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2003 Container/Vehicle/Rail Cargo Screening Product Comparison ReportPublished by: Homeland Security Research Corporation Published: Nov. 1, 2002 - 190 Pages Table of Contents1. Scope.......................................................................................................... 10 1.1. Coverage ........................................................................................................... 10 1.2. Technologies..................................................................................................... 11 1.3. Market............................................................................................................... 12 1.4. Legislation......................................................................................................... 12 2. Container/Vehicle Screening - Relevant Legislation and Regulations . 13 2.1. International Maritime Organization (IMO) Security Proposals.............. 13 2.2. The Port, Maritime, and Rail Security Act of 2001 (S. 1214) .......................... 14 2.3. Container Security Initiative (CSI) ................................................................... 14 2.4. Customs-Trade Partnership Against Terrorism (C-TPAT).............................. 15 3. Container Screening - Current Technologies.......................................... 17 3.1. Current Technologies........................................................................................ 17 3.2. X-Ray systems .................................................................................................. 17 3.2.1. Background ..................................................................................................... 17 3.2.2. X-Ray Systems - Purpose ................................................................................ 18 3.2.3. X-Ray Systems - Principles of operation ........................................................ 19 3.2.4. Material "Masking" and/or Interruption ........................................................ 26 3.2.5. Advantages and Weaknesses of X-ray technology .......................................... 33 3.2.6. X-Ray Screening Systems - State of Development .......................................... 34 3.2.7. X-Ray Screening Systems - Standards and Guidelines ................................... 35 3.2.8. X-Ray Screening - Vendors / Products ........................................................... 35 3.3. Gamma Ray Systems ........................................................................................ 37 3.3.1. Background ..................................................................................................... 37 3.3.2. Gamma Ray Systems - Principles of operation............................................... 38 3.3.3. Comparison between different Gamma Ray Screening Technologies............ 39 3.3.4. Advantages and Weaknesses of Gamma Ray technology ............................... 40 3.3.5. Gamma Ray Screening Systems - State of Development ................................ 40 3.3.6. Gamma Ray Screening Systems - Standards and Guidelines ......................... 40 3.3.7. Gamma Ray Screening - Vendors / Products................................................ 41 3.4. Linac X-Ray systems ........................................................................................ 42 3.4.1. Linac X-Ray - Background.............................................................................. 42 3.4.2. Linac X-Ray Systems - Principles of operation .............................................. 43 3.4.3. Linac X-Ray Screening - Detailed Description of Technologies .................... 44 3.4.4. Dual view Linac Systems ........................................................................ 45 3.4.5. Advantages and Weaknesses of Linac X-Ray technology ............................... 46 3.4.6. Linac X-Ray Screening Systems - State of Development ................................ 46 3.4.7. Linac X-Ray Screening Systems - Standards and Guidelines......................... 46 3.4.8. Linac X-Ray Screening - Vendors / Products................................................ 47 3.5. Neutron Activation Systems ............................................................................. 48 3.5.1. Neutron Activation Background ..................................................................... 48 3.5.2. Neutron Activation Systems - Principles of operation.................................... 49 3.5.3. Neutron Activation Screening - Detailed Description of Technologies.......... 50 3.5.4. Comparison Between Neutron Activation Screening Technologies ............... 51 3.5.5. Advantages and Disadvantages of Fast Neutron Activation Technology....... 52 3.5.6. Neutron Activation Screening Systems - State of Development...................... 52 3.5.7. Neutron Activation Screening Systems - Standards and Guidelines .............. 53 3.5.8. Neutron Activation Screening - Vendors ....................................................... 54 3.6. Comparison of Current Container Screening Technologies ............................. 54 3.6.1. Important Notes .............................................................................................. 54 4. Container Screening - Current Products ................................................. 56 4.1. Container Screening - Fixed Systems ............................................................... 56 4.1.1. General Discussion......................................................................................... 56 4.1.2. Fixed Systems Available Systems - By Technology......................................... 57 4.1.3. Fixed Systems - Economic Analysis................................................................ 58 4.1.4. Fixed Systems - Summary of Economic Analysis............................................ 59 4.1.5. Fixed Systems Vendors ................................................................................... 63 4.1.6. Terms and Abbreviations ................................................................................ 64 4.1.7. Fixed Systems Product Comparison ............................................................... 68 4.2. Container Screening - Relocatable Systems ..................................................... 88 4.2.1. General discussion.......................................................................................... 88 4.2.2. Relocatable Systems Available Systems - By Technology............................... 89 4.2.3. Relocatable Systems Economic Analysis ........................................................ 89 4.2.4. Relocatable Systems - Summary of Economic Analysis.................................. 91 4.2.5. Relocatable Systems Vendors / Products........................................................ 94 4.2.6. Terms and Abbreviations ................................................................................ 94 4.2.7. Relocatable Systems Product Comparison ................................................... 100 4.3. Container Screening - Mobile Systems........................................................... 118 4.3.1. General Discussion....................................................................................... 118 4.3.2. Mobile Systems Available Systems - By Technology .................................... 119 4.3.3. Mobile Systems Economic Analysis.............................................................. 120 4.3.4. Mobile Systems - Summary of Economic Analysis ....................................... 122 4.3.5. Mobile Systems Vendors / Products.............................................................. 125 4.3.6. Terms and Abbreviations .............................................................................. 125 4.3.7. Mobile Systems Product Comparison........................................................... 130 4.4. Container Screening Products - Detailed Vendor Information....................... 146 4.4.1. Container Screening Products - Vendor Contact Information ..................... 146 4.4.2. Container Screening - Vendor Profiles......................................................... 151 4.4.3. Container Screening - Vendor Outlook....................................................... 163 5. Container/Vehicle Screening - Purchasing Considerations.................164 5.1. Preliminary Steps ............................................................................................ 164 5.2. Gearing Up For Procurement.......................................................................... 164 5.3. Selecting the Right Technology...................................................................... 165 5.4. Automatic detection ........................................................................................ 167 5.5. Site Considerations ......................................................................................... 167 5.6. Facility Construction Considerations.............................................................. 168 5.7. Manifest Verification ...................................................................................... 168 5.8. Impact of screening loads on shipment delays ............................................... 168 5.9. Compliance with Initiatives and Treaties ....................................................... 169 5.10. Integration with Information Management..................................................... 169 5.10.1. Integration Port/ Customs Information ...................................................... 169 5.11. Selection of Screening Technology ................................................................ 170 5.12. Screening throughput ...................................................................................... 170 5.13. Radiation source lifespan and replacement cost ............................................. 170 5.14. Radiation safety .............................................................................................. 171 5.15. Radiation Commissioning............................................................................... 171 5.16. Preventive Maintenance - Container screening.............................................. 171 5.17. Uptime............................................................................................................. 171 5.18. Threat Image Protection (TIP) ........................................................................ 171 5.19. Maintenance Contract ..................................................................................... 172 5.20. Training means & methods............................................................................. 172 5.21. EU Rules (for EU Ports only) ......................................................................... 172 Appendix A - Container Screening Explosives Trace Detection ................ 174 Scope ......................................................................................................................... 174 Purpose Of Explosives Trace Detectors ..................................................................... 175 Current Trace Detection Systems ............................................................................... 175 Trace Detection technologies - Advantages and Weaknesses ................................ 175 Explosives Trace Detectors - Principles of Operation ............................................... 176 Sample collection methods...................................................................................... 177 Trace Detection Technologies .................................................................................... 177 Ion Mobility Spectroscopy (IMS) ............................................................................ 181 ChemiLuminescence (CL) - (also known as Thermal Energy Analyzers, or TEA). 182 Electron Capture Detectors (ECD) ........................................................................ 182 Surface acoustic wave (SAW) and GC-SAW........................................................... 184 Explosives Trace Detectors - Economic Analysis ...................................................... 185 Cost of Equipment Ownership ................................................................................ 185 Cost of Personnel / Year ......................................................................................... 185 Cost of Checkpoint / Year ....................................................................................... 185 Cost of Transaction................................................................................................. 185 Explosives Trace Detectors State of Development..................................................... 186 Standards and Guidelines............................................................................................ 186 Explosives Trace Detectors - Vendors....................................................................... 187 Explosives Trace Detectors - Current Vendors ..................................................... 187 Explosives Trace Detectors - Vendor Information ................................................ 187 Explosives Trace Detectors - Vendor Profiles....................................................... 190 Explosives Trace Detectors - Vendors Outlook ..................................................... 195 Explosives Trace Detectors - Purchasing Considerations .......................................... 196 Explosives Trace Detectors - Product Comparison .................................................... 197 Explosives Trace Detectors - Comparison Table Specifications Definitions ......... 197 Explosives Trace Detectors - Abbreviations: ......................................................... 199 Explosives Trace Detection - Product Comparison Tables ................................... 200 Trace Detectors Price Comparison Table .............................................................. 205 Appendix B - Health and Safety Issues......................................................... 206 Safety procedures surrounding the scanning process ................................................. 206 Health and safety procedures ...................................................................................... 206 Radiation protection.................................................................................................... 206 Exhaust fumes in fixed or relocatable scanners.......................................................... 207 Gas in containers......................................................................................................... 207 Appendix C - Maintenance and Service Agreements .................................. 208 Maintenance Contract ................................................................................................. 208 Appendix D - U.S. Customs Service CSI Questionnaire.............................. 209 FIGURE 1 - 2003 CONTAINER / VEHICLE SCREENING TECHNOLOGIES ............................... 11 FIGURE 2 - X-RAY CONTAINER SCREENING SYSTEM (MOBILE) AND CONTROL FACILITY . 17 FIGURE 3 - X-RAY SCREENING IN THE CONTEXT OF OVERALL CONTAINER/VEHICLE SCREENING TECHNOLOGIES .......................................... 18 FIGURE 4 - X-RAY CONTAINER SCREENING - PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION ........................ 19 FIGURE 5 - CONVENTIONAL X-RAY SCREENING IN CONTEXT OF OVERALL TECHNOLOGIES............................................................................. 20 FIGURE 6 - CONVENTIONAL X-RAY................................................................................... 21 FIGURE 7 - X-RAY SCREENING - BLOCK DIAGRAM ........................................................... 22 FIGURE 8 - DUAL ENERGY X-RAY SCREENING IN CONTEXT OF OVERALL TECHNOLOGIES24 FIGURE 9 - DUAL ENERGY X-RAY..................................................................................... 25 FIGURE 10 - MATERIAL DIFFERENTIATION BY DUAL ENERGY X-RAY............................... 27 FIGURE 11 - DUAL ENERGY Z MAP ................................................................................... 27 FIGURE 12 - DUAL VIEW X-RAY SCREENING IN CONTEXT OF OVERALL TECHNOLOGIES . 28 FIGURE 13 - DUAL VIEW X-RAY - PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION......................................... 29 FIGURE 14 - BACKSCATTER X-RAY SCREENING IN CONTEXT OF OVERALL TECHNOLOGIES............................................................................ 31 FIGURE 15 - BACKSCATTER X-RAY + PENETRATING X-RAY............................................. 32 FIGURE 16 - GAMMA IMAGING CONTAINER SCREENING TECHNOLOGIES .......................... 37 FIGURE 17 - GAMMA SOURCE CONTAINER/VEHICLE SCREENING...................................... 38 FIGURE 18 - GAMMA RAY SCREENING - BLOCK DIAGRAM ............................................... 39 FIGURE 19 - LINAC X-RAY CONTAINER SCREENING TECHNOLOGIES.............................. 42 FIGURE 20 - LINAC X-RAY CONTAINER/VEHICLE SCREENING........................................ 43 FIGURE 21 - LINAC SCREENING SYSTEM BLOCK DIAGRAM............................................... 44 FIGURE 22 - DUAL VIEW LINAC CONTAINER/ VEHICLE IMAGING SYSTEM........................ 45 FIGURE 23 - PULSED FAST NEUTRON ACTIVATION CONTAINER/VEHICLE SCREENING...... 49 FIGURE 24 - PULSED FAST NEUTRON ACTIVATION CONTAINER/VEHICLE SCREENING SYSTEM BLOCK DIAGRAM........................................................................... 51 FIGURE 25 - A TYPICAL FIXED SITE CONTAINER SCREENING CHECKPOINT ...................... 56 FIGURE 26 - A TYPICAL RELOCATABLE SCREENING SITE CHECKPOINT ............................ 88 FIGURE 27 - A TYPICAL MOBILE SCREENING SYSTEM .................................................... 118 FIGURE 28 - AN ARBITRARY RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE FRACTION OF SCREENED CONTAINERS AND SHIP DEPARTURE DELAYS ............................................. 169 FIGURE 29 - TRACE DETECTION GENERAL PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION ............................. 176 FIGURE 30 - THE AIRBORNE CONCENTRATION OF VARIOUS “OPEN CAN” EXPLOSIVES. . 179 FIGURE 31 - TYPICAL SENSITIVITY OF VARIOUS EXPLOSIVE TRACE DETECTION TECHNOLOGIES.......................................................................................... 180 FIGURE 32 - ION MOBILITY SPECTROSCOPY (IMS).......................................................... 181 FIGURE 33 - CHEMILUMINESCENCE (CL) ........................................................................ 182 FIGURE 34 - ELECTRON CAPTURE DETECTORS (ECD)..................................................... 183 FIGURE 35 - SURFACE ACOUSTIC WAVE (SAW) AND GC-SAW...................................... 184 List of Tables TABLE 1 - X-RAY DETECTION TECHNOLOGIES - APPLICABILITY TO CONTAINER AND..... 20 TABLE 2 - CONVENTIONAL X-RAY - ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES ..................... 23 TABLE 3 - CONVENTIONAL X-RAY VENDORS / SYSTEMS............................................... 23 TABLE 4 - DUAL ENERGY VENDORS / SYSTEMS .............................................................. 25 TABLE 5 - EXPLOSIVES, DRUGS, AND COMMON X-RAY "INTERRUPTION" MATERIALS ... 26 TABLE 6 - DUAL ENERGY X-RAY ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES.......................... 28 TABLE 7 - DUAL VIEW VENDORS / SYSTEMS................................................................... 30 TABLE 8 - DUAL VIEW X-RAY ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES .............................. 30 TABLE 9 - BACKSCATTER & X-RAY VENDORS / SYSTEMS............................................. 33 TABLE 10 - X-RAY SCREENING SYSTEMS - VENDORS AND PRODUCTS.............................. 36 TABLE 11 - ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF GAMMA RAY TECHNOLOGIES.......... 40 TABLE 12 - GAMMA TECHNOLOGY: CONTAINER / VEHICLE SCREENING VENDORS / SYSTEMS .................................................................................... 41 TABLE 13 - ADVANTAGES AND WEAKNESSES OF LINAC X-RAY TECHNOLOGY................. 46 TABLE 14 - LINAC TECHNOLOGY: CONTAINER / VEHICLE SCREENING VENDORS / SYSTEMS .................................................................................... 47 TABLE 15 - NEUTRON ACTIVATION TECHNOLOGIES - COMPARISON ................................. 52 TABLE 16 - FAST NEUTRON ACTIVATION TECHNOLOGY - ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES .......................................................................................... 52 TABLE 17 - PULSED FAST NEUTRON ANALYSIS TECHNOLOGY: CONTAINER / VEHICLE SCREENING VENDORS / SYSTEMS .................................................................. 54 TABLE 18 - CAR BOMB SCREENING - VENDORS/SYSTEMS ................................................ 54 TABLE 19 - ALL IN ONE GLANCE - COMPARISON BETWEEN CONTAINER SCREENING TECHNOLOGIES.............................................................................................. 55 TABLE 20 - FIXED SCREENING SYSTEMS - ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES .............. 57 TABLE 21 - FIXED SCREENING SYSTEMS - VENDORS AND PRODUCTS - BY TECHNOLOGY 57 TABLE 22 - SUMMARY OF FIXED SYSTEM ECONOMIC ANALYSIS - CLASS A FACILITY ..... 59 TABLE 23 - SUMMARY OF FIXED SYSTEM ECONOMIC ANALYSIS - CLASS B FACILITY...... 61 TABLE 24 - SUMMARY OF FIXED SYSTEM ECONOMIC ANALYSIS - CLASS C FACILITY...... 62 TABLE 25 - FIXED SCREENING SYSTEMS - VENDORS AND PRODUCTS ............................... 63 TABLE 26 - RELOCATABLE CONTAINER SCREENING SYSTEMS - BY TECHNOLOGY ........... 89 TABLE 27 - SUMMARY OF RELOCATABLE SYSTEM ECONOMIC ANALYSIS - CLASS A FACILITY....................................................................................................... 92 TABLE 28 - SUMMARY OF RELOCATABLE SYSTEM ECONOMIC ANALYSIS - CLASS B FACILITY....................................................................................................... 93 TABLE 29 - SUMMARY OF FIXED SYSTEM ECONOMIC ANALYSIS - CLASS C FACILITY...... 93 TABLE 30 - RELOCATABLE SCREENING SYSTEMS - VENDORS AND PRODUCTS.................. 94 TABLE 31 - MOBILE CONTAINER SCREENING SYSTEMS - BY TECHNOLOGY.................... 119 TABLE 32 - SUMMARY OF MOBILE SYSTEM ECONOMIC ANALYSIS - CLASS A FACILITY 122 TABLE 33 - SUMMARY OF MOBILE SYSTEM ECONOMIC ANALYSIS - CLASS B FACILITY 123 TABLE 34 - SUMMARY OF MOBILE SYSTEM ECONOMIC ANALYSIS - CLASS C FACILITY 124 TABLE 35 - MOBILE SCREENING SYSTEMS - VENDORS AND PRODUCTS .......................... 125 TABLE 36 - COST OF SCREENING TRANSACTIONS V(S) SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY AND CHECKPOINT SCREENING DEMAND. ............................................................. 166 TABLE 37 - TRACE DETECTION SYSTEMS - VENDOR/PRODUCT QUICK REFERENCE TABLE .................................................................................... 175 TABLE 38 - TRACE DETECTION - PROS AND CONS........................................................... 176 TABLE 39 - TRACE EXPLOSIVE-DETECTION TECHNOLOGIES............................................ 178 TABLE 40 - EXPLOSIVES TRACE DETECTION - VENDORS AND PRODUCTS TABLE............ 200 TABLE 41 - TRACE DETECTION SYSTEMS - PRODUCT PRICING COMPARISON TABLE ...... 205 AbstractIt's a big-budget market and the stakes are much higher than just the price tags of the products: An incorrect choice may cost your facility in slowed traffic and lost revenues. In today's container screening market there are 43 multi-million systems, produced by about 10 vendors.
Last updated April 2003
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