Lithium Mobile Power 1st Edition: Advances in Lithium Battery Technologies for Mobile Applications

Published by: Knowledge Foundation

Published: Apr. 1, 2007 - 430 Pages

Table of Contents

Chapter 1

Improved High Performance Medium Size Li Ion Batteries for Professional and Military Applications

Michel Broussely, PhD, Scientific Director SAFT/SBG, SAFT Battery Company, France*

Besides the wide utilization of small portable Li ion batteries for consumer applications such as mobile phones, laptops PC etc., there is a need to serve mobile military, medical or professional use with cells satisfying specific requirements such as larger energy, higher reliability, longer life, wider temperature range, better safety, etc. SAFT has been manufacturing for more than 5 years a range of Medium Prismatic cells (MP) to address this market. Through continuous R&D efforts, a new generation of improved cells is now being proposed. Both technical features and benefits for the users will be described. *In collaboration with: J.F.Cousseau, N.Vigier, O.Girard, and A.Brenier

Chapter 2

Lithium Ion Batteries for Space Applications

Ratnakumar Bugga, PhD, Senior Member Technical Staff, Electrochemical Technologies Group, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory*

Planetary missions require rechargeable batteries with unique performance characteristics, i.e., high specific energy, wide operating temperature and demonstrated reliability and safety. At JPL, we have undertaken material developmental studies, specifically on cathodes and electrolytes, to enhance the specific energy and wide range of operating temperature. Results of these studies will be presented here. *In collaboration with: M.Smart, J.Whitacre, W.West

Chapter 3

Varta PoLiFlex High Energy Lithium Polymer Batteries

Arno Perner, PhD, VARTA Microbattery GmbH, Germany*

VARTA Microbattery GmbH is developing new generation of lithium polymer batteries VARTA PoLiFlex�. New insights on cathode, separator and electrolyte and their influence on the cells properties (safety, energy density and cycle behavior) will be presented. Issues of separator mechanical stability above 150�C, and "shut down" above 100�C; electrolyte formulation; ultimate balance of swelling, safety (overcharge) and electrical performance at temperatures from -20 to 60�C will be addressed. Some of the electrolyte additives that improve overcharge characteristic and swelling characteristics at elevated temperatures will be discussed. *In collaboration with: D. Ilic, T. W�hrle, P. Haug

Chapter 4

High Energy Density Batteries Enabled by Protected Lithium Metal Anodes

Steven J. Visco, PhD, Vice President of Research, PolyPlus Battery Company*

A unique universal lithium metal electrode has been developed at PolyPlus Battery Company that enables the development of a variety of new battery chemistries including those having aqueous catholytes. The lithium metal electrode is chemically isolated from the liquid electrolyte in the cathode (catholyte) and this protected anode exhibits negligible self-discharge, even when placed in aqueous catholytes over periods of several months. Here we describe the development of lithium/air and lithium/seawater batteries based on protected Li anodes. PolyPlus is developing Li/Air cells that should exceed 1000 Wh/kg and 1000 Wh/l and Lithium/Seawater batteries that should achieve greater than 3000 Wh/kg and 3000 Wh/l when fully engineered. *In collaboration with: E.Nimon, B.Katz, M.-Y.Chu, and L.De Jonghe

Chapter 5

High Temperature Lithium Batteries

Jason Zhang, PhD, Chief Technology Officer, Excellatron Solid State LLC

Most existing rechargeable batteries on the market have significant capacity fade at a temperature more than 60�C. Excellatron's thin film batteries have demonstrated excellent temperature stability. They can operate within the temperature range from -40�C to 150�C. These batteries have been charged/discharged for more than 200 cycles with ~20% capacity loss at 150�C. This unique feature has great potential for many applications, including high temperature sensor for semiconductor industry, oil drilling, and space applications.

Chapter 6

Recent Application in the Field of High Energy and High Power Batteries

Kazunori Ozawa, PhD, President and CEO, Enax Inc., Japan

Lithium ion batteries are overwhelming the world of mobile electronics. One of the reasons for this is that they have higher energy density compared to other batteries. However, intense efforts are underway to improve this technology to take advantage of new opportunities like the automotive market. This will require higher energy and higher power and will be achieved by using more suitable materials for cathode, anode, electrolyte and separator. This will also address the key issues of safety, price, the use of environmentally friendly materials, increasing the stability and cycle life, reducing self-discharge and improving high temperature performance. Since the production scale will be huge for the automobile market, the material resources should be also considered.

Chapter 7

Lithium Iron Phosphate: Science, Technology and Application

M. Stanley Whittingham, PhD, Professor and Director, Institute for Materials Research, SUNY at Binghamton

Lithium Iron Phosphate has seen a remarkable rise in prominence in the last two years from a scientific curiosity to mobile power application. This insulating, tunnel structure compound faced challenges of both ionic and electronic conductivity that are now being overcome. Its inherent low cost and high safety makes it the ideal answer to many mobile as well as static applications, where high energy density, high power and light weight are needed. These include power tools, e-bikes and potentially hybrid electric vehicles. It could provide an answer to most consumer applications of the environmentally sensitive Ni/Cd batteries. There still remain a number of scientific and engineering challenges, which are being discussed.

Chapter 8

Understanding Electrode Processes in Lithium Ion Batteries through Thermodynamics

Rachid Yazami, PhD, Director, CNRS-CALTECH International Laboratory on Materials for Electrochemical Energetics, California Institute of Technology

Many recent advances in electrochemical storage and conversion technology are directly attributable to discovery and integration of new materials for battery components. Lithium-ion battery technology continues to rapidly develop due to the integration of novel cathode and anode materials for these systems. In this presentation we will show a new methodology called "Entropymetry" that allows for unique characterizations of new electrode materials including nanostructured metal anode and nano-phosphate cathode materials.

Chapter 9

Passive, Active, or Hyperactive? - The Electrolyte in Lithium Ion Batteries

Martin Winter, Prof Dr, Institute for Chemistry & Technology of Inorganic Materials, Graz University of Technology, Austria

Despite the large reactivity of the electrodes with the electrolyte, lithium and lithium ion batteries can operate quite well, because properly composed electrolytes allow the formation of interphases which drastically reduce the reactivity, the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) being a very prominent example. In other words: though basically just serving as "passive" ion transport medium, the electrolyte has a very "active" role in reality, because the battery would lack sufficient performance and safety without proper interphase formation. This presentation will discuss the active, sometimes hyperactive role of the electrolyte in rechargeable lithium and lithium ion batteries. Particular attention will be devoted to anode/electrolyte failure mechanisms and how they can be overcome.

Chapter 10

Novel Nonaqueous Electrolytes for Li-Ion Batteries

Sheng S. Zhang, PhD, Sensors and Electron Devices Directorate, U.S. Army Research Laboratory

A reaction-type of electrolyte additives, lithium bis(oxalato)borate (LiBOB) and aromatic isocyanate, was studied to improve the formation of solid electrolyte interface/interphase (SEI) on the surface of graphite anode. Their mechanisms to facilitate SEI formation are different from those of the conventional additives such as vinylene carbonate. In addition, partially fluorinated phosphite with P(III) was used to stabilize LiPF6 for the operation and storage of Li-ion batteries at high temperatures. This presentation will report their improvements and discuss the mechanisms of these additives.

Chapter 11

Structural Changes of New Cathode Materials Relating to the Thermal Stability and Low Temperature Performance Studied by Synchrotron Based X-ray Techniques

Xiao-Qing Yang, PhD, Chemistry Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory

In order to understand thermal degradation of the electrodes in Li-ion cells, we have monitored the structural changes of the charged cathode material in the presence of electrolyte using time resolved X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results from a series of nickel based, layer structured cathode materials are reported in this presentation in comparison with other intercalation cathode materials such as LiMn2O4 and LiFePO4. The effects of electrolyte, as well as the chemical contents and the surface coating on the thermal stability will be discussed. Studies on the structural changes of LiCo1/3Mn1/3Ni1/3O2 and LiFePO4 cycled at different rates at various temperatures using synchrotron based X-ray absorption and X-ray diffraction techniques will be reported. The relationship between the structural changes and the low temperature performance of the cathode materials will also be discussed.

Chapter 12

Safety Issues for Li-Ion Cells

E. Peter Roth, PhD, Advanced Power Sources R&D Department, Sandia National Laboratories

Li-ion cells are increasingly used in commercial applications ranging from small portable electronic devices to large modules for hybrid-electric vehicles. The extent of these applications depends on the perceived and real safety performance of these cells. We will present the latest safety performance data on several Li-ion chemistries during abuse testing under such conditions as over-temperature and overcharge. We will discuss the fundamental mechanisms affecting abuse tolerance and the future of new cell chemistries.

Chapter 13

Investigation of Capacity Degradation Mechanisms of Li-Polymer Batteries

Jim P. Zheng, PhD, Professor of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Florida A&M University and Florida State University

Lithium polymer battery was investigated at various cycling states using ac impedance spectroscopy and electron microscopy analysis. An equivalent circuit model applied to ac impedance spectra data show that with extended cycling there is a relatively large increase in solid electrolyte interfacial and charge transfer resistances after a few hundred cycles. SEM analysis on the carbon electrode shows that with continuous cycling, sub-micro size particles are deposited on the carbon electrode surface.

Chapter 14

Commercial Cell Evaluation and Capacity Fade Quantification

Bor Yann Liaw, PhD, Specialist, Hawaii Natural Energy Institute*

To develop effective battery management systems, it is pivotal to conduct viable testing and quantification of battery performance characteristics. Two major issues often need to be addressed are: state of charge (SOC) and state of health (SOH). Currently, the state-of-the-art approaches use sophisticated mathematical models and numerical treatments to derive algorithms to predict SOC and sometimes SOH. Despite those differences that might exist among various approaches, the fundamental issue of how to determine SOC and SOH remain unsolved. This presentation will discuss how the SOC and SOH should be determined in the commercial cell evaluation and testing so correct data can be gathered and interpreted properly. *In collaboration with: M.Dubarry, and R.Hwu

Chapter 15

Electro Energy's Entry into Commercial Lithium Ion Batteries

Michael E. Reed, President and CEO, Electro Energy, Inc.

Lithium ion battery technology has emerged as the dominant energy storage choice for mobile applications. Electro Energy has acquired significant manufacturing assets in Gainesville, Florida to establish a position as a domestic supplier of lithium ion cylindrical cells and its proprietary bipolar wafer cells. Further developments in materials and safety will enable expanded use in large format applications. Electro Energy plans to participate in this development and commercialization.

Chapter 16

Saphion� Technology Solutions for Lithium Ion Type Applications

James R. Akridge, PhD, President and CEO, Valence Technology, Inc.

Valence Technology, Inc. (NASDAQ: VLNC) is a commercial supplier of battery modules, battery management systems and fuel gauges for large and medium format packs for applications in motive, backup, remote and standby power needs employing Valence's phosphate based Saphion� technology. Valence has proprietary technology in both vanadium and iron based phosphate chemistry. Discussion will focus on the characteristics of phosphate based cathode technology and its application in the commercial space that bring solutions encompassing applications that require safety, excellent shelf life, power delivery, and long cycle life.

Chapter 17

PANEL DISCUSSION: Lithium Batteries and Fuel Cells Technologies: Different Problems - Common Solutions

Facilitator: M. Stanley Whittingham, PhD, Professor and Director, Institute for Materials Research, SUNY at Binghamton

Panelists: K.M. Abraham, KEM-Sciences, James R. Akridge, Valence Technology, Inc., Michel Broussely, SAFT Batteries, Zhigang Qi, Plug Power, Inc.

Chapter 18

Features and Comparison of Medium to High Temperature Fuel Cells across the Types and Applications

Zhigang Qi, PhD, Fellow, Plug Power, Inc.

Proton-exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is regarded as a low temperature fuel cell because it typically operates at a temperature lower than 100�C. Phosphoric acid (H3PO4) fuel cell (PAFC) can operate at temperatures up to 220�C, and is a medium temperature fuel cell. Molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) has an optimal operating temperature of 650�C, while solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) runs at up to 1000�C, and they are called high temperature fuel cells. Due to the vast difference in the operating temperatures, the medium to high temperature fuel cells differ from the PEMFC significantly. This work shop presentation will outline the fundamental principles, membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs) and plates, advantages and disadvantages, technical challenges, and system architectures of medium to high temperature fuel cells. Comparison will be made among PAFCs, MCFCs and SOFCs, and to PEMFCs.

Chapter 19

Advancements in Chemical Hydride-Based Fuel Cell Systems for Portable Applications

Mohammad Enayetullah, PhD, Vice President, Advanced Technology, Protonex Technology Corporation

Chemical hydrides show great promise for portable, on-demand hydrogen generation. PEM fuel cell systems integrated with chemical hydride fueling subsystems are able to meet aggressive performance targets, including requirements for high energy density and durability. Programs currently underway at Protonex are focused on developing fully integrated power solutions fueled by chemical hydrides for solider power, unmanned systems and portable power generation.

Chapter 20

The Impact of Air Systems Efficiency on The PEM FC Stack, Its Sizing and Its Costs

Ski Milburn, CEO & CTO, VAIREX Corporation

Chapter 21

PANEL DISCUSSION: PEM Fuel Cell Commercialization: Opportunities & Challenges

Facilitator: James C. Cross III, Vice President of Technology, Nuvera Fuel Cells

Panelists: Simon J.C. Cleghorn, W.L.Gore & Associates, Inc., Nancy Garland, U.S. Department of Energy, Christopher Hebling, Fraunhofer ISE, Ski Milburn, VAIREX Corp., Sathya Motupally, UTC Fuel Cells

Abstract

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