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Microgrids - Islanded Power Grids and Distributed Generation for Community, Commercial, and Institutional Applications

Published by: Pike Research

Published: Oct. 26, 2009 - 90 Pages


Table of Contents



1. Executive Summary

2. Market Issues

2.1 Community and Commercial Microgrids


2.2 What is a Microgrid?


2.2.1 Distributed Generation


2.2.2 Micro-Storage Options


2.2.3 Islanding Inverters


2.2.4 Smart Switch Devices


2.2.5 Load and Generation Controls


2.2.6 Other Grid Integration Products


2.3 The Business Case for Microgrids


2.4 Microgrid Architectures


2.4.1 Community/Utility Microgrids


2.4.2 Commercial/Industrial/Campus Microgrids


2.4.3 Remote “Off-Grid” Microgrids


2.5 Current Market Opportunities


2.5.1 Shortcomings of the Status Quo


2.5.2 Premium Power


2.5.3 NIMBY


2.5.4 Terrorist Threats


2.5.5 Extreme Weather and Natural Disasters


2.5.6 Needs of Developing Countries


2.6 Implementation Issues


2.6.1 IEEE Standards


2.6.2 Lack of Standard “Plug-and-Play” Offerings


2.6.3 Lack of Comprehensive and Coordinated Incentives/Policies


2.6.4 Eroding Utility Market Share


2.6.5 Security


3. Technology Issues

3.1 RDEG and DEG Technology Overview


3.1.1 Solar Photovoltaic


3.1.2 Small Wind Turbines


3.1.3 Fuel Cells


3.1.4 Fossil DEG Technologies


3.1.5 Commercialization Time Horizon


3.2 Energy Storage for Microgrids


3.2.1 Battery Technologies


3.2.1.1 Lead-Acid Batteries


3.2.1.2 Sodium Sulfur Batteries


3.2.1.3 Flow Batteries


3.2.1.4 Lithium-Ion Batteries


3.2.2 Other Micro Storage Microgrid Options


3.2.2.1 Flywheels


3.2.2.2 Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage


3.2.2.3 Supercapacitors


3.2.2.4 Commercialization


3.3 Inverter Technologies


3.3.1 History


3.3.2 Basic Principles


3.3.3 Pros and Cons


3.3.4 Types


3.3.5 Commercialization Time Horizon


3.3.6 Cost


3.3.7 Efficiency


3.3.8 Reliability


3.3.9 Scalability


3.3.10 Availability


3.4 Microgrids


3.4.1 History


3.4.2 Basic Principles


3.4.3 Pros and Cons


3.4.4 Types


3.4.5 Commercialization Time Horizon


3.4.6 Cost


3.4.7 Efficiency


3.4.8 Reliability


3.4.9 Scalability


3.4.10 Availability


4. Key Industry Players

4.1 Electric Utilities


4.1.1 American Electric Power


4.1.2 Sacramento Municipal Utility District


4.2 Large Major Brand Players


4.2.1 General Electric


4.2.2 IBM


4.3 Inverter Innovations


4.3.1 SMA Solar Technology


4.3.2 Silent Power, Inc.


4.4 CHP/Inverter Islanding Systems: CERTS Technology


4.4.1 Tecogen


4.5 Non-Utility Microgrid Innovations


4.5.1 Balance Energy


4.5.2 Non-Synchronous Energy Electronics, LLC


4.6 Energy Storage Innovators


4.6.1 ZBB Energy Corp


4.7 Smart Switches


4.7.1 S&C Electric


4.8 Storage Providers


4.8.1 Infotility


5. Market Forecasts

5.1 Electricity and Smart Grid Trends


5.2 Microgrid Barriers and Incentives


5.2.1 Barriers


5.2.2 Incentives


5.3 Microgrid Overview


5.4 RDEG Technologies


5.4.1 Solar PV


5.4.2 Small Wind


5.4.3 Fuel Cells


5.5 Micro Storage Applicable to Microgrids


5.5.1 Batteries


5.5.1.1 Lead Lead-Acid Batteries


5.5.1.2 Sodium Sulfur Batteries


5.5.1.3 Flow Batteries


5.5.1.3.1 Vanadium Redox Batteries


5.5.1.3.2 Zinc Bromide Batteries


5.5.1.4 Lithium-Ion Batteries


5.5.2 Other Micro Storage Microgrid Options


5.5.2.1 Flywheels


5.5.2.2 SMES


5.5.2.3 Supercapacitors


5.6 Inverters


5.6.1 Solar PV Inverters


5.6.2 Small Wind Inverters


5.6.3 Fuel Cell Inverters


5.6.3.1 Global Overview


5.6.3.2 North America


5.6.3.3 Europe


5.6.3.4 Asia Pacific


5.6.3.5 Rest of World


5.7 Microgrid Segments


5.7.1 Grid-Tied Community/Utility Microgrids


5.7.1.1 Case Study: FortZED


5.7.1.2 Global Overview


5.7.1.2.1 North America


5.7.1.2.2 Europe


5.7.1.2.3 Asia Pacific


5.7.1.2.4 Rest of World


5.7.2 Commercial/Industrial (Multiple Owners)


5.7.2.1 Case Study: The Aomori Project


5.7.2.2 Global Overview


5.7.2.2.1 North America


5.7.2.2.2 Europe


5.7.2.2.3 Asia Pacific


5.7.2.2.4 Rest of World


5.7.3 Institutional/Campus


5.7.3.1 Case Study: Illinois Institute of Technology


5.7.3.2 Global Overview


5.7.3.2.1 North America


5.7.3.2.2 Europe


5.7.3.2.3 Asia Pacific


5.7.3.2.4 Rest of World


5.7.4 Remote “Off-Grid” Microgrids


5.7.4.1 Case Study: Bella Coola


5.7.4.2 Global Overview


5.7.4.2.1 North America


5.7.4.2.2 Europe


5.7.4.2.3 Asia Pacific


5.7.4.2.4 Rest of World


5.7.5 Military Microgrids


5.7.5.1 Case Study: Twentynine Palms Marine Base


5.7.5.2 Global Overview


5.7.5.2.1 North America


5.7.5.2.2 Europe


5.7.5.2.3 Asia Pacific


5.7.5.2.4 Rest of World


6. Company Directory

7. Acronym and Abbreviation List

8. Table of Contents

9. Table of Charts and Figures

10. Scope of Study, Sources and Methodology, Notes


List of Charts and Figures

Microgrid Capacity, World Markets: 2010-2015

Annual RDEG Technologies Capacity Additions, World Markets: 2007-2013

Microgrid Capacity, World Markets: 2010-1015

Microgrid Capacity by Deployment Type, World Markets: 2010-2015

Market Sector Revenue Breakdown, North America: 2015

Market Sector Revenue Breakdown, Europe: 2015

Market Sector Revenue Breakdown, Asia Pacific: 2015

Market Sector Revenue Breakdown, Rest of World: 2015

Transmission Capacity Lags Behind Demand Growth

Super Grids versus Microgrids

PQR Hierarchy

Microgrid Architectures

Distributed Energy Resources Lower Reliability Costs

Conventional and Microgrid Paradigms

Inverter Conversion Wave Forms

Microgrid Energy Flows from Fuels to End Uses

Remote Microgrid Market Opportunity

Microgrid Payback Periods and Market Penetration

NSEE Stamford, Connecticut Microgrid Architecture

Total Energy Use by 2050

Capacity Growth Through 2050

Global Smart Grid Growth Spending Trends

States with Utility Revenue Decoupling

States with Net Metering Policies

States with Real-Time Pricing or Time-of-Use Rates

Navigant Microgrid Scenarios

Fisher-Pry S Curve for Microgrids

Microgrid Portion of U.S. CHP Market

Inverter Revenue Forecast, World Market: 2009-2015

Aomori Project Architecture

ITT Perfect Power Prototype

Bella Coola Off-Grid Architecture

GE’s Military Microgrid Architecture

Microgrids SWOT Analysis

Cost Projections for Energy Storage Technologies ($/kW)

Revenue Forecasts for Energy Storage Technologies ($ Millions)

Inverter Price per Watt Projections

American Electric Power SWOT Analysis

Sacramento Municipal Utility District SWOT Analysis

General Electric SWOT Analysis

IBM SWOT Analysis

SMA Solar Technology SWOT Analysis

Silent Power SWOT Analysis

Tecogen SWOT Analysis

Balance Energy SWOT Analysis

Non-Synchronous Energy Electronics SWOT Analysis

ZBB Energy SWOT Analysis

S&C Electric SWOT Analysis

Infotility SWOT Analysis

Feed-In Tariff Rates, Europe and Asia

List of Tables

Microgrid Global Capacity, World Markets: 2009-2015

Annual Growth of Microgrid Capacity, World Markets: 2010-2015

Microgrid Segmentation by Deployment Type, World Markets: 2009-2015

Annual Growth of Microgrid Markets, World Markets: 2010-2015

Microgrid System Revenue, World Markets, 2010-2015

Microgrid System Prices, World Markets: 2010-2015

Inverter Capacity, World Markets: 2009-2015

Annual Growth of Inverter Capacity, World Markets: 2010-2015

Inverter Installed Price, World Markets: 2009-2015

Inverter Revenue, World Markets: 2009-2015

Abstract

A variety of trends are converging to create promising market opportunities for microgrids, particularly in the United States. The fundamental architecture of today’s electrical grid, which is based on the idea of a top-down system predicated on unidirectional energy flows, is growing increasingly obsolete. This outmoded infrastructure poses risks to grid reliability and security, and could hinder the adoption of renewable power generation. Microgrids are being driven in part by the broader push to create a Smart Grid that will add intelligence and automation to the electricity infrastructure while facilitating the integration of renewable energy resources, electric vehicles, and greater customer control over energy consumption. In part, however, the microgrid is an alternative vision to a highly integrated “Super Grid” — microgrid proponents are advocating deployments where a community, corporation, or institutional entity can operate autonomously from the larger grid infrastructure.

Pike Research forecasts that over 3 GW of new microgrid capacity will come on line globally by 2015, representing a cumulative investment of $7.8 billion. North America will be the largest market for microgrids during that period, capturing 74% of total industry capacity. In North America, the largest category will be instutional microgrids, followed by commercial/industrial and community grids. In other regions, however, the story is different and we expect community microgrids to be the largest category in Europe and Asia Pacific.

This Pike Research report analyzes and forecasts five major segments of the emerging microgrid market: Community/Utility Microgrids, Commercial/Industrial, Institutional/Campus, Remote Off-Grid Systems, and Military Microgrids. It assesses key technologies that are integral to microgrid deployments including distributed energy generation (both renewables and fossil fuels), energy storage, and inverters. The report also includes in-depth analysis of key players in the nascent microgrid ecosystem, including identification of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats for key competitors as well as case studies for each category of deployment. Five-year forecasts provide quantification of the market opportunity in North America, Europe, and Asia Pacific.

Key questions addressed:
  • What is a “microgrid” and what are its key components and features?
  • Why are inverters the key advance enabling microgrids to develop today despite opposition from many electric utilities?
  • What are the key market drivers at the policy level - and why does the United States have the best near-term market opportunity?
  • Why are microgrids inevitable if investments in a smart grid are accompanied by a paradigm shift from central station to distributed generation supply sources?
  • Who are the big players - and new technology vendors - in the microgrid space, and what is their key role in developing this new energy market?
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