Indian Bio fuels

Published by: Cygnus Business Consulting and Research

Published: May. 7, 2007 - 135 Pages

Table of Contents

Executive Summary

Section 1: BioFuels

1. Introduction to Biofuel

1.1 Global Energy Requirements

1.2 Indian Energy Needs

1.3 Demand and Supply of Oil for Energy: Indian Scenario

1.3.1 Demand

1.3.2 Supply

1.4 Biofuels: A Definition

2. Biodiesel

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Physical and Chemical Properties

2.2.1 Density/Specific Gravity

2.3 Quality Standards and specifications

2.4 Important Biodiesel Parameters

2.5 Performance of Biodiesel

2.6 Technical Overview of Bio Diesel

3. Biofuel Benefits

3.1 Economic Benefits

3.2 Environmental Benefits

3.3 Emissions

3.4 Energy Security Benefits

4. Production of Biodiesel

4.1 Raw Materials

4.1.1 Oil

4.2 The Quality of Raw Material

4.2.1 Vege Table Oil

4.2.2 Animal fats

4.2.3 Waste vege Table oils

4.2.4 Esters of vege Table oil

4.2.5 Alcohol

4.2.6 Catalyst

4.3 Production of Biodiesel

4.4 Production Process

4.5 Batch vs. Continuous Process Technology

4.5.1 Batch Systems

4.5.2 Continuous Systems

4.5.3 Hybrid Systems

4.6 Steps involved in Base-Catalyst Method

4.6.1 Pyrolysis

4.6.2 Micro-emulsification

4.6.3 Dilution

4.6.4 Transesterification

4.6.5 The Process and Variables during Transesterification

4.5.6 Ratio of alcohol to oil

4.5.7 Catalyst type and concentration

4.5.8 Purity of reactants

4.7 The General Production Flow of Biodiesel

4.8 Bioethanol

4.8.1 Physical properties

4.9 Chemical properties

4.9.1 Acid-base chemistry

4.9.2 Nucleophilic substitution

4.9.3 Etherification

4.9.4 Dehydration

4.9.5 Oxidation

4.9.6 Combustion

4.10 Testing Ethanol

4.10.1 Infrared ethanol sensors

4.10.2 Purification

4.11 Production of Ethanol

4.11.1 Raw materials

4.12 Production technology

4.12.1 Dry milling process technology

4.12.2 Wet milling process

4.13 The manufacturing process

5. Distribution System

5.1 Blending of Esters with Diesel

5.2 Storage of Biodiesel

5.2.1 Suggestions for storing Biodiesel

5.3 Handling of Biodiesel

Section 2: Upcoming Industry

6. Biodiesel and Bioethanol

6.1 Biodiesel.

6.1.1 International Biodiesel Market

6.1.2 Global Production

6.1.3 Europe

6.1.4 The US

6.1.5 Asia

6.1.6 Australia

6.1.7 Brazil

6.1.8 Canada

6.2 International bio ethanol market

6.2.1 Global production

6.2.2 United States

6.2.3 Brazil

6.2.4 Canada

6.2.5 European Union

6.2.6 Asia

6.3 Companies in Bio fuel Industry

6.4 International Companies

6.4.1 Abengoa Bioenergy Corporation

6.4.2 AG Environmental Products LLC

6.4.3 Archer Daniels Midland Company

6.4.5 Biodiesel Industries, Inc

6.4.6 Griffin Industries, Inc

6.4.7 Petroplus International N.V

6.4.8 Southern States Power Company, Inc

6.4.9 Total S.A.

6.4.10 West Central Cooperative

6.4.11 Pacific Biodiesel

6.4.12 Canada Clean Fuels

6.4.13 ADW Plus, S.R.O

6.4.14 Soy Solutions .

6.5 Indian Companies

6.5.1 Southern Online Bio Technologies Ltd

6.5.2 Nandan Biometrix

6.5.3 Shirke Biofuel

6.5.4 Naturol Bio-Energy India Ltd

6.5.5 D1 Oil plc

6.5.6 Reliance Industries Ltd

6.5.7 Godrej Agrovet

6.5.8 Emami Ltd

6.5.9 HPCL

6.6 Indian scenario

6.6.1 Straight vege Table oils (SVO)

6.6.2 Bio-diesel

6.6.3 Bio-ethanol

6.6.4 Sugar cane

6.6.5 Sweet sorghum

7. Issues and Challenges

7.1 Infrastructure

7.2 Area Requirement

7.3 Availability of adequate feed stock

7.4 Government initiation

7.5 Pricing of the bio fuel

7.6 Product marketing and technology

7.7 Cultivation of alternate feedstock like sweet sorghum and tropical sugar beet

7.8 Crop Failure and Fuel Crisis

8. Critical Success Factor

8.1 Set-up for the Bio fuel plant

8.2 Technology

8.3 Government Support

9. Demand Drivers

9.1 Fuel Prices in International Market

9.2 Environment friendly fuels

9.3 Engine Development & Modifications

Section 3: Feasibility in India

10. Indian Scenario

10.1 Possibility of Biodiesel Production in India

10.2 Proposed Jatropha Plantation

11. Land feasibility for Jatropha Plantation

11.1 Assessment of Biodiesel Demand in India

11.1.1 The Required Raw Material Production

11.2 Area required for plantation

11.2.1 Available Land

12. Cost Estimation of Producing Biodiesel

12.1 Cost estimation

12.1.1 Pre-Plantation Cost

12.1.2 Cultivation cost

12.1.3 Oil Extraction Cost

12.1.4 Cost of Esterification

12.1.5 Other costs

12.2 Estimated Operating profit per ton of Biodiesel

12.3 By-products

13. Framework of Launching Biodiesel in India

13.1 Plantation Sector

13.2 Production Sector

13.3 Marketing and Trade

13.4 Research and Development

13.4.1 Selected Biodiesel R&D Projects at Indian organisation

14. Government of India Initiative in Plantation: National Mission on Biodiesel

14.1 Objective of the mission

14.2 Phase I Demonstration Phase (2003 2007)

714.2.1 Micromission on Plantation on Forest Lands

14.2.2 Micromission on Plantation on Non-forest Lands

14.2.3 Micromission on Plantation on other Lands

14.2.4 Micromission on Procurement of Seed and Oil Extraction

14.2.5 Micromission on Transesterification, Blending and Trade

14.2.6 Micromission on R&D

14.3 Phase II - Self sustaining Expansion of Biodiesel Programme (2007 2012)

14.4 The Coverage and Area

14.4.1 Developing agro-technologies for different agro-climatic regions

14.4.2 Oil Quality

14.4.3 Biocatalyst

14.4.4 Utilization of By-products

15. Regulating Biodiesel in India

15.1 Proposed Biodiesel Specifications for India

Appendix

1. Available Biodiesel production technologies

2. Production Capacity Installed: Country-wise 126

3. Indian and European Vehicle Emission Norms

4. Indian and European Vehicle Emission Norms Heavy Duty Vehicles

5. Comparison of Indian and European Diesel Specifications

6. Comparison of different Methyl Esters compared to Diesel

8. Jatropha: An Introduction 129

Bibliography

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1: Global Energy Demand (in Mtoe)

Figure 1.2: Developing Countries Requirement Increasing

Figure 1.3: Oil Demand (in Mtoe)

Figure 4.1: Process Output Levels/Process Input Levels

Figure 4.2: The General Production Flow of Biodiesel

Figure 4.3: Flow diagram for conversion of biomass to ethanol by the NREL (National Renewable Energy Laboratory) process SSF (Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation)

Figure 6.1: Global Biodiesel Production

Figure 6.2: Leading ethanol producing nations (2004-2005)

Figure 6.3: US Ethanol Demand & Production

Figure 9.1: Price (US$/barrel)

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1.1: Future demand for diesel

Table 2.1: Biodiesel Specifications

Table 2.2: US Biodiesel Standards

Table 4.1: Oil Producing Crops

Table 6.1: Biodiesel Production (in thousand MT)

Table 6.2: Biofuels Companies (In Alphabetical Order)

Table 11.1: Assessment of Biodiesel Demand in India

Table 11.2: Biodiesel Production Per Unit Area

Table 11.3: Jatropha Area Required

Table 11.4: Available Land

Table 11.5: Area under JFM & Social Forestry

Table 12.1: Manpower Requirement

Table 12.2: Pre-Planting Cost

Table 12.3: Seed Production Cost

Table 12.4: Production Unit Requirement for oil extraction (single machine)

Table 12.5: Cost of Jatropha Oil per litre

Table 12.6: Jatropha Oil Requirement for Biodiesel

Table 12.7: Variable Cost / ton

Table 12.8: Plant Fixed Cost

Table 12.9: Cost estimation for Esterification

Table 12.10: Expected Profit

Table 14.1: Coverage of Area under National Mission on Biodiesel

Table 15.1: Fuel Properties considered

Table 15.2: Summary of Proposed BIS Standard for Biodiesel

Abstract

• The member countries of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) will remain the leading consumers of energy
• India is the world sixth largest consumer of energy
• India oil and gas reserves, however, are not enough to meet its current needs leave alone future requirements.
• Biofuels is among the alternate fuels that have caught the attention of policy makers and entrepreneurs in recent years.
• Biodiesel is chemically a mono-alkyl ester of long chain fatty acids derived from vegetable oils or animal fats.

• Understand the opportunities and uses of biodiesal
• Get thorough knowledge about biofuels and its constituents along with the uses.
• Understand the current need and future requirement in energy sector

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