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Published by: Global Industry Analysts
Published: Oct. 1, 2011 - 836 Pages
Table of Contents- 1. INTRODUCTION, METHODOLOGY & PRODUCT DEFINITIONS
- Study Reliability and Reporting Limitations
- Disclaimers
- Data Interpretation & Reporting Level
- Quantitative Techniques & Analytics
- Product Definitions and Scope of Study
- Video Conferencing - The Concept
- Video Conferencing Systems
- IP Systems
- ISDN Systems
- 2. MARKET OVERVIEW
- Overview
- Changing Dynamics of Video Conferencing Market
- ISDN and IP based Video Conferencing
- Internet’s Success Makes IP the Dominant Technology
- Video Conferencing on IP Networks
- IP Video Conferencing Offers High Reliability
- Obstacles in the Transition to IP Video Conferencing
- High Definition Technology Drives the Market for Video Conferencing
- Video Conferencing - A Bird’s Eye View
- Revolution in the Video Conferencing Market
- Evolution from Room-Based to Desktop Systems
- Video Conferencing-A Boon to the Enterprise
- Rationale for Video Conferencing
- Market Scenario
- Recession Impact In Retrospect
- Strategies for Survival
- The World Beyond Recession
- 3. MARKET ISSUES AND TRENDS
- SMB Sector Intensifies Adoption Curve
- Rising Focus On Unified Communications
- Rising Trend to Recruit Top Talent Via Video Conferencing
- Telepresence & Interoperability Are Key for Future Success
- Table 1: Global Video Conferencing Market:Percentage Share Breakdown of Revenues bySystem Type As of September 2011 (includescorresponding Graph/Chart)
- Table 2: Global Video Conferencing Market:Percentage Share Breakdown of Unit Sales bySystem Type As of September 2011 (includescorresponding Graph/Chart)
- Will Skype’s Business Video Conferencing Solutions March Ahead of Apple?
- Green IT Initiative Propels Growth of Videoconferencing
- Rising Global IP Telephony Driven by Video Conferencing
- Mobile Video Conferencing, Virtual Desktop Infrastructure - Key Areas to Watch
- War and Video Conferencing - A Close Link
- Prices Likely to Decline
- IP Video Conferencing Growing Fast
- Video Conferencing - The March Towards Home
- Set-top Boxes Promote Growth
- Bandwidth Availability: An Impediment to Videoconferencing Adoption
- Competition
- Will Tandberg Acquisition Put Polycom At a Strategic Disadvantage?
- Table 3: Global Videoconferencing InfrastructureMarket (2010): Percentage Market ShareBreakdown of Revenues of Leading Players(includes corresponding Graph/Chart)
- Table 4: Global Videoconferencing Endpoint Market(2010): Percentage Market Share Breakdown byType (includes corresponding Graph/Chart)
- Table 5: Global Room Based Video Conferencing Systems Market (2010): Percentage Share Breakdown ofInstalled Base for Key Vendors In the year 2010,Cisco successfully closed the Tandberg acquisitionDeal (includes corresponding Graph/Chart)
- Table 6: Global Room Based Video ConferencingSystems Market (2010): Percentage Market ShareBreakdown of Unit Shipments of Key Vendors(includes corresponding Graph/Chart)
- Table 7: World Videoconferencing Market (2010):Percentage Market Share Breakdown of Revenuesof Leading Players (includes corresponding Graph/Chart)
- 4. PRODUCT OVERVIEW
- Video Conferencing - The Concept
- Technology Involved
- ITU H-320 Systems
- ITU H-323 Systems
- IETF Protocol-Based Systems
- Proprietary Systems
- Room-Based Video Conferencing ISDN
- Desktop Video Conferencing
- Features and Benefits of Video Conferencing
- Time Saving
- Increased Participation
- Reduced Costs
- Increased Frequency of Communication
- Visual Advantages
- Other Applications
- Demerits of the System
- Key Configurations of Video Conferencing Systems
- PC-Based
- Hardware-Assisted PC Clients
- Software-Only Units
- Integrated USB Units
- Standalone Systems
- Standalone Vs PC-Based Systems
- Standalones - The Group and Individual System Classification
- Group Systems
- Rollabout Systems
- Workgroup Systems
- Desktop Systems/Individual Systems
- The High-End and Low-End Classification
- The ISDN and IP Classification of Systems
- Infrastructure - An Overview
- Gateways
- Multipoint Control Units
- Gatekeeper
- Firewalls/NATs
- Key Equipment Used
- Conference Bridges
- Cameras
- Codecs and Codec Boards
- Desktop Computers
- Microphones
- Monitors
- Rollabouts
- Phone links
- Software
- Peripherals
- Others
- Internal Compression Cards
- External Compression Cards
- Network Techniques for Video Conferencing
- ISDN Networks
- Drawbacks
- A Slow Network
- Skepticism Regarding Reliability
- Cost Concerns
- Additional Staff to Manage the Network
- Dedicated, Separate Network Required
- Internet Protocol Network
- Benefits
- Financial Benefits
- Decreased Usage Fees
- Decreased Buy-In Price
- User Advantages
- Better Reliability
- Improved Quality
- More Convenient Networks
- Enhanced Efficiencies through Network Convergence
- Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation
- Management Benefits
- Centralized Management
- Better Call Permissioning and Network Administration
- Availability of Usage Information / Automated Billing
- Scalability/Reach Benefits
- Better Reach to SoHo/Telecommuter/Consumer Markets
- Improved Scalability
- Barriers to IP Deployment
- Quality of Service
- Reliability
- Migration Operation/Investment Protection/Costs
- Other Networks
- ATM and Broadband Video
- POTS Video Conferencing
- Addressing Security Issues in Video Conferencing
- Collaborative Technologies
- Audio Conferencing
- Video Conferencing
- Data Conferencing
- New Technologies
- Teleimmersion
- USB Connectivity
- Mobile Video Conferencing
- Switched Digital Video
- 5. MAJOR END USES
- Telemedicine
- Law
- Sales and Marketing
- Recruitment
- Product Development
- Education
- Military
- 6. INDUSTRY ORGANIZATIONS
- International Telecommunications Union
- International Multimedia Teleconferencing Consortium
- International Teleconferencing Association
- International Communication Association
- 7. PRODUCT/SERVICE INTRODUCTIONS
- Voiceserve Unveils Updated Version of Vippie Mobile Dialer
- Panasonic Systems Networks Rolls-Out Immersive 3D Capacity in HD Visual Communications System
- Nefsis® Unveils Novel Document and Live Data Sharing Technology
- BroadSoft Introduces BroadCloud Video
- Vidyo Introduces IBM® Lotus Sametime® Plug-In
- Ittiam Systems Unveils HD Video Conferencing System
- Vidyo to Launch VidyoMobile for Video Conferencing
- Nefsis Introduces New FIPS Edition
- AVerMedia Information Launches H110 and H
- Video Conferencing Solutions
- CSC to Launch TelePresence as Service for Video Conferencing
- Radvision to Launch Enterprise Application Scopia Mobile V3 for Smartphones
- NEC Unified Solutions Introduces Desktop Video Conferencing
- 8x8 to Launch New Cloud-Based Video Conferencing Services for SMBs
- Aastra Unveils BluStar 8000i Video Conferencing Solution
- PCCW Global and Kenya Data Networks Demonstrate HD Video Conferencing
- BT Launches Innovative BT Engage Meeting Mobile
- Visual Crambo Launches Skopje Lync Video Gateway
- Black Diamond Video Unveils Sapphire QHD
- IVCi Unveils New App for iPad
- SimpleSignal and Vidtel Launch Hosted Multi-Point Video Conferencing for SMBs
- AIVtech Launches Interactive Intelligent Panel
- LifeSize Launches 16 Port LifeSizeBridge
- DeepBlue, OoVoo Partner to Provide Video Conferencing Service
- Cisco Unveils New UMI Video Conferencing
- VIVA Launches Customized Video Conferencing Products
- HP, Vidyo Partner on HD Desktop Video Conferencing
- Zamtel Unveils Video Conferencing Solutions
- Tw Telecom, Cisco, BT Partner to Provide a New Video Conferencing Platform
- DoXom to Commence Video Conferencing Services
- Optus Introduces Video Conferencing Service
- RADVISION® Introduces SCOPIA Control for SCOPIA XT1000 HD Video Conferencing Room System
- Videonations Launches Videxia Desktop
- Sony Electronics Launches Sony PCS-XG
- Video Conferencing System
- Ceelab Launches Arrow1000 Video Conferencing System
- Vidyo Launches VidyoOne HD Video Conferencing Systems
- Sony Electronics Launches PCS-XL55 Videoconference System
- Citrix Online Launches HDFaces Video Conferencing Technology
- OKI Electric Industry Introduces Visual Nexus Version 4.2 Video Conferencing System
- WorldGate Launches 3-Way Video Conferencing
- ZTE Launches ZXV10 T
- LG Electronics and LifeSize Communications Collaborate to Launch Integrated Communications Solution
- RADVISION Launches SCOPIA XT1000 SMB
- Vidyo Launches 1440P Video Conferencing Solution
- VoIP Rolls-Out Polycom HDX 6004 and HDX
- Video Conferencing Solution
- Mirial Rolls-Out ClearSea
- StatVideo Releases EchoBox
- Indigo Tajikistan Starts Videoconferencing Service
- Questmark to Market Easymeeting
- NTT to Release Multipoint Video Conferencing Service
- Cisco Aiming at New Home Video Conferencing Service
- RADVISION Launches New Video Conferencing Solution
- AGT and Aethra Collaborate to Develop New Video Conferencing Solution
- BT Conferencing Offers LifeSize Video Conferencing Solutions
- InTechnology and POSTcti Create JV for Call-Recording Solution
- RADVISION to Introduce SVC Technology to SCOPIA Conferencing Platform
- Polycom Releases High-resolution & Cost-Efficient Video Conferencing System
- AT&T Announces Extended Telepresence Capabilities
- Glowpoint Launches VNOC Select, Videoconferencing and Telepresence Services
- AVI-SPL Rolls Out ConferencePoint™ Advanced Managed Conferencing Services Jointly with Glowpoint
- Videonations Unveils Videopresence Videoconferencing Solution in Partnership with Fluidata and LifeSize
- OKI Electric Releases New HD Compatible Video Conferencing System Version
- UniData Introduces New Wi-Fi Enabled Videoconference Phone, SQ-
- BT Conferencing Introduces One Source Solution for Polycom Telepresence
- BSNL to Launch Web-Supported Video-Conferencing
- TANDBERG Launches New Video Collaboration Engine for Wide Spectrum of Applications
- Tandberg Unveils Tandberg FluidHD
- Tandberg and Broadsoft Launch Video Communications Solutions
- Polycom Launches VVX
- Vidtel Introduces Polycom® VVX 1500™ Business Media Phone
- Video Guidance Unveils Desktop Video Conferencing Service
- ooVoo Launches New Version and Business Plan for Video Communication Solution
- Video Guidance Unveils VG Transport
- RADVISION and Samsung Launch VC
- TETCO VOXPILOT Unveils Tetco-Voxpilot Videoconferencing Solution
- ClearOne Launches ClearOne/Sony HD VC Solution
- NEC Unified Solutions Unveils Collaboration Offerings
- Logitech for Business Launches Webcams
- LifeSize Unveils HD Video Conferencing System
- Radvision Introduces Scopia Desktop
- Coms Unveils Polycom CX5000 Conference Station
- Anet Introduces Video Conferencing System
- Pacnet Introduces Pacnet Virtual Conferencing Plus
- ACT Launches Video Conferencing Services
- CPCNet Introduces VCsup
- Glowpoint Releases Video Room Sweep
- Huawei Releases New Video Conferencing Solution
- Polycom Releases New ATX 300 Telepresence Solution
- Avistar Unveils Agenda Concerning Avistar C3 Distribution
- 8. RECENT INDUSTRY ACTIVITY
- Polycom to Take Over HP Videoconferencing Business
- Microsoft Takes Over Skype
- 888VoIP and VU Telepresence Form Strategic Alliance
- ViDOFON and Masergy Communications Enter into Partnership
- InterCall Takes Over Preferred One Stop Technologies
- VBrick Systems Enters into Partnership with LifeSize Communication
- RADVISION® and Microsoft Enter into Strategic Partnership
- Masergy Communications and Verrex Ink Agreement
- AVM Takes Over VC World
- Aethra.net and Ceelab Sign Agreement
- Spire Global and Ceelab to Enter into Partnership
- Elisa Takes Over Videra
- American Well Chooses Vidyo for Video Conferencing Solution
- BCS Global Collaborates with Vidyo to Introduce New Range of Visual Communication Services
- Holy Cross Hospital Selects Vidyo Telemedicine Platform
- Massachusetts General Hospital Selects Vidyo for Telemedicine Collaboration and Communication Solution
- Ricoh Company Chooses Vidyo for Video Conferencing Platform
- Cisco Completes Tandberg TakeOver
- Visual Crambo and LifeSize Communications Sign Agreement
- Google Inks Agreement to Acquire Global IP Solutions
- Tommy Hilfiger Inks Contract with BT Conferencing
- ViDOFON and DEKOM Merge
- NMS Selects Dimension Data for Managed Video Conferencing Service
- Virgin Mobile India Deploys Lifesize Room HD Video Conferencing Systems
- Xinji Energy Selects Datacraft for Cisco TelePresence System
- Saville AV Deploys Three-Screen Conferencing System at TSYS Offices
- BitGravity and ViVu Enter into Partnership
- LifeSize Communications and Alcatel-Lucent Enter into Collaboration
- Reliance Communications and Polycom Enter into Partnership
- IneoQuest Technologies Joins ARENA Partner Program of Polycom
- Schaffner Holding Renews Contract with Orange Business Services
- UIT Deploys VideoConferencing System at Tufts University
- Saville Audio Visual to Sell Quadra
- BSNL Collaborates with Aksh
- PGi Signs Partnership Deal with AVI-SPL
- HickoryTech Bags Contract from Distance Learning Network
- Radvision to Purchase Shares from Aethra
- SPS Takes Over Spenser
- Bellevue Acquires Avistar
- SEN Group Inks Agreement with Polycom
- Regus to Use Polycom's Telepresence Systems in Telepresence Suites
- Satcom Systems Chooses Gilat Satellite Networks for Delivery of Broadband Satellite Network
- BT Conferencing Offers Managed Service Offering
- IOCOM Installs Video Conferencing Solution at Honeywell’s Facilities
- Glowpoint to offer Managed Video Conferencing Solution to NFL Network
- Hyundai Motors Company Selects LifeSize Communications for HD Video Solution Deployment
- Visual Systems Group and SDV Solutions Sign Contract with Federal Aviation Administration
- Vidyo and Videra Collaborate on Providing HD Videoconferencing Capabilities
- BT Conferencing Enters Into Deal with CO2NeutralConferencing.com
- Cable&Wireless and Regus Collaborate on Polycom Telepresence Suite Deployment
- MetaSwitch Enters into an Agreement with Polycom
- Verizon Bags NASA Networx Universal Contract
- BT Secures MiCTA Video Integration Services Contract
- Aethra® Appoints Videoconference Solutions Sole Distributor for Canada
- Legrand Deploys Cisco Solutions through Orange Business Services
- Glowpoint Enters into Strategic Arrangement with Affinity VideoNet
- IVCi Becomes Polycom Telepresence Certified Plus Partner
- Tandberg forms Partnership with ITS
- InterCall Announces Global Partnership with Huddle.net
- Optibase forms Partnership with System Integrators in US
- Daimler Trucks Plans to Standardize on HD Video-Conferencing Solutions of Polycom
- Tata Ties up with Cisco and PLDT to Launch Telepresence Services
- AT&T to Sell Cisco’s Video-Conferencing Systems to Federal Agencies
- HaiVision Merges with Video Furnace
- Videocall and Mouchel Strengthen Partnership with Direct IP Interconnect
- Avistar and ESCO Announce Partnership for Desktop Video-Conferencing
- Telefonica Empresas Selects Video-Conferencing Solution of Movius
- UUNET Enters into Collaboration with Sony
- China Southern Airlines and China Unicomy Enter into Alliance
- First Connections Inks Strategic Partnership Agreement with Vidyo®
- Azlan Enters into Collaboration with TANDBERG
- Royal KPN Purchases Interest in Talk & Vision
- Carl Lamm Holding Signs Agreement with Logica
- Bharti Airtel Signs Joint Venture Agreement with Alcatel-Lucent
- AVI-SPL Enters into Alliance with Glowpoint and Polycom
- CoroWare Technologies and Vidyo Sign Agreement
- Communications III Selects Avistar C3 Desktop™ videoconferencing Solution
- Glowpoint Partners with MMCW
- Aastra Technologies Inks Agreement with Saudi-Ericsson
- Fastech Integrated Solutions Acquires Transcend Communications
- Logitech to Take Over LifeSize Communications
- BroadSoft and Microsoft Expand Alliance
- Bharti Airtel Partners with Cisco
- Siemens Enterprise and TANDBERG Expand Partnership
- Amba Research Joins Avistar's Securities Community Network
- Telefonica Empresas Receives Videoconferencing Solution from Movius Interactive
- 9. FOCUS ON SELECT GLOBAL PLAYERS
- Alcatel-Lucent SA (France)
- AT&T Inc. (USA)
- Avaya, Inc. (USA)
- BT Conferencing (UK)
- Cisco Systems, Inc (USA)
- TANDBERG
- VCON (Israel)
- Global Crossing Limited (USA)
- Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd (Japan)
- Logitech International S.A. (Switzerland)
- Polycom, Inc. (USA)
- ADVISION Ltd (Israel)
- Sony Electronics, Inc. (USA)
- Sprint (USA)
- Verizon Business (USA)
- VTEL Products Corporation Inc. (USA)
- West Corporation (USA)
- InterCall, Inc. (USA)
- ZTE Corporation (China)
- 10. GLOBAL MARKET PERSPECTIVE
- Table 8: World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis forVideo Conferencing by Geographic Region - US, Canada,Japan, Europe, Asia-Pacific (excluding Japan),Latin America, and Rest of World Markets Independently Analyzed with Annual Sales Figures in US$ Millionfor Years 2009 through 2017 (includescorresponding Graph/Chart)
- Table 9: World Historic Perspective for Video Conferencingby Geographic Region - US, Canada, Japan, Europe,Asia-Pacific (excluding Japan), Latin America, andRest of World Markets Independently Analyzed withAnnual Sales Figures in US$ Million for Years 2003through 2008 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart)
- Table 10: World 15-Year Perspective for Video Conferencingby Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of DollarSales for US, Canada, Japan, Europe, Asia-Pacific(excluding Japan), Latin America, and Rest of WorldMarkets for Years 2003, 2010 & 2017 (includescorresponding Graph/Chart)
- Video Conferencing Market by Product Segment/Technology
- Table 11: World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Video Conferencing Systems by Geographic Region - US, Canada, Japan, Europe, Asia-Pacific (excluding Japan),Latin America, and Rest of World Markets Independently Analyzed with Annual Sales Figures in US$ Millionfor Years 2009 through 2017 (includescorresponding Graph/Chart)
- Table 12: World Historic Perspective for Video Conferencing Systems by Geographic Region - US, Canada, Japan, Europe, Asia-Pacific (excluding Japan), Latin America, andRest of World Markets Independently Analyzed withAnnual Sales Figures in US$ Million for Years 2003through 2008 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart)
- Table 13: World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Video Conferencing Systems by Base Technology - IP Systems and ISDN Systems Markets Independently Analyzed withAnnual Sales Figures in US$ Million for Years 2009through 2017 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart)
- Table 14: World Historic Perspective for Video Conferencing Systems by Base Technology - IP Systems and ISDN Systems Markets Independently Analyzed with Annual Sales Figuresin US$ Million for Years 2003 through 2008(includes corresponding Graph/Chart)
- Table 15: World 15-Year Perspective for Video Conferencing Systems by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdownof Dollar Sales for US, Canada, Japan, Europe,Asia -Pacific (excluding Japan), Latin America, andRest of World Markets for Years 2003, 2010 & 2017(includes corresponding Graph/Chart)
- Table 16: World 15-Year Perspective for Video Conferencing Systems by Base Technology - Percentage Breakdown ofDollar Sales for IP Systems and ISDN Systems Marketsfor Years 2003, 2010 & 2017 (includescorresponding Graph/Chart)
- Table 17: World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysisfor IP Systems by Geographic Region - US, Canada,Japan, Europe, Asia-Pacific (excluding Japan),Latin America, and Rest of World Markets Independently Analyzed with Annual Sales Figures in US$ Millionfor Years 2009 through 2017 (includescorresponding Graph/Chart)
- Table 18: World Historic Perspective for IP Systems by Geographic Region - US, Canada, Japan, Europe,Asia-Pacific (excluding Japan), Latin America, andRest of World Markets Independently Analyzed withAnnual Sales Figures in US$ Million for Years 2003through 2008 (includes correspondingGraph/Chart)
- Table 19: World 15-Year Perspective for IP Systems by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of DollarSales for US, Canada, Japan, Europe, Asia -Pacific(excluding Japan), Latin America, and Rest of WorldMarkets for Years 2003, 2010 & 2017 (includescorresponding Graph/Chart)
- Table 20: World Recent Past, Current & FutureAnalysis for ISDN Systems by Geographic Region -US, Canada, Japan, Europe, Asia-Pacific (excludingJapan), Latin America, and Rest of World MarketsIndependently Analyzed with Annual Sales Figuresin US$ Million for Years 2009 through 2017(includes corresponding Graph/Chart)
- Table 21: World Historic Perspective for ISDN Systems by Geographic Region -US, Canada, Japan, Europe,Asia-Pacific (excluding Japan), Latin America, andRest of World Markets Independently Analyzed withAnnual Sales Figures in US$ Million for Years 2003through 2008 (includes correspondingGraph/Chart)
- Table 22: World 15-Year Perspective for ISDN Systems by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of DollarSales for US, Canada, Japan, Europe, Asia -Pacific(excluding Japan), Latin America, and Rest of WorldMarkets for Years 2003, 2010 & 2017 (includescorresponding Graph/Chart)
- Table 23: World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysisfor Video Conferencing Services by Geographic Region -US, Canada, Japan, Europe, Asia-Pacific (excludingJapan), Latin America, and Rest of World MarketsIndependently Analyzed with Annual Sales Figuresin US$ Million for Years 2009 through 2017(includes corresponding Graph/Chart)
- Table 24: World Historic Perspective for Video Conferencing Services by Geographic Region - US, Canada, Japan,Europe, Asia-Pacific (excluding Japan), Latin America,and Rest of World Markets Independently Analyzed withAnnual Sales Figures in US$ Million for Years 2003through 2008 (includes correspondingGraph/Chart)
- Table 25: World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysisfor Video Conferencing Services by Base Technology -IP Services, ISDN Services, and Other Services Markets Independently Analyzed with Annual Sales Figuresin US$ Million for Years 2009 through 2017(includes corresponding Graph/Chart)
- Table 26: World Historic Perspective for VideoConferencing Services by Base Technology -IP Services, ISDN Services, and Other ServicesMarkets Independently Analyzed with Annual SalesFigures in US$ Million for Years 2003 through 2008(includes corresponding Graph/Chart)
- Table 27: World 15-Year Perspective for Video Conferencing Services by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdownof Dollar Sales for US, Canada, Japan, Europe,Asia-Pacific (excluding Japan), Latin America, andRest of World Markets for Years 2003, 2010 & 2017(includes corresponding Graph/Chart)
- Table 28: World 15-Year Perspective for VideoConferencing Services by Base Technology - Percentage Breakdown of Dollar Sales for IP Services, ISDN Services,and Other Services for Years 2003, 2010 & 2017(includes corresponding Graph/Chart)
- Table 29: World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysisfor IP Services by Geographic Region - US, Canada,Japan, Europe, Asia-Pacific (excluding Japan),Latin America, and Rest of World Markets Independently Analyzed with Annual Sales Figures in US$ Millionfor Years 2009 through 2017 (includescorresponding Graph/Chart)
- Table 30: World Historic Perspective for IP Services by Geographic Region - US, Canada, Japan, Europe,Asia-Pacific (excluding Japan), Latin America, andRest of World Markets Independently Analyzed withAnnual Sales Figures in US$ Million for Years 2003through 2008 (includes correspondingGraph/Chart)
- Table 31: World 15-Year Perspective for IP Services by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of DollarSales for US, Canada, Japan, Europe, Asia-Pacific(excluding Japan), Latin America, and Rest of WorldMarkets for Years 2003, 2010 & 2017 (includescorresponding Graph/Chart)
- Table 32: World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for ISDN Services by Geographic Region - US, Canada, Japan, Europe, Asia-Pacific (excluding Japan), Latin America, andRest of World Markets Independently Analyzed withAnnual Sales Figures in US$ Million for Years 2009through 2017 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart)
- Table 33: World Historic Perspective for ISDN Servicesby Geographic Region - US, Canada, Japan, Europe,Asia-Pacific (excluding Japan), Latin America, andRest of World Markets Independently Analyzed withAnnual Sales Figures in US$ Million for Years 2003through 2008 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart)
- Table 34: World 15-Year Perspective for ISDN Services by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of DollarSales for US, Canada, Japan, Europe, Asia-Pacific(excluding Japan), Latin America, and Rest of WorldMarkets for Years 2003, 2010 & 2017 (includescorresponding Graph/Chart)
- Table 35: World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysisfor Other Services by Geographic Region - US, Canada,Japan, Europe, Asia-Pacific (excluding Japan),Latin America, and Rest of World Markets Independently Analyzed with Annual Sales Figures in US$ Millionfor Years 2009 through 2017 (includescorresponding Graph/Chart)
- Table 36: World Historic Perspective for Other Servicesby Geographic Region - US, Canada, Japan, Europe,Asia-Pacific (excluding Japan), Latin America, andRest of World Markets Independently Analyzed withAnnual Sales Figures in US$ Million for Years 2003through 2008 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart)
- Table 37: World 15-Year Perspective for Other Services by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of DollarSales for US, Canada, Japan, Europe, Asia-Pacific(excluding Japan), Latin America, and Rest of WorldMarkets for Years 2003, 2010 & 2017 (includescorresponding Graph/Chart)
- 11. THE UNITED STATES
- A. Market Analysis
- Current and Future Analysis
- Market Overview
- Market Structure and Competition
- Video Conferencing Systems Market
- Video Conferencing Services Market
- Distribution Dynamics
- Key End-User Groups
- Table 38: Video Conferencing Systems in the US(2010): Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales byVertical Market - Corporate, Government,Education, and Healthcare (includescorresponding Graph/Chart)
- Issues and Trends
- Video Conferencing Market Increases Significantly
- Mobile Video Conferencing - A Gift from Next Generation Networks
- Video Streaming - A Value Addition to Video Conferencing Offerings
- Video Conferencing to Homes - A Slow Transition
- Desktop Systems to Dominate Group Systems
- Set-top Boxes Drive Growth of Group Video Conferencing Systems
- Broadband Video Gains Prominence
- ISDN Continues to Remain the Primary Network for Video Transmission
- Related Diversifications - A Strategy to Stay Competitive
- Other Trends Influencing Growth in the Video Conferencing Market
- Price Declines Power ‘Systems’ Sales
- TV-Based Consumer Video Conferencing Products go Out of Focus
- End Point Manufacturers Give Tough Competition to MCU Vendors
- Advancements in Communications Technology - Boon to Service Providers
- Video Network Management Services - New Opportunity to Service Providers
- Shift from Customer Managed to Conferencing Service Provider Managed Networks
- Wider Range of Applications Emerge with the Shift to IP
- Satellite-Based Video Conferencing - Burgeoning Market
- Growth Deterrents
- Lesser Number of Mid-Sized and Small Business Customers Deters Growth
- Varied Customer Requirements Pull Down Service Provider Revenues
- Longer Sales Cycles Delay Growth
- Mounting R&D Costs - An Entry Barrier for New Companies
- Proliferation of OEMs - Fuelled by High Costs of Production
- Manufacturers Forced to Modify their Basket of Offerings as High-End Systems Show Low Growth
- Misconceptions Hamper Growth of IP-based Products
- Constraints and Challenges Specific to Video Conferencing Services Market
- Pricing in IP Video Conferencing Services
- Unlimited Calling Plans
- Usage-based Calling Plans
- Fixed Hours Per Month Calling Plans
- Product Launches
- Strategic Corporate Developments
- Select Players
- B. Market Analytics
- Table 39: US Recent Past, Current & Future Analysisfor Video Conferencing by Product Segment/Technology - Systems (IP & ISDN), and Services (IP, ISDN & Others) Markets Independently Analyzed with Annual SalesFigures in US$ Million for Years 2009 through 2017 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart)
- Table 40: US Historic Perspective for VideoConferencing by Product Segment/Technology -Systems (IP & ISDN), and Services (IP, ISDN &Others) Markets Independently Analyzed withAnnual Sales Figures in US$ Million forYears 2003 through 2008 (includescorresponding Graph/Chart)
- Table 41: US 15-Year Perspective for VideoConferencing by Product Segment/ Technology -Percentage Breakdown of Dollar Sales for Systems(IP & ISDN), and Services (IP, ISDN & Others)Markets for Years 2003, 2010 & 2017 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart)
- 12. CANADA
- A. Market Analysis
- Current and Future Analysis
- Market Overview
- B. Market Analytics
- Table 42: Canadian Recent Past, Current & FutureAnalysis for Video Conferencing by Product Segment / Technology - Systems (IP & ISDN), and Services (IP,ISDN & Others) Markets Independently Analyzedwith Annual Sales Figures in US$ Million forYears 2009 through 2017 (includescorresponding Graph/Chart)
- Table 43: Canadian Historic Perspective for Video Conferencing by Product Segment/ Technology -Systems (IP & ISDN), and Services (IP, ISDN &Others) Markets Independently Analyzed withAnnual Sales Figures in US$ Million forYears 2003 through 2008 (includescorresponding Graph/Chart)
- Table 44: Canadian 15-Year Perspective for Video Conferencing by Product Segment/ Technology -Percentage Breakdown of Dollar Sales for Systems(IP & ISDN), and Services (IP, ISDN & Others)Markets for Years 2003, 2010 & 2017 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart)
- 13. JAPAN
- A. Market Analysis
- Current and Future Analysis
- Issues and Trends
- Popularity of Video Conferencing in Japan
- Video Conferencing Gains as Companies Try to Cut Costs
- Product Launches
- NEC Unified Solutions Introduces Desktop Video Conferencing
- OKI Electric Industry Introduces Visual Nexus Version 4.2 Video Conferencing System
- NTT to Release Multipoint Video Conferencing Service
- OKI Electric Releases New HD Compatible Video Conferencing System Version
- NEC Unified Solutions Unveils Collaboration Offerings
- Anet Introduces Video Conferencing System
- Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd - A Key Player
- B. Market Analytics
- Table 45: Japanese Recent Past, Current & FutureAnalysis for Video Conferencing by Product Segment / Technology - Systems (IP & ISDN), and Services (IP,ISDN & Others) Markets Independently Analyzedwith Annual Sales Figures in US$ Million forYears 2009 through 2017 (includescorresponding Graph/Chart)
- Table 46: Japanese Historic Perspective for Video Conferencing by Product Segment/ Technology -Systems (IP & ISDN), and Services (IP, ISDN &Others) Markets Independently Analyzed withAnnual Sales Figures in US$ Million forYears 2003 through 2008 (includescorresponding Graph/Chart)
- Table 47: Japanese 15-Year Perspective for Video Conferencing by Product Segment/ Technology -Percentage Breakdown of Dollar Sales for Systems(IP & ISDN), and Services (IP, ISDN & Others)Markets for Years 2003, 2010 & 2017 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart)
- 14. EUROPE
- A. Market Analysis
- Current and Future Analysis
- Market Overview
- Growth Drivers
- Growth Restraints
- Competition
- Key Statistics
- Table 48: Leading Players in the Video Conferencing Endpoints Market in EMEA (2010): PercentageBreakdown of Sales for Tandberg, Polycom,RADVISION, Sony, and Others (includescorresponding Graph/Chart)
- Distribution Network in European Market
- Major End-Users and Applications
- Issues and Trends
- A Consolidating Market
- Trends in Network Technologies
- New Networks Provide Better Infrastructure
- Video conferencing Services Come Under the Aegis of ISPs
- Market Boosters
- Dwindling Prices Responsible for Increased Customer Base
- Video Conferencing - A Tool to Increase Productivity
- Set-Top Boxes Drive Growth
- Shift Towards IP Increases Demand
- Value-Added Services Lead to Greater Usage
- Advancements in Chip Technology Stimulate Growth
- New Networking Technologies Fuel Video Conferencing Demand
- Webcams Smoothen Entry into Consumer Markets
- Technically Advanced New Generation MCUs Promote Growth in Business Markets
- Manufacturer-Network Operator Partnerships Drive Services’ Growth
- Reservationless Systems Encourage End-User Uptake
- IP- Network Solutions Prep Up Service Revenues
- Growth Deterrents
- Low Levels of Technical Skills Prevent Growth
- Inadequate Promotional Efforts Slow Down Growth
- Lack of Proper Coordination Between Manufacturers and Network Providers Slows Down Growth
- Bandwidth Issues Dissuade Demand
- New Networking Technologies Increase Use of Video Conferencing Systems
- QoS Issues Hamper Uptake
- B. Market Analytics
- Table 49: European Recent Past, Current & FutureAnalysis for Video Conferencing by GeographicRegion - France, Germany, Italy, UK, Spain, Russia &Rest of Europe Markets Independently Analyzed withAnnual Sales Figures in US$ Million forYears 2009 through 2017 (includescorresponding Graph/Chart)
- Table 50: European Historic Perspective for Video Conferencing by Region - France, Germany, Italy,UK, Spain, Russia & Rest of Europe MarketsIndependently Analyzed with Annual Sales Figuresin US$ Million for Years 2003 through 2008(includes corresponding Graph/Chart)
- Table 51: European Recent Past, Current & FutureAnalysis for Video Conferencing by Product Segment / Technology - Systems (IP & ISDN), and Services (IP,ISDN & Others) Markets Independently Analyzedwith Annual Sales Figures in US$ Million forYears 2009 through 2017 (includescorresponding Graph/Chart)
- Table 52: European Historic Perspective for Video Conferencing by Product Segment/ Technology -Systems (IP & ISDN), and Services (IP, ISDN &Others) Markets Independently Analyzed withAnnual Sales Figures in US$ Million forYears 2003 through 2008 (includescorresponding Graph/Chart)
- Table 53: European 15-Year Perspective for Video Conferencing by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Dollar Sales for France, Germany,Italy, UK, Spain, Russia & Rest of Europe Marketsfor Years 2003, 2010 & 2017 (includescorresponding Graph/Chart)
- Table 54: European 15-Year Perspective for Video Conferencing by Product Segment/ Technology -Percentage Breakdown of Dollar Sales for Systems(IP & ISDN), and Services (IP, ISDN & Others)Markets for Years 2003, 2010 & 2017 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart)
- 14a. FRANCE
- A. Market Analysis
- Current and Future Analysis
- Alcatel-Lucent SA - A Key Player
- B. Market Analytics
- Table 55: French Recent Past, Current & FutureAnalysis for Video Conferencing by Product Segment / Technology - Systems (IP & ISDN), and Services (IP,ISDN & Others) Markets Independently Analyzedwith Annual Sales Figures in US$ Million forYears 2009 through 2017 (includescorresponding Graph/Chart)
- Table 56: French Historic Perspective for Video Conferencing by Product Segment/ Technology -Systems (IP & ISDN), and Services (IP, ISDN &Others) Markets Independently Analyzed withAnnual Sales Figures in US$ Million forYears 2003 through 2008 (includescorresponding Graph/Chart)
- Table 57: French 15-Year Perspective for Video Conferencing by Product Segment/ Technology -Percentage Breakdown of Dollar Sales for Systems(IP & ISDN), and Services (IP, ISDN & Others)Markets for Years 2003, 2010 & 2017 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart)
- 14b. GERMANY
- A. Market Analysis
- Current and Future Analysis
- Market Overview
- Competition
- Key End-Users
- Strategic Corporate Development
- B. Market Analytics
- Table 58: German Recent Past, Current & FutureAnalysis for Video Conferencing by Product Segment / Technology - Systems (IP & ISDN), and Services (IP,ISDN & Others) Markets Independently Analyzedwith Annual Sales Figures in US$ Million forYears 2009 through 2017 (includescorresponding Graph/Chart)
- Table 59: German Historic Perspective for Video Conferencing by Product Segment/ Technology -Systems (IP & ISDN), and Services (IP, ISDN &Others) Markets Independently Analyzed withAnnual Sales Figures in US$ Million forYears 2003 through 2008 (includescorresponding Graph/Chart)
- Table 60: German 15-Year Perspective for Video Conferencing by Product Segment/ Technology -Percentage Breakdown of Dollar Sales for Systems(IP & ISDN), and Services (IP, ISDN & Others)Markets for Years 2003, 2010 & 2017(includes correspondingGraph/Chart)
- 14c. ITALY
- A. Market Analysis
- Current and Future Analysis
- Overview
- Competitive Structure
- Strategic Corporate Development
- B. Market Analytics
- Table 61: Italian Recent Past, Current & FutureAnalysis for Video Conferencing by Product Segment / Technology - Systems (IP & ISDN), and Services (IP,ISDN & Others) Markets Independently Analyzed with Annual Sales Figures in US$ Million for Years 2009through 2017 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart)
- Table 62: Italian Historic Perspective for VideoConferencing by Product Segment/ Technology -Systems (IP & ISDN), and Services (IP, ISDN &Others) Markets Independently Analyzed withAnnual Sales Figures in US$ Million forYears 2003 through 2008 (includescorresponding Graph/Chart)
- Table 63: Italian 15-Year Perspective for VideoConferencing by Product Segment/ Technology -Percentage Breakdown of Dollar Sales for Systems(IP & ISDN), and Services (IP, ISDN & Others)Markets for Years 2003, 2010 & 2017 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart)
- 14d. THE UNITED KINGDOM
- A. Market Analysis
- Current and Future Analysis
- Market Overview
- Price Declines Promote Market Growth
- Competition
- Product Launches
- Strategic Corporate Developments
- BT Conferencing - A Key Player
- B. Market Analytics
- Table 64: UK Recent Past, Current & Future Analysisfor Video Conferencing by Product Segment /Technology - Systems (IP & ISDN), and Services (IP,ISDN & Others) Markets Independently Analyzedwith Annual Sales Figures in US$ Million forYears 2009 through 2017 (includescorresponding Graph/Chart)
- Table 65: UK Historic Perspective for Video Conferencingby Product Segment/Technology - Systems (IP & ISDN),and Services (IP, ISDN & Others) Markets Independently Analyzed with Annual Sales Figures in US$ Millionfor Years 2003 through 2008 (includescorresponding Graph/Chart)
- Table 66: UK 15-Year Perspective for Video Conferencingby Product Segment/ Technology - Percentage Breakdownof Dollar Sales for Systems (IP & ISDN), and Services(IP, ISDN & Others) Markets for Years 2003,2010 & 2017 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart)
- 14e. SPAIN
- A. Market Analysis
- Current and Future Analysis
- Market Overview
- Market Constraints
- Low Levels of Computer Literacy
- Low Internet Penetration Rates
- Competition
- B. Market Analytics
- Table 67: Spanish Recent Past, Current & FutureAnalysis for Video Conferencing by Product Segment / Technology - Systems (IP & ISDN), and Services (IP,ISDN & Others) Markets Independently Analyzedwith Annual Sales Figures in US$ Million forYears 2009 through 2017 (includescorresponding Graph/Chart)
- Table 68: Spanish Historic Perspective for Video Conferencing by Product Segment/ Technology -Systems (IP & ISDN), and Services (IP, ISDN &Others) Markets Independently Analyzed withAnnual Sales Figures in US$ Million for Years 2003through 2008 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart)
- Table 69: Spanish 15-Year Perspective for Video Conferencing by Product Segment/ Technology -Percentage Breakdown of Dollar Sales for Systems(IP & ISDN), and Services (IP, ISDN & Others)Markets for Years 2003, 2010 & 2017 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart)
- 14f. RUSSIA
- Market Analysis
- Table 70: Russian Recent Past, Current & FutureAnalysis for Video Conferencing by Product Segment / Technology - Systems (IP & ISDN), and Services (IP,ISDN & Others) Markets Independently Analyzedwith Annual Sales Figures in US$ Million forYears 2009 through 2017 (includescorresponding Graph/Chart)
- Table 71: Russian Historic Perspective for Video Conferencing by Product Segment/ Technology -Systems (IP & ISDN), and Services (IP, ISDN &Others) Markets Independently Analyzed withAnnual Sales Figures in US$ Million forYears 2003 through 2008 (includescorresponding Graph/Chart)
- Table 72: Russian 15-Year Perspective for Video Conferencing by Product Segment/ Technology -Percentage Breakdown of Dollar Sales for Systems(IP & ISDN), and Services (IP, ISDN & Others)Markets for Years 2003, 2010 & 2017(includes corresponding Graph/Chart)
- 14g. REST OF EUROPE
- A. Market Analysis
- Current and Future Analysis
- Regional Market Perspective
- Portugal
- Belgium
- The Netherlands
- Scandinavian Market (Norway, Finland, Denmark, Sweden)
- Market Boosters
- Growth Deterrents
- Competition
- Product Launches
- Strategic Corporate Developments
- Select Players
- TANDBERG (Norway)
- Logitech International S.A. (Switzerland)
- B. MARKET ANALYTICS
- Table 73: Rest of Europe Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Video Conferencing by Product Segment / Technology - Systems (IP & ISDN), and Services (IP,ISDN & Others) Markets Independently Analyzed with Annual Sales Figures in US$ Million for Years 2009through 2017 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart)
- Table 74: Rest of Europe Historic Perspective forVideo Conferencing by Product Segment/ Technology - Systems (IP & ISDN), and Services (IP, ISDN &Others) Markets Independently Analyzed with AnnualSales Figures in US$ Million for Years 2003through 2008 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart)
- Table 75: Rest of Europe 15-Year Perspective for Video Conferencing by Product Segment/ Technology -Percentage Breakdown of Dollar Sales for Systems(IP & ISDN), and Services (IP, ISDN & Others)Markets for Years 2003, 2010 & 2017(includes corresponding Graph/Chart)
- 15. ASIA-PACIFIC
- A. Market Analysis
- Current and Future Analysis
- Market Trends
- High Definition (HD) Systems Drives Endpoint Market Growth
- Rising IP Services Stimulates Infrastructure Markets for Video Conferencing
- Demand for Quality Video Conferencing Increases as Wireless Industry Flourishes
- Demand for Infrastructure Products Increases
- Video Conferencing Industry Consolidates
- Vendors Opt Indirect Distribution Channel
- Market Share Statistics:
- Table 76: Visual Collaboration Market inAsia-Pacific (2010): Percentage Market Share Breakdown of Leading Players - Polycom, Tandberg, and Others (includes corresponding Graph/Chart)
- Regional Market Perspective
- Australia
- Table 77: Video Conferencing Market in Australia (2012F): Percentage Share Breakdown of Revenuesby Segment (includes corresponding Graph/Chart)
- China
- Chinese Market - Video Conferencing Taken by the Banking Sector
- Hong Kong
- India
- Overview
- Demand Comes from Various Quarters
- Competition
- Table 78: Video Conferencing Market in India(2011): Percentage Market Share Breakdownof Leading Players - Polycom, Tandberg, andOthers (includes correspondingGraph/Chart)
- Product Launches
- Strategic Corporate Developments
- ZTE Corporation (China) - A Key Player
- B. Market Analytics
- Table 79: Asia-Pacific Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Video Conferencing by Product Segment / Technology - Systems (IP & ISDN), and Services (IP,ISDN & Others) Markets Independently Analyzedwith Annual Sales Figures in US$ Million forYears 2009 through 2017 (includescorresponding Graph/Chart)
- Table 80: Asia-Pacific Historic Perspective for Video Conferencing by Product Segment/ Technology -Systems (IP & ISDN), and Services (IP, ISDN &Others) Markets Independently Analyzed withAnnual Sales Figures in US$ Million forYears 2003 through 2008 (includescorresponding Graph/Chart)
- Table 81: Asia-Pacific 15-Year Perspective for Video Conferencing by Product Segment/ Technology -Percentage Breakdown of Dollar Sales for Systems(IP & ISDN), and Services (IP, ISDN & Others)Markets for Years 2003, 2010 & 2017(includes correspondingGraph/Chart)
- 16. LATIN AMERICA
- A. Market Analysis
- Current and Future Analysis
- Competitive Scenario
- Table 82: Video Conferencing Market inLatin America (2012F): Percentage ShareBreakdown of Revenues by Segment(includes corresponding Graph/Chart)
- Strategic Corporate Development
- Telefonica Empresas Selects Video-Conferencing Solution of Movius
- B. Market Analytics
- Table 83: Latin American Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Video Conferencing by Product Segment / Technology - Systems (IP & ISDN), and Services (IP,ISDN & Others) Markets Independently Analyzedwith Annual Sales Figures in US$ Million forYears 2009 through 2017 (includescorresponding Graph/Chart)
- Table 84: Latin American Historic Perspective forVideo Conferencing by Product Segment/ Technology - Systems (IP & ISDN), and Services (IP, ISDN &Others) Markets Independently Analyzed withAnnual Sales Figures in US$ Million forYears 2003 through 2008 (includescorresponding Graph/Chart)
- Table 85: Latin American 15-Year Perspective forVideo Conferencing by Product Segment/ Technology - Percentage Breakdown of Dollar Sales for Systems(IP & ISDN), and Services (IP, ISDN & Others)Markets for Years 2003, 2010 & 2017 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart)
- 17. REST OF WORLD
- A. Market Analysis
- Current and Future Analysis
- Product Launches
- Strategic Corporate Developments
- Select Players
- VCON (Israel)
- RADVISION Ltd (Israel)
- B. Market Analytics
- Table 86: Rest of World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Video Conferencing by Product Segment / Technology - Systems (IP & ISDN), and Services (IP,ISDN & Others) Markets Independently Analyzedwith Annual Sales Figures in US$ Million forYears 2009 through 2017 (includescorresponding Graph/Chart)
- Table 87: Rest of World Historic Perspective for Video Conferencing by Product Segment/ Technology -Systems (IP & ISDN), and Services (IP, ISDN &Others) Markets Independently Analyzed withAnnual Sales Figures in US$ Million forYears 2003 through 2008 (includescorresponding Graph/Chart)
- Table 88: Rest of World 15-Year Perspective for Video Conferencing by Product Segment/ Technology -Percentage Breakdown of Dollar Sales for Systems(IP & ISDN), and Services (IP, ISDN & Others)Markets for Years 2003, 2010 & 2017 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart)
- Competitive Landscape
- Total Companies Profiled: 90 (including Divisions/Subsidiaries - 113)Region/Country PlayersThe United States
- Canada 3Japan 4Europe
- France
- Germany
- The United Kingdom
- Italy
- Spain
- Rest of Europe 8
- Asia-Pacific (Excluding Japan) 19
- Middle-East 5
AbstractThis report analyzes the worldwide markets for Video Conferencing in US$ Million by the following Segments/Technologies: Systems (IP Systems & ISDN Systems), and Services (IP Services, ISDN Services, & Other Services). The report provides separate comprehensive analytics for the US, Canada, Japan, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, and Rest of World. Annual estimates and forecasts are provided for the period 2009 through 2017. A six-year historic analysis is also provided for these markets. The report profiles 90 companies including many key and niche players such as Alcatel-Lucent SA, AT&T Inc., Avaya, Inc., BT Conferencing, Cisco Systems, Inc., TANDBERG, VCON, Global Crossing Limited, Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd., Logitech International S.A, Polycom, Inc., ADVISION Ltd., Sony Electronics Inc., Sprint Nextel Corporation, Verizon Business, VTEL Products Corporation Inc., West Corporation, InterCall, Inc., and ZTE Corporation. Market data and analytics are derived from primary and secondary research. Company profiles are mostly extracted from URL research and reported select online sources.
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