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GPS Mobile Phones: The Privacy And Regulatory Issues

Published by: ARCchart

Published: Feb. 1, 2008 - 80 Pages


Table of Contents


A. INTRODUCTION TO GPS PHONES

A.1 Introduction

A.2 Drivers for GPS phones

E911

E112 and eCall

Privacy

A.3 How GPS works

Technical features

GPS Ephemeris and Almanac

C/A code

P(Y) code

Navigation Message

Differential GPS (DGPS)

A.4 Future GPS developments

IIR-M and IIF

GPS III

A.5 Other GPS-type networks

Galileo

Galileo navigation systems

GLONASS (Global Navigation Satellite System)

QZSS - Japan

Compass - China

IRNSS - India

A.6 Cellular location technologies

A.7 Assisted GPS

A-GPS standards

Cellular/A-GPS hybrids

A.8 Other location techniques

Cell tower databases

Wi-Fi location finding

RFID and Bluetooth

A.9 GPS receiver design

Qualcomm gpsOne

Single chip GPS from TI

Global Locate and Infineon

GPS SIM from BlueSky Positioning

A.10 GPS phone examples

Examples of specialist GPS ‘phones’

A.11 Handset implementations of LBS

Java

Windows Mobile

Symbian

BREW

Browser

A.12 Network location platforms

Open Location Standards

Examples of location platform products

B. PRIVACY IMPLICATIONS FOR COMMON LBS APPLICATIONS

B.1 Market background for LBS

B.2 Active and passive services

B.3 Abuse of location information

B.4 Personal security

Roadside Assistance

Weather Warning

Child Finders

E 911 /E112

Healthcare

GeoFencing

B.5 Gaming/Education

Interactive Gaming

GeoCaching

B.6 Enterprise

Fleet Management/ Asset Monitoring

Personnel Productivity

Customer Service

Lone worker protection

B.7 Navigation

City Guides

Mobile Yellow Pages

Turn-by-turn navigation

Traffic reroute

B.8 Social networking

Buddy Groups

Dating

Geo-tagging and blogging

B.9 Commerce

Mobile Coupons

Location Based Billing

B.10 Government

Homeland Security

Military

B.11 Summary

C. MANAGING LOCATION PRIVACY

C.1 Legal and regulatory approaches

International regulation - OECD

EU directives

Extract From the Privacy and Electronic Communications Regulation 2003 EC Directive

National legislation and regulation

China

Japan

UK

US

C.2 National industry self-regulation

China

Japan

UK

Child location services

Adult/friend location services

Mobile games supported by location services

Corporate location services

Summary

US

CTIA Location Privacy Principles

C.3 Techniques for managing location privacy

Consent

Anonymization

Spatial cloaking

Temporal cloaking

Location perturbation

Pseudonyms

Information-minimizing

User privacy profiles

D. RECOMMENDATIONS

D.1 Regulation and self-regulation

Technology neutrality

Avoid piecemeal regulation

Emergency calling

Codes of practice

Passive services

D.2 Service Design

Privacy by design

Users in control

User interfaces

User education

Moderate UGC

E. MARKET FORECASTS

E.1 Forecasts for GPS phone volumes

E.2 Forecasts for selected location-enabled applications




List of Figures

Figure A-1: Constellation of 31 medium earth orbit GPS satellites

Figure A-2: Nokia N95 GPS phone

Figure A-3: Motorola/ Nextel i580 ruggedised GPS phone

Figure A-4: The MobiCare GPS phone and monitoring device from Argyll Telecom

Figure A-5: The MaxCare location and alerting device from Argyll Telecom

Figure A-6: LG Migo GPS phone aimed at young children

Figure A-7: Role of the GeoMobility Server

Figure A-8: Architecture of the GeoMobility Server

Figure A-9: Openwave Location Manager: Commercial Edition

Figure A-10: Openwave Location Manager: Emergency Edition (GSM)

Figure A-11: Xypoint Location Platform from TCS

Figure C-1: LBS anonymization function

Figure E-1: GPS phone shipments 2008-12 - worldwide

Figure E-2: GPS phone shipments 2008-12 - by region

Figure E-3: Total installed base of GPS phones in use 2008-12 - worldwide

Figure E-4: Total installed base of GPS phones in use 2008-12 - by region

Figure E-5: Users of location-enabled personal security applications 2008-

Figure E-6: Users of location-enabled gaming applications 2008-

Figure E-7: Users of location-enabled enterprise applications 2008-

Figure E-8: Users of location-enabled navigation applications 2008-12

Figure E-9: Users of location-enabled social networking applications 2008-12

Figure E-10: Users of location-enabled commerce applications 2008-12




List of Tables

Table A-1: Summary of GPS frequency bands

Table A-2: GPS error sources

Table A-3: Comparison of mobile location methods

Table A-4: Comparison of GPS modes

Table A-5: GPS performance metrics for GSM and CDMA assisted GPS

Table B-1: Use of location information in different LBS applications

Table C-1: OECD guidelines on data privacy

Abstract

Annual shipments of GPS-enabled phones will grow rapidly over the period 2008-2012. ARCchart predicts that by 2012, GPS phones will account for 37% of all shipments (535 million).The number of users of mobile location services accessed via GPS phones is also expected to grow strongly. ARCchart predicts that by 2012 the worldwide user base of the most popular location-enabled services, navigation and mobile social networking, will reach 150 and 127 million respectively. This growth in the availability of handset location information (LI) raises many questions about the degree to which users can be protected from potential abuses of their LI.

In this report, ARCchart examines the market for GPS phones, location finding techniques, legal and regulatory implications of GPS phones and technologies available for managing location privacy. ARCchart’s analysis of the emerging LBS market reveals that there is a potential for serious abuses of location privacy in cases where the use of location information has not been adequately regulated.

Topics of coverage include:
  • A review of positioning technologies that allow handsets to be located
  • Descriptions of the main types of LBS applications: personal security, navigation, education & gaming, enterprise, social networking, commerce and Government
  • Analysis of the legal, regulatory and technological mechanisms available for the protection of location privacy
  • Examination of existing government regulation in selected countries/regions
  • Discussion of various industry initiatives and codes of practice
  • Recommendations for regulators, operators and LBS providers to ensure protection of personal location information
  • Forecasts for annual GPS phone shipment and total installed base of GPS handsets
  • Forecast for user numbers of the main types of LBS applications


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