific Patents Filed Patents Patents (continued) 9 FROST & SULLIVAN 2004 SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AWARDS Frost & Sullivan Technology Leadership Award Award Description Award Recipient Frost & Sullivan Product Leadership Award Award Description Award Recipient Frost & Sullivan Excellence in Technology Award Award Description Award Recipient 10 DECISION SUPPORT TABLES Total Car Production Total Car Production (units) by Region 1996 - 2004 Total Car Sales Total Car Sales Worldwide (units) by Region 1996 - 2004 11 RESEARCH CONTACTS R&D Contacts in Universities and Laboratories Contacts R&D Contacts in Companies Contacts AbstractMultiple Advantages over Gasoline Vehicles Push Hybrid Electric Vehicles into Top GearGeneral Motors’ electrical vehicle (EV1) project, coupled with opportunities to reduce automobile pollution and curb depletion of fossil fuels, has sparked interest in electric vehicles and is likely to spur their mainstream commercialization. Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), which combine an internal combustion engine, electric motor, and battery, are at the forefront of the EV revolution. This vital combination reduces fuel consumption and tailpipe emissions, providing a 90 percent reduction in smog pollution. HEVs also provide better mileage, smoother acceleration at lower speeds, and superior driving experience when compared to conventional vehicles. These premium offerings come with equally high price tags, and a regular or full hybrid may cost 30 to 40 percent more than conventional vehicles. However, significant maintenance and fuel savings make these vehicles more economical in the long run. In fact, a conventional gasoline car consumes 1 liter of fuel to run 15 kilometers, whereas new generation HEVs can run 36 kilometers on the same amount of fuel. Regenerative braking is another key feature of HEVs. This technique involves capturing the energy lost during braking and returning it to the battery, thereby eliminating the need for frequent charging. This Frost & Sullivan research comprehensively covers various electric vehicle technologies such as battery-powered, hybrid, and fuel cell. Technological trends, drivers, challenges, and recent developments assist in creating effective marketing and production strategies. Participants can identify potential collaborators, stay ahead of the competition, and stay abreast of critical developments in their industry. Asia - The Hotbed for Innovation in Electric Vehicle Technology The developments of electric and hybrid vehicles stem from the innovative efforts undertaken in the Asian auto industry. In fact, sales of hybrid vehicles in the Asia Pacific may soar from the present 100,000 to 375,000 in 2007. "Asia, not the traditional innovation hubs of United States and Europe, has pioneered the EV revolution to become the trend setter in the automotive market," notes the analyst. "Energy storage and vehicular control developments are also under way, making Asia a booming EV research domain." Japan leads the EV revolution in Asia and the Japanese Government's 2010 sales target of 2 million units is a distinct possibility considering HEVs mass appeal and increasing popularity. Battery Electric and Fuel Cell Vehicles - A Challenging Future in Store Battery electric vehicles (BEVs) operate on electric motors or battery packs, completely eliminating the need for gasoline. Though this provides significant fuel savings, the durability of battery packs may be a major concern. The batteries require constant recharging and add to vehicle weight. "BEVs seem destined to a niche existence as intra-city shuttle buses, golf cars, or other specialized automobiles," explains the analyst. "Interesting developments in lithium ion battery technology and efforts to increase battery capacity and decrease battery size and charging time may be imperative to widen the scope of BEVs," adds the analyst.
Fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) that use hydrogen to improve fuel economy and reduce pollution are also creating a buzz in the EV development efforts. However, a more economical and feasible means to extract, transport, and store hydrogen is crucial for future commercial success.
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