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Negotiating the Emerging Biosimilars Landscape: Key Developments in the Regulatory Environment

Published by: Business Insights

Published: Feb. 1, 2009 - 224 Pages


Table of Contents


Executive Summary

Chapter 1: Biosimilars and the biosimilars industry

Chapter 2: Factors affecting market access for biosimilars

Chapter 3: The European position on biosimilars

Chapter 4: The United States’ position on biosimilars

Chapter 5: Position on biosimilars: China and India

Chapter 5: Position on biosimilars: other geographic regions




Chapter 1 Biosimilars and the biosimilars industry

Summary

Introduction and Overview

Biotechnology in Healthcare and the Biotechnology Industry

Biosimilars: terminology, definitions and nomenclature

Biosimilars definitions and terminology

Structure of the healthcare based Biotechnology Industry

The pharmaceutical-biopharmaceutical relationship

Emergence of the biopharmaceutical sector

Biopharmaceutical sales by therapeutic area and leading companies

Biopharmaceutical sales by therapeutic area

Leading biopharmaceutical companies

Characteristics and strategy of the biopharmaceutical industry

Strategic alliances, joint ventures and mergers

High technology and intellectual property issues

High venture capital investment

High risk and costs associated with drug development

Challenges and major Issues

The threat from biosimilars

Erythropoietins (EPOs).

Interferons

Human Insulin and Insulins Analogues

Monoclonal antibodies (MAb)

Lack of regulatory guidelines and legislation controlling biosimilars

Product complexity of biopharmaceuticals

Differences in immunogenicity

Differences in processing and manufacturing




Chapter 2 Factors affecting market access for biosimilars

Summary

Introduction

Market dynamics

Market drivers influencing biosimilars approval, use and uptake

Emergence of biosimilars as patents of leading biopharmaceuticals expire

Biosimilars predicted to reduce global healthcare costs

Advances in manufacturing and proving equivalence provide new impetus to manufacturers

Lower priced biosimilars enable greater patient coverage and market penetration

EMEA legislation relating to biosimilars sets standard for market development of biosimilars in Europe

Market restraints influencing biosimilars approval, use and uptake

Political lobbying by branded companies

Resistance to substitution of products from pharmacists, physicians and patients

R&D and commercialization of second generation biopharmaceuticals by innovator companies

Manufacturing issues related to bioequivalence and substitutability of branded biopharmaceuticals

Biosimilars: The cost and complexity of development

Lack of legislation restricts growth of biosimilars in the United

States

Determining the bioequivalence or essential similarity of biosimilars

Proving equivalence of therapeutic proteins

Glycosylation

Mammalian cell culture processes

Glyco-engineered yeast cell lines

Proving equivalence of the end product

Opinions from originator companies and supporting associations

Opinions from generic manufacturers and supporting associations

Demonstrating therapeutic equivalence

Assays for confirming the presence of antibodies

Assays for dissecting the specificity of antibodies

Neutralization assays




Chapter 3 European position on biosimilars

Summary

European regulation on biosimilars

EU legal and regulatory framework for biosimilar products

Creation of the European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products

(EMEA)

Directive 2001/83/EC

Directive 2003/63/EC

Directive 2004/27/EC

Regulatory framework for biosimilars in Europe

Principle European guidelines

EU specific guidelines on biosimilars (quality & clinical and non clinical issues)

EU product specific guidelines on biosimilars

Concerns over regulatory, clinical and marketing issues

Prohibition of automatic substitution of biosimilars in European countries

National interpretations and implementation of the “Bolar Clause”

Patient, pharmacist and physician acceptability of biosimilars

Reimbursement of biosimilars in Europe




Chapter 4 United States position on biosimilars

Summary

Regulation and legislation affecting follow-on biologics in the US

Historical background and current legislation in the US

Historic legislative developments for biosimilars in the US

Recent congressional legislation

Access to Life-Saving Medicine Act (H.R. 1038/S.623)

Patient Protection and Innovative Biologic Medicines Act (H.R. 1956)

S.1695 The Biologics Price Competition and Innovation Act of 2007

The Pathways for Biosimilars Act (H.R. 5629)

The Federal Trade Commission reviews biosimilars and competition (Notice Billing Code: 6750-01-S)

The future outlook for biosimilars in the USA




Chapter 5 Position on biosimilars: China and

India

Summary

China

Healthcare regulation and legislation in China

The Chinese biopharmaceutical and biosimilar industry

Regulation and legislation of biologicals in China

India

Healthcare regulation and legislation in India

Establishment of the Central Drug Authority (CDA)

Improvements to the administration of biotechnologies in India

The biopharmaceutical and biosimilar industry in India

Regulation and legislation of biologicals in India




Chapter 6 Position on biosimilars: other geographic regions

Summary

Australia

Regulation and legislation affecting biopharmaceuticals in Australia

Regulatory approval process for medicines in Australia

Regulatory approval process for biosimilars in Australia

Canada

Regulation and legislation affecting biopharmaceuticals in Canada

Regulatory approval process for medicines in Canada

Current position on subsequent entry biologics in Canada

Interim regulatory status of sebs in Canada

Japan

Healthcare regulation and legislation in Japan

Restructuring of principle regulatory agencies in Japan

Major changes to pharmaceutical laws enacted April 2005

The biopharmaceutical and biosimilar industry in Japan.

Current position on follow-on biologicals (fobs) or biosimilars




Chapter 7 Appendix

Methodology statement

Primary Data and Information Gathering

Secondary data and information gathering

Market share analysis and market forecast predictions

Definitions of Product-Life Cycle stages

Glossary of abbreviations and acronyms

Glossary of Terms

Index




List of Figures

Figure 1.1: Evolution of the biopharmaceutical corporation

Figure 1.2: Comparison of global sales by biopharmaceutical class 2007

Figure 1.3: Challenges and Issues Affecting the Biopharmaceutical Industry

Figure 1.4: Predicted market share of multiple sclerosis drugs (2007-2017)

Figure 1.5: Estimated last patent expiry dates of selected proteins

Figure 2.6: Impact of second generation biopharmaceuticals on erythropoietin market development (2000-2006)

Figure 2.7: The process of determining therapeutic equivalence

Figure 2.8: Analytical techniques used to physicochemically characterize complex glycoproteins

Figure 3.9: Structure of the EMEA

Figure 3.10: Timeline of EU guidelines on biosimilars

Figure 4.11: Timeline of US guidelines on follow-on-biologics

Figure 5.12: Biopharmaceutical and pharmaceutical sales revenue in China (2005)




List of Tables

Table 1.1: Terminology used to describe generic biopharmaceuticals

Table 1.2: Top 20 Pharmaceutical companies ranked by revenue (2007)

Table 1.3: Top 10 Biopharmaceutical companies ranked by revenues (2007)

Table 1.4: Biopharmaceutical sales by therapeutic area, 2007

Table 1.5: Top 10 biopharmaceutical companies biopharmaceutical sales $m (2003-2007) by ATC3, therapeutic products

Table 1.6: Top 10 biopharmaceutical companies sales $m (2003-2007) by ATC3, therapeutic products

Table 1.7: Interferons on the market and patent expiries

Table 1.8: Multiple sclerosis drugs on the market and patent expiries

Table 1.9: Recombinant insulin products on the market and patent expiries

Table 1.10: Summary of key structural data for selected therapeutic protein products

Table 1.11: Comparison of biopharmaceuticals versus chemical low molecular weight drugs

Table 2.12: Approved biosimilars EMEA and recommended authorizations

Table 2.13: Productivity increases over the last 20 years in mammalian cell culture

Table 2.14: Physicochemical characterization methodology of non-glycosylated proteins

Table 3.15: Summary of biosimilar overarching guideline (EMEA/CHMP/437/04)

Table 3.16: General EU guidelines on biosimilars

Table 3.17: Summary of Biosimilar Quality Guideline (EMEA/CHMP/49348/05)

Table 3.18: Summary of Biosimilar Non Clinical Guideline (EMEA/CHMP/42832/05)

Table 3.19: Summary of Biosimilars (non) Clinical Guideline Principles for EMEA/CHMP/42832/05

Table 3.20: EU product specific guidelines on biosimilars

Table 3.21: EU revisions to product specific guidelines on biosimilars

Table 5.22: Major biosimilars in China

Table 5.23: Major biosimilar manufacturers in China

Table 5.24: Top 60 Chinese-Owned Biopharmaceutical Companies (Part 1)

Table 5.25: Top 60 Chinese-Owned Biopharmaceutical Companies (Part 2)

Table 5.26: Top 60 Chinese-Owned Biopharmaceutical Companies (Part 3)

Table 5.27: Major biosimilar manufactures based in India

Table 5.28: Major Biosimilars and Manufacturers in India

Abstract

As regulatory obstacles to biosimilars development have become increasingly resolved, a growing number of opportunities have been created for generics companies in the biopharmaceutical market, which according to IMS data was valued at $85.9 billion in 2007. Conservative projections estimate that sales of biopharmaceutical products will exceed $135 billion by 2011. With some of the earliest biopharmaceuticals having already lost patent protection, the originators of biopharmaceutical products are facing intense competition from generics developers. In response, originators are resorting to a range of defensive tactics, including the reformulation of existing products to improve efficacy, the implementation of more efficient delivery systems and the pursuit of high-level intellectual property (IP) battles.

‘Negotiating the Emerging Biosimilars Landscape’ is a new report published by Business Insights that examines the structure of the biopharmaceutical industry and the strategic approaches taken to alleviate the threat posed by the biosimilar market. The key factors affecting market access within the biosimilars market are assessed and the latest issues surrounding bioequivalence are examined. This report also provides a comprehensive review of the current legislative and regulatory positions of key geographic regions in addition to evaluating their anticipated future legislative changes and outcomes.

Key Findings

European Union guidelines have been prepared which authorise the use of specific therapeutic biopharmaceutical medicines as biosimilars. However, despite the range of current European guidelines produced by the EMEA, many European governments have issued laws prohibiting the automatic substitution of original products.

No approval pathway for biosimilars (FOB) exists in the USA, and one is unlikely to exist before 2010. A complex range of Acts and Bills have failed to resolve a number of outstanding legal and regulatory issues.

India’s biopharmaceutical industry is projected to grow to almost $5 billion by the end of 2010, representing annual growth in excess of 30%. However, despite WTO membership and recent advances in compliance with international regulatory/intellectual property laws, there remains no formal regulatory framework for biosimilars in India or China.

Health Canada has not yet publicly announced a legal or regulatory framework for biosimilar approval, and no legal framework for biosimilars currently exists in Japan. New regulatory frameworks and biosimilar guidelines are currently under development in both countries.

Use this report to...
  • Identify and respond to the challenges and threats posed by the emergence of the biosimilars industry with this report’s examination of key trends and strategic approaches used by the biopharmaceutical industry to protect market share and intellectual property.
  • Examine details of expired patents or impending patent expiries for first-gen biopharmaceuticals derived from recombinant DNA such as interferons, human insulin and insulin analogs, monoclonal antibodies (Mab) growth hormone and epoietins.
  • Evaluate the legislative and regulatory requirements for biosimilars across key geographic regions including Europe, the US, Japan, Australia, Canada as well as the strategically important emerging markets of China and India.
  • Assess the factors affecting biosimilar market access with this report’s analysis of the drivers and restraints to biosimilar approval, use and uptake, in addition to an investigation of the problems associated with determining bioequivalence.
Explore issues including...

Impending patent expiries. The critical challenge facing the biopharmaceutical industry is the expiry or pending expiry of patents for first generation biopharmaceuticals derived from recombinant DNA such as interferons, growth hormone and epoietins.

Defensive strategies. As part of efforts to protect the market share of products with impending patent expiries, originator biopharmaceutical companies have begun to protect intellectual property and engage in strategic alliances, joint ventures and mergers between themselves and major pharma companies.

Geographical disparities in biosimilar legislation. Different geographic regions have varying legislative approaches to the regulation and/or approval of biosimilars. Such discrepancies often lead to misunderstandings and can result in complexity and complication during the approval process.

Discover...
  • Which biopharmaceutical companies are at risk from product patent expires?
  • What is the status of the analytical techniques used for determining bioequivalence?
  • What tactics prove most effective for originator biopharmaceutical companies who wish to protect their market position?
  • What effect the market entry of second generation biopharmaceuticals by originator companies have on the biosimilars market?
  • What are the growth drivers and restraints of the biosimilars market?
  • How are global healthcare costs influenced by biosimilar market entry prospects?
  • What is the current legislative and regulatory status of biosimilars in Europe and the US?
  • How will China and India influence the biopharmaceutical and biosimilars market in the future?


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