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Security Technologies Advances in Chemical and Biological Detection TechnologiesPublished by: Frost & Sullivan Published: Oct. 7, 2003 Table of Contents1 | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Overview 1. Overview 2. Types of Detectors 3. Focus of Research and Development Scope and Methodology 1. Scope 2. Methodology 2 | INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL AGENTS AND DETECTORS Survey of Detection Basics 1. Reaction Times 2. Response Time 3. Toxicity 4. Deployment and Use of Detectors 5. LIDAR Remote Sensing 6. DNA and Antibody Methods 7. Standoff and Point Detectors 8. Demographics and Statistics Evolving Biological Detection Technologies 1. Polymerase Chain Reaction DNA Amplification 2. Detectors Based on Antibodies 3. Electronic Nose 4. Bacterial Chain Reaction 5. Future Research Directions Chemical Agents 1. Introduction 2. Nerve Agents 3. Blister Agents (Vesicants) 4. Toxic Industrial Materials (TIMs) Chemical Detection Technologies 1. Introduction 2. Point Chemical Detection Technologies 3. Ionization/Ion Mobility Spectrometry (IMS) 4. Flame Photometry 5. Infrared Spectroscopy 6. Raman Spectroscopy 7. Gas Chromatography 8. Electrochemistry 9. Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) 10. Photoacoustic IR Spectroscopy 11. Photo-ionization Detectors 12. Miscellaneous Detection Technologies Parameters of a Chemical and Biological Security System 1. Level of Toxicity 2. First Responder's Detection Equipment Recently Deployed Chemical Agent Detection Platforms 1. Recently Deployed Chemical Agent Detection Platforms 2. Joint Chemical Agent Detector (JCAD) 3. Automatic Chemical Agent Detection Alarm (ACADA) 4. Improved Chemical Agent Point Detection System (IPDS) 5. Joint Service Lightweight Standoff Chemical Agent Detector (JSLSCAD) 6. Shipboard Automatic Liquid Agent Detector (SALAD). 7. Nonintrusive Detector and the Swept Frequency Acoustic Interferometry (SFAI) 8. The Role of First Responders 9. Remote Sensing Tool Detects Biological Agents 3 | ASSESSMENT OF BIOLOGICAL DETECTION TECHNOLOGIES Detection and Identification of Biological Macromolecules 1. Nobel Prize: Spectrometric Analyses of Biological Macromolecules 2. Fluorescence System To Detect Water Pollutants 3. Chemical Sensor Detects Saxitoxin 4. Smart Dust Identifies Bioweapons DNA Methods 1. DNA Chip Identifies Pathogens 2. DNA/RNA Device Detects Biological Hazards 3. New DNA Sensor Passes Litmus Test 4. SARS Pathogen Detection and Resequencing Array 5. Biosensor Helps in Gene Detection 6. Quicker and Economical Gene-Detection Procedure 7. Novel DNA Tool Offers Rapid Genetic Analysis of Diseases 8. DNA Sensor Detects Biological Weapons Antibody Methods 1. Antibody Library Accelerates Identification Process 2. Transistor Detects Cancer 3. Drug Detection Gets Smart Sensors Based on Living Cells 1. Sensor Relies on Living Cells To Monitor CB Agent Actions 2. Spotting Anthrax Using Spore Detector 3. Flow Cytometry Biological Detection Applications 1. Phosphor Reporters 2. Automated Biological Agent Testing System (ABATS) 4 | ASSESSMENT OF CHEMICAL DETECTION TECHNOLOGIES Detectors that Emulate Our Senses 1. Security Sniffer Analyzes Gases 2. Novel Sensor Measures Astringency 3. Remote Multi-spectral Sensor Detects Gas Leaks Detection of Metal Contamination 1. Novel Technique Detects Plutonium Contamination in Food 2. Device Detects Heavy Metals Micro- and Nano- Sensors 1. Nanosensor for Accurate Chemical Analysis 2. Low-Cost Spectrometer Shows Excellent Efficiency 3. Novel Biochip To Screen Drugs 4. Tiny Sensors Are Good for Multiple Applications Detection of Nerve Agents 1. Technique Detects Nerve Agent's Swift Decay 2. Thin-Film Sensor Detects Chemical Nerve Agents Detection of Explosives and Landmines 1. Lasers Detect Traces of Gases 2. System Detects TNT 3. Laser Detection Assists in Mine Clearing 4. Chemical Signatures of TNT-Filled Land Mines 5. Developing Polymers for Explosives Sensors Design and Manufacturing Innovations 1. Hermetically Sealed Chemical Sensor Is Inexpensive 2. Underground Gas Detection Made Simple 5 | ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLING AND MONITORING Protection of Water Resources 1. Chip Detects Pollutants in Wastewater Treatment Plants 2. Bioterrorism and Waterborne Pathogens 3. Novel Method Will Detect Contaminants in Water 4. Network of Sensors Monitors Contaminants in Water Air Sampling and Analysis for CB Agents 1. Air Sampling Technology 2. Combining MALDI and Aerosol Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry New Directions in Environmental Monitoring 1. System Detects Wildfire Even in Small Traces 2. Detecting Metal Traces 3. Device Detects Pollutants Electrically 4. Novel Colorimetric Sensor Detects Environmental Contaminants Long-term Vigilance 1. General Environmental Monitoring for Homeland Security 2. Air Monitoring 6 | PORTAL SECURITY Terahertz Backscatter 1. Technology To Detect Hidden Weapons 2. Advanced Camera Employs Terahertz Waves Inspecting with X-ray Backscatter 1. Introduction 2. Airport Screeners May Get X-ray Vision 3. Cosmic Particles Help in Weapons Detection Satellite Imaging 1. New US Commercial Remote Sensing Policy Provides Direction and Challenges 2. Remote Sensing Tool Detects Biological Agents E-Nose and E-Tongue 1. E-Nose Proves Economical 2. Detecting Microbes with an Electronic Tongue Radiation Detection 1. New Technique To Detect Radiation 2. The Reality of the Dreaded Dirty Bomb 7 | MARKET ASPECTS OF DETECTION Introduction 1. Development of Biological Detectors 2. Small to Medium Size Metropolitan Areas Detection of Pathogens 1. DNA Probes 2. Evolving Testing Technologies Biowarfare Agents Potential Market for Chemical and Biological Detector Systems 1. How Many Are Needed? 2. US Federal Budget Activates New and Old Companies 3. Can We Meet the Challenge? 8 | COMPANIES AND THEIR PRODUCTS Companies and their Products 1. Companies: Adams Electronics International Ltd. to CombiMatrix 2. Companies: EAI Corporation to Intellitec 3. Companies: Jaycor to Response Equipment Company 4. Companies: Schwartz Electro Optics to V.F. Warner and Assoc. Inc. Appendices 1. Research and Development Contacts 2. Biosafety Levels 3. Laboratory Response Network 4. Acronyms 5. US Patents Related to Chemical and Biological Detection 9 | TECHNICAL INSIGHTS 2003 SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AWARDS Technology Innovation 1. Award Description 2. Award Recipient Technology Leadership 1. Award Description 2. Award Recipient AbstractNew Technologies Aid Quicker, More Accurate Chemical and Biological Threat Detection The considerable sums of money and the time spent to ensure security make it imperative to have quicker and more accurate systems for detection of chemical and biological threats. Precise detection is vital because biological warfare agents can camouflage themselves as the flu. Accuracy is especially significant when civilians are concerned because false positives can trigger panic reactions. Time- and cost-saving integrated detection technologies for both chemical and biological hazards are in huge demand. Detection equipment within overlapping management safeguards is another notable technology. Some technologies even test chemicals within various containers, eliminating the need for direct sampling. This Technical Insights study examines the advances in chemical and biological detection for security. It provides information about the security concerns and strategies in various military, commercial, and public sectors and their impact on the development of new technologies. The research includes a summary of key patents and list of organizations involved in the design and manufacture of security technologies and their contact information. Biotechnology and Genomics Methods Facilitate Biological Detection New biological weapons detectors use biotechnology to tell the difference between pathogens and benign microorganisms based on their genetic makeup. Light detection and ranging systems identify different chemical compositions by zapping living cells with UV light and watching for fluorescence from molecules. However, this method is ineffective in distinguishing between biological agents and pollen grains or clouds of smoke. Analogous chips that detect harmful organisms using antibodies that are sensitive to particular pathogens are under development. "Several DNA-based detectors rely on the fact that specific sequences of DNA can be amplified through polymerase chain reaction (PCR)," states the analyst. Rapid thermal cyclers can provide 30 amplifications of very scarce DNA sequences within half an hour. Research on biodetectors that correlate a human pathogen with the human cell that it is harmful to is also underway. Environmental and Industrial HAZMAT Research Assist Threat Detection Chemical warfare agents are not necessarily explosive; they maybe dispersed as vapor within a confined space. Hazardous material responders are used to determine the permissible level of exposure to toxic substances for workers on eight-hour shifts. "The technology incorporated into environmental chemical analysis and detection and identification of organisms in the atmosphere, water or food supply has provided several procedures and instruments," remarks the analyst. "Current R&D in chemical agent detector technology is focused on increasing the speed and sensitivity of the instruments, while at the same time, reducing size and cost," notes the analyst. Since the 9/11 attacks, the equipment, skills, and training required to combat biological attacks have been revised. The U.S. Government has allotted generous funds for R&D in homeland security. Numerous detection equipment of varying sensitivity and specificity are available and the more advanced ones can detect dangerous concentrations of chemical agents.
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