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Adjuvants and Additives

Published by: Informa Healthcare

Published: Dec. 1, 2006 - 241 Pages


Table of Contents


CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Historical background
1.2 Scope of report
1.3 Formulation additives and adjuvants
1.4 Delivery systems for pesticide formulations
CHAPTER 2 CROP PROTECTION PRODUCT FORMULATIONS
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Formulation Objectives, Guidelines and International Codes
2.3 Conventional Formulations (Old Technology)
2.3.1 Dusts (DP)
2.3.2 Wettable Powders (WP)
2.3.3 Granules (GR)
2.3.4 Solution Concentrates (SL)
2.3.5 Emulsifiable Concentrates (EC)
2.4 Safer Formulations (New Technology)
2.4.1 Suspension Concentrates (SC)
2.4.2 Oil-in-water Emulsions (EW)
2.4.3 Capsule Suspensions (CS)
2.4.4 Water Dispersible/Soluble Granules (WG/SG)
CHAPTER 3 SURFACTANT ADDITIVES FOR FORMULATIONS
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Types of surfactants
3.2.1 Anionic Surfactants
3.2.1.1 Alkylbenzene sulphonates
3.2.1.2 Alkyl naphthalene sulphonates
3.2.1.3 Alcohol sulphates
3.2.1.4 Ether sulphates
3.2.1.5 Alkyl sulfosuccinates
3.2.1.6 Sulphonated naphthalene /formaldehyde condensates
3.2.1.7 Lignosulphonates
3.2.1.8 Polycarboxylates
3.2.1.9 Olefin sulphonates
3.2.1.10 Phosphate ethoxylates
3.2.1.11 Tristyrylphenol phosphates and sulphates
3.2.1.12 Taurates
3.2.2 Nonionic surfactants
3.2.2.1 Alkylphenol ethoxylates (APE)
3.2.2.2 Tristyrylphenol (TSP) ethoxylates
3.2.2.3 Alcohol ethoxylates
3.2.2.4 Aliphatic acid ethoxylates (PEG esters)
3.2.2.5 Sorbitan esters and ethoxylates
3.2.2.6 Castor oil ethoxylates
3.2.2.7 Amine ethoxylates
3.2.2.8 Polymeric surfactants
Block copolymers
“Comb” / graft copolymers
3.2.2.9 lkylpolyglycosides (APG)
3.2.2.10 Organosilicones
3.2.2.11 Cetylenic diols
3.2.3 Cationic Surfactants
3.2.3.1 Quaternary ammonium compounds
3.2.3.2 Amine salts
3.2.3.3 Amine oxides
3.2.3.4 Amine ethoxylates with low EO content
3.2.4 Amphoteric surfactants
3.3 Properties of surfactants
3.3.1 Adsorption and lowering of surface and interfacial tension
3.3.2 Micelle formation
3.3.3 Liquid crystal formation
3.3.4 Cloud point of nonionic surfactants
3.3.5 Krafft Point
3.4 Surfactant products and suppliers
CHAPTER 4 OTHER ADDITIVES FOR FORMULATIONS
4.1 Carriers and fillers
4.2 Solvents
4.3 Antisettling agents
4.3.1 Montmorillonite (Bentonite) Clay Minerals
4.3.2 Fumed silica
4.3.3 Polysaccharides
4.4 Antifreeze agents
4.5 Antifoam and defoamer
4.6 Polymers
4.7 Preservatives
4.8 Sequestrants
CHAPTER 5 TANK-MIX ADJUVANTS
5.1 Adjuvants for bioenhancement
5.2 Adjuvants to improve application properties (utility adjuvants)
5.3 Adjuvant Terminology
5.3.1 Activator
5.3.2 Wetting and spreading
5.3.3 Sticker
5.3.4 Extenders
5.3.5 Humectant
5.3.6 Compatibility agent
5.3.7 Antidrift agents
5.3.8 Antifoam/defoaming agents
5.3.9 Buffering agents
5.3.10 Inverting agents
5.3.11 Sequestering agents
5.3.12 Inorganic salts
5.4 Oil-based adjuvants
5.4.1 Crop oils
5.4.2 Crop oil concentrates (COC)
5.4.3 Properties of mineral oils used as adjuvants
5.4.4 Vegetable oils used as adjuvants
5.5 Overview of adjuvants used in tank mixes: information provided by Allen Underwood of Helena Chemical Company, Memphis, TN, US. Allen Underwood is an Executive Committee Member of the ISAA
CHAPTER 6 MODE OF ACTION OF ADJUVANTS
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Atomisation
6.3 Transport to target
6.4 Droplet impaction
6.5 Wetting and Spreading
6.6 Drying of droplets and deposit effects
6.7 Uptake and translocation
6.7.1 Contribution from Terry Grayson (retired), formerly with Shell Agrochemicals, Sittingbourne, UK
6.7.2 Contribution from Allen Underwood, Helena Chemical Company, Memphis, TN, US and Executive Committee Member of the ISAA
6.7.3 Contribution from David Stock of Syngenta, Jealott’s Hill, UK and Executive Committee Member of the ISAA
6.7.4 Contribution from Hans de Ruiter, SURfaPLUS, the Netherlands and Executive Committee Member of the ISAA
6.7.5 Contribution from Per Kudsk, Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Denmark
6.8 Biological effect
6.9 Spray tank problems
CHAPTER 7 FUTURE TRENDS IN ADDITIVES AND ADJUVANTS
7.1 Safer formulation developments
7.2 Safer Additive and Adjuvant Developments
7.3 Biopesticides
7.3.1 Introduction
7.3.2 New biopesticides
7.3.3 Formulations and adjuvants
7.4 International Society for Agrochemical Adjuvants (ISAA)
7.4.1 Objectives ISAA
7.4.2 Organisation and membership
7.4.3 ISAA 2004 - Adjuvant use expands in new areas
7.4.3.1 New products
7.4.3.2 Spray drift
7.4.3.3 Herbicides
7.4.3.4 Insecticides/fungicides
7.5 Expert Views on Future Developments in Formulation and Adjuvant Technology
7.5.1 Contribution from Alan Knowles, FORM-AK Ltd, Formulation Consultancy Services, UK
7.5.2 Contribution from David Stock, Syngenta UK, and Exectutive Committee Member of the ISAA
7.5.3 Contribution from Hans de Ruiter, SURfaPLUS Netherlands, and Executive Committee Member of the ISAA
7.5.4 Contribution from Allen Underwood, Helena Chemical Company, US and Executive Committee Member of the ISAA
CHAPTER 8 REGULATION OF ADDITIVES AND ADJUVANTS
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Regulation of pesticide products in the European Union
8.2.1 Plant Protection Products Directive in EU
8.2.2 EU pesticide review programme
8.2.3 Regulation procedures for additives and tank mix adjuvants in EU countries
8.2.3.1 Belgium
8.2.3.2 Denmark
8.2.3.3 France
8.2.3.4 Germany
8.2.3.5 The Netherlands
8.2.3.6 Spain
8.2.3.7 Sweden
8.2.3.8 UK
8.2.3.9 ECPA queries plans for new Directive 91/414 Annexes
8.2.3.10 Phase-out of nonylphenol ethoxylate surfactants
8.2.3.11 Report on registration and use of tank mix adjuvants in nine EU countries
8.2.4 REACH Regulations
8.3 Regulation of pesticide products in US and Canada
8.3.1 Background
8.3.2 Categorisation of inerts
8.3.3 FQPA
8.3.4 Regulatory situation in individual states
8.3.4.1 California
8.3.4.2 Washington State
8.3.4.3 Other states
8.3.5 Adjuvant standards and certification
8.3.6 Canada
8.4 Regulation of pesticide products in other countries
8.4.1 Australia
8.4.2 Latin America
8.4.2.1 ANDEAN countries
8.4.2.2 Argentina
8.4.2.3 Brazil
8.4.2.4 Chile
8.4.2.5 Mexico
8.4.3 Asia
8.4.3.1 China
8.5 Moves towards harmonisation of regulation
8.5.1 Agrochemical data supply network mooted
8.5.2 Asia
8.5.3 Middle East
CHAPTER 9 GLOBAL MARKET FOR ADJUVANTS FOR AGROCHEMICALS
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Global market for agrochemicals
9.3 Global markets for adjuvants and additives
9.3.1 Global market
9.3.2 US market
9.3.2.1 Trends in US adjuvant markets
9.3.3 Europe
9.3.4 South Africa
9.3.5 Market value of surfactants used in adjuvants
CHAPTER 10 COMPANY NEWS AND PROFILES
10.1 Company News
10.1.1 Exwold and Crack merge (May 2006)
10.1.2 Croda takes over Uniqema (June 2006)
10.1.3 BASF takes over Englehard (June 2006)
10.1.4 Nufarm/Micap in micro-encapsulation deal (July 2006)
10.1.5 De Sangosse acquires Loveland (February 2005)
10.2 UK suppliers of adjuvants
10.3 Company profiles
10.3.1 Akzo Nobel Surface Chemistry AB
10.3.2 Clariant
10.3.3 Cognis
10.3.4 Croda
10.3.5 De Sangosse Ltd
10.3.6 FORM-AK Ltd
10.3.7 Helena Chemical Company
10.3.8 Huntsman LLC
10.3.9 Interagro (UK) Ltd
10.3.10 Intracrop
10.3.11 Lankem Ltd,
10.3.12 NPFC
10.3.13 Rhodia
10.3.14 Stepan Company
10.3.15 SURfaPLUS BV
10.3.16 Uniqema
REFERENCES


Abstract

Estimates put the agrochemical adjuvant market value in the order of US$1 billion for 2001 and it is generally estimated to have risen to about US1.5 billion in 2005.This report is a comprehensive analysis of all aspects of crop protection product formulation and the use of additives and adjuvants in formulations and as tank mixes.

Key coverage
  • Discover the regulatory environment for registering and commercialising adjuvants around the world
  • Analyse the full range of adjuvants and additives on the market
  • Make fully informed business decisions using detailed intelligence
  • Identify new competitors and opportunities with independent data
  • Monitor competitor activity and identify key industry developments
Market data
The report features a review of every type of adjuvant, an explanation their function and commercial examples.You can also analyse recent company mergers and takeovers and profiles of 16 international companies involved in the industry.

Forecasts
Future trends towards safer formulations, additives and adjuvants in crop protection are provided as well as predictions made by our expert panel (see below).

Key Findings & Issues
  • Overviews of the current state-of-the-art surfactants and adjuvants are given supported by 4 leading industry experts and Executive Committee Members of the organising committee for the International Symposium on Adjuvants for Agrochemicals (ISAA).
  • There is a trend towards understanding the mode of action of adjuvants on crops and this topic is discussed fully.
  • Increasing attention is being turned to the regulation of additives and adjuvants, this report reviews the situation in the EU, US, Canada, Australia, Latin America and China with explanations of why some products are banned and alternative inerts.
Who should read this report?
Job titles:
  • Senior Executives, Business Development and Regulatory professionals or those responsible for strategy competitor intelligence and market research.
Industry types:
  • Adjuvants & Additives
  • Agrochemical R&D
  • Suppliers, manufacturers, distributors.
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