Lithium Mobile Power 2006- The 2nd Conference on Advances in Lithium Battery Technologies for Mobile Applications: Lithium Ion & Lithium Polymer

Published by: Knowledge Foundation

Published: Dec. 1, 2006 - 410 Pages

Table of Contents

8:15 Registration, Exhibit Viewing /Poster Setup, Coffee and Pastries

Application Driven Lithium Battery Development

9:00 The Search for Future Batteries for Mobile Power

K.M. Abraham, PhD, Chief Technology Officer, E-KEM Sciences

The past two decades have seen impressive advances in rechargeable battery technologies although their progress has not kept pace with the advances in microelectronics. It is often asked if an empirical relation akin to Moore’s Law popular in microelectronics can be formulated for guiding the progress of rechargeable battery technologies. The prospect for creating a counterpart of Moore’s Law for rechargeable batteries depends on gaining a clear understanding of the factors governing the energy, power and rechargeability of practical batteries. Modest advances in energy density and significant advances in power density can be made through battery engineering of existing systems whereas significant advances in energy density and cycle life rest with discovering new electrode materials and optimally engineering them. Some useful guidelines to search for very high energy density rechargeable lithium batteries will be discussed.

9:30 The Implications of All-Day Mobile Computing

Don J. Nguyen, PhD, Power Technologist, Mobile Product Group, Intel Corporation; and

Ameet Bhansali, PhD, Director, Business Development, Mobility Sector, Intel Capital, Intel Corporation

The evolution of mobile computing devices and usage models is driving the need for increasingly higher capacity batteries. Key drivers for the higher energy density requirements will be discussed. Safety and regulation considerations will be addressed. Battery pack design will need to take into account workload effects. Device-side implications and actions to support multiple energy sources will be suggested.

10:00 Impact of Emerging Lithium-Ion Technologies on Mobile Phone Applications

Ganesh Venugopal, PhD, Principal Staff Scientist, Motorola Mobile Devices, Motorola

Continued improvement in the energy density of lithium-ion batteries depends primarily on the successful implementation of novel high-capacity cathode and anode materials. This presentation will review emerging lithium-ion materials technologies and the performance improvement that they are expected to provide. The impact of these new materials on battery pack design and mobile phone power management architecture will also be discussed.

10:30 Refreshment Break, Exhibit/Poster Viewing

11:00 Development of Advanced Lithium-Ion Battery Pack for Electric Vehicles - The Tesla Roadster

JB Straubel, Chief Technical Officer, Tesla Motors

The battery pack of the Tesla Roadster electric vehicle is one of the largest and technically most advanced lithium-ion battery packs in the world. It is capable of delivering enough power to accelerate the Tesla Roadster from zero to sixty miles per hour in approximately four seconds. Meanwhile, the battery stores enough energy for the vehicle to travel 250 miles on the EPA highway cycle (400 kilometers) without recharging, something no production electric vehicle in history can claim. This presentation will explain the performance advantages of Tesla’s battery pack, and discuss the basic design and testing that Tesla has gone through to assure that its battery pack can be used safely and reliably.

11:30 Improved High Performance Medium Size Li Ion Batteries for Professional and Military Applications

Michel Broussely, PhD, Scientific Director SAFT/SBG, SAFT Battery Company, France*

Besides the wide utilization of small portable Li ion batteries for consumer applications such as mobile phones, laptops PC etc., there is a need to serve mobile military, medical or professional use with cells satisfying specific requirements such as larger energy, higher reliability, longer life, wider temperature range, better safety, etc. SAFT has been manufacturing for more than 5 years a range of Medium Prismatic cells (MP) to address this market. Through continuous R&D efforts, a new generation of improved cells is now being proposed. Both technical features and benefits for the users will be described.

*In collaboration with: J.F.Cousseau, N.Vigier, O.Girard, and A.Brenier

12:00 Lithium Ion Batteries for Space Applications

Ratnakumar Bugga, PhD, Senior Member Technical Staff, Electrochemical Technologies Group, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory*

Planetary missions require rechargeable batteries with unique performance characteristics, i.e., high specific energy, wide operating temperature and demonstrated reliability and safety. At JPL, we have undertaken material developmental studies, specifically on cathodes and electrolytes, to enhance the specific energy and wide range of operating temperature. Results of these studies will be presented here.

*In collaboration with: M.Smart, J.Whitacre, W.West

12:30 Luncheon Sponsored by Wohlers & Tan - Marketing Communications for the Sciences

From Materials and Components to Systems Design and Integration

2:00 Varta PoLiFlex High Energy Lithium Polymer Batteries

Dejan Ilic, PhD, CEO, VARTA Microbattery GmbH, Germany*

VARTA Microbattery GmbH is developing new generation of lithium polymer batteries VARTA PoLiFlex™. New insights on cathode, separator and electrolyte and their influence on the cells properties (safety, energy density and cycle behavior) will be presented. Issues of separator mechanical stability above 150˚C, and “shut down” above 100˚C; electrolyte formulation; ultimate balance of swelling, safety (overcharge) and electrical performance at temperatures from -20 to 60˚C will be addressed. Some of the electrolyte additives that improve overcharge characteristic and swelling characteristics at elevated temperatures will be discussed.

*In collaboration with: A. Perner, T. Wöhrle, P. Haug

2:30 High Energy Density Batteries Enabled by Protected Lithium Metal Anodes

Steven J. Visco, PhD, Vice President of Research, PolyPlus Battery Company*

A unique universal lithium metal electrode has been developed at PolyPlus Battery Company that enables the development of a variety of new battery chemistries including those having aqueous catholytes. The lithium metal electrode is chemically isolated from the liquid electrolyte in the cathode (catholyte) and this protected anode exhibits negligible self-discharge, even when placed in aqueous catholytes over periods of several months. Here we describe the development of lithium/air and lithium/seawater batteries based on protected Li anodes. PolyPlus is developing Li/Air cells that should exceed 1000 Wh/kg and 1000 Wh/l and Lithium/Seawater batteries that should achieve greater than 3000 Wh/kg and 3000 Wh/l when fully engineered.

*In collaboration with: E.Nimon, B.Katz, M.-Y.Chu, and L.De Jonghe

3:00 High Temperature Lithium Batteries

Jason Zhang, PhD, Chief Technology Officer, Excellatron Solid State LLC

Most existing rechargeable batteries on the market have significant capacity fade at a temperature more than 60˚C. Excellatron’s thin film batteries have demonstrated excellent temperature stability. They can operate within the temperature range from -40˚C to 150˚C. These batteries have been charged/discharged for more than 200 cycles with ~20% capacity loss at 150˚C. This unique feature has great potential for many applications, including high temperature sensor for semiconductor industry, oil drilling, and space applications.

3:30 Refreshment Break, Exhibit/Poster Viewing

4:00 Recent Application in the Field of High Energy and High Power Batteries

Kazunori Ozawa, PhD, President and CEO, Enax Inc., Japan

Lithium ion batteries are overwhelming the world of mobile electronics. One of the reasons for this is that they have higher energy density compared to other batteries. However, intense efforts are underway to improve this technology to take advantage of new opportunities like the automotive market. This will require higher energy and higher power and will be achieved by using more suitable materials for cathode, anode, electrolyte and separator. This will also address the key issues of safety, price, the use of environmentally friendly materials, increasing the stability and cycle life, reducing self-discharge and improving high temperature performance. Since the production scale will be huge for the automobile market, the material resources should be also considered.

4:30 The Nano-Carbon: Potential and Practical Applications for Lithium-Ion Batteries

Raouf O. Loutfy, PhD, Director, NMIC (MER - Mitsubishi Joint Venture); and

Susumu Kataguri, Mitsubishi Corporation, Japan

A Joint Venture between MER and Mitsubishi was formed to commercialize various types of nano-carbon components for a wide variety of applications. The status of production, practical applications of nano-carbon, business model, and IP strategies of NMIC will be presented and discussed. Most recently a novel sophisticated dispersion technology was developed and introduced to enable the core technology for the commercialization of the nano-carbon. A combination of large volume availability (lower cost) and advanced dispersion technology of nano-carbon (ease of use) make it possible to practically apply these advanced materials for current and future energy applications. Practical application of NMIC’s nano-carbon for lithium energy devices systems will presented and discussed.

5:00 Selected Poster Highlights

5:30 Discussion and End of Day One

Tuesday, December 5, 2006

8:00 Exhibit/Poster Viewing, Coffee and Pastries

Novel Electrode Technologies to Improve System Performance

8:45 Lithium Iron Phosphate: Science, Technology and Application

M. Stanley Whittingham, PhD, Professor and Director, Institute for Materials Research, SUNY at Binghamton

Lithium Iron Phosphate has seen a remarkable rise in prominence in the last two years from a scientific curiosity to mobile power application. This insulating, tunnel structure compound faced challenges of both ionic and electronic conductivity that are now being overcome. Its inherent low cost and high safety makes it the ideal answer to many mobile as well as static applications, where high energy density, high power and light weight are needed. These include power tools, e-bikes and potentially hybrid electric vehicles. It could provide an answer to most consumer applications of the environmentally sensitive Ni/Cd batteries. There still remain a number of scientific and engineering challenges, and these will be discussed.

9:15 Understanding Electrode Processes in Lithium Ion Batteries through Thermodynamics

Rachid Yazami, PhD, Director, CNRS-CALTECH International Laboratory on Materials for Electrochemical Energetics, California Institute of Technology

Many recent advances in electrochemical storage and conversion technology are directly attributable to discovery and integration of new materials for battery components. Lithium-ion battery technology continues to rapidly develop due to the integration of novel cathode and anode materials for these systems. In this presentation we will show a new methodology called “Entropymetry” that allows for unique characterizations of new electrode materials including nanostructured metal anode and nano-phosphate cathode materials.

9:45 Advanced Lithium Iron Phosphates

Thorsten Lahrs, PhD, CEO, Phostech Lithium, Canada

Using lithium-ion batteries for mobile applications causes problems by not satisfying user requirements in terms of safety and cost. Lithium metal phosphates, and especially lithium iron phosphate, proved to be a way of improving upon these safety and cost problems. Depending on the manufacturing process, various grades can be achieved with quite different properties especially in terms of power and life expectancy, which are two other important parameters for successful mobile applications. Examples of initial applications will be discussed.

10:15 New Lithium Ion Batteries Using New Cathode Materials

Yukishige Inaba, Staff Engineer, Rechargeable Battery Company, Matsushita Battery Industrial Co., Ltd., Japan

Lithium ion batteries are used for key devices of the information society because of their high-density energy capacity. We have developed the new cathode materials:

1) Ni based materials as the higher energy density technology;

2) Ni-Mn-Co based materials as high reliability technology.

In this presentation, we report the electrical performance of lithium ion battery using these materials and introduce our product lineup.

10:45 Refreshment Break, Exhibit/Poster Viewing

11:15 High Energy Density Lithium Ion SuperPolymer Batteries for Transportation Applications

Sankar Das Gupta, PhD, Chairman, President & CEO, Electrovaya Inc., Canada

Electrovaya’s approach to electric transportation through the development of some unique lithium ion batteries is outlined. Demonstration of Electrovaya’s battery and drive train is described in a Smart Car application as well in a delivery Van application. In the Smart Car a 30kWh system was designed with appropriate BMS to give a range of about 200 miles. The delivery van battery capacity was about 80kWh for a 70 mile range.

11:45 Advanced High Power Battery System Based on Different Cathodes

Khalil Amine, PhD, Manager, Advanced Lithium Battery Program, Argonne National Laboratory

High-power lithium-ion batteries are promising alternatives to the nickel metal hydride (Ni-MH) batteries currently being used for energy storage in consumer electronics and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). The use of lithium-ion batteries in the HEV systems is currently limited by their calendar-life performance, thermal abuse characteristics, and cost. To address these barriers, ANL investigated high-power battery systems based on new Li1+x(Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3)1-xO2, Li1.06Mn1.94O4 and LiFePO4 systems that could offer low cost, long cycle and calendar life, and inherent safety.

12:15 Electrode Materials for High Power and Fast Charge Rate Li-ion Batteries

Ganesh Skandan, PhD, CEO, NEI Corporation

Rate capability and cyclic stability of Li-ion batteries can be enhanced by utilizing nanostructured electrode materials. We have shown that by controlling the crystallite (or particle) size, composition and the microstructure of electrode materials, it is possible to improve their rate performance and cyclability Electrochemical results on a variety of cathode (e.g., LiFePO4 and Li[Ni,Co]O2 and anode materials (e.g., Li4Ti5O12 and WO2) be discussed.

*In collaboration with: A. Singhal

12:45 Lunch on Your Own

Electrolytes - Challenges and Solutions

2:00 Passive, Active, or Hyperactive? - The Electrolyte in Lithium Ion Batteries

Martin Winter, Prof Dr, Institute for Chemistry & Technology of Inorganic Materials, Graz University of Technology, Austria

Despite the large reactivity of the electrodes with the electrolyte, lithium and lithium ion batteries can operate quite well, because properly composed electrolytes allow the formation of interphases which drastically reduce the reactivity, the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) being a very prominent example. In other words: though basically just serving as “passive” ion transport medium, the electrolyte has a very “active” role in reality, because the battery would lack sufficient performance and safety without proper interphase formation. This presentation will discuss the active, sometimes hyperactive role of the electrolyte in rechargeable lithium and lithium ion batteries. Particular attention will be devoted to anode/electrolyte failure mechanisms and how they can be overcome.

2:30 Novel Nonaqueous Electrolytes for Li-Ion Batteries

Sheng S. Zhang, PhD, Sensors and Electron Devices Directorate, U.S. Army Research Laboratory

A reaction-type of electrolyte additives, lithium bis(oxalato)borate (LiBOB) and aromatic isocyanate, was studied to improve the formation of solid electrolyte interface/interphase (SEI) on the surface of graphite anode. Their mechanisms to facilitate SEI formation are different from those of the conventional additives such as vinylene carbonate. In addition, partially fluorinated phosphite with P(III) was used to stabilize LiPF6 for the operation and storage of Li-ion batteries at high temperatures. This presentation will report their improvements and discuss the mechanisms of these additives.

3:00 Structural Changes of New Cathode Materials relating to the Thermal Stability and Low Temperature Performance Studied by Synchrotron based X-ray Techniques

Xiao-Qing Yang, PhD, Chemistry Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory

In order to understand thermal degradation of the electrodes in Li-ion cells, we have monitored the structural changes of the charged cathode material in the presence of electrolyte using time resolved X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results from a series of nickel based, layer structured cathode materials are reported in this presentation in comparison with other intercalation cathode materials such as LiMn2O4 and LiFePO4. The effects of electrolyte, as well as the chemical contents and the surface coating on the thermal stability will be discussed. Studies on the structural changes of LiCo1/3Mn1/3Ni1/3O2 and LiFePO4 cycled at different rates at various temperatures using synchrotron based X-ray absorption and X-ray diffraction techniques will be reported. The relationship between the structural changes and the low temperature performance of the cathode materials will also be discussed.

3:30 Refreshment Break, Exhibit/Poster Viewing

Safety, Degradation & Performance Studies

4:00 Safety Issues for Li-Ion Cells

E. Peter Roth, PhD, Advanced Power Sources R&D Department, Sandia National Laboratories

Li-ion cells are increasingly used in commercial applications ranging from small portable electronic devices to large modules for hybrid-electric vehicles. The extent of these applications depends on the perceived and real safety performance of these cells. We will present the latest safety performance data on several Li-ion chemistries during abuse testing under such conditions as over-temperature and overcharge. We will discuss the fundamental mechanisms affecting abuse tolerance and the future of new cell chemistries.

4:30 Investigation of Capacity Degradation Mechanisms of Li-Polymer Batteries

Jim P. Zheng, PhD, Professor of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Florida A&M University and Florida State University

Lithium polymer battery was investigated at various cycling states using ac impedance spectroscopy and electron microscopy analysis. An equivalent circuit model applied to ac impedance spectra data show that with extended cycling there is a relatively large increase in solid electrolyte interfacial and charge transfer resistances after a few hundred cycles. SEM analysis on the carbon electrode shows that with continuous cycling, sub-micro size particles are deposited on the carbon electrode surface.

5:00 Commercial Cell Evaluation and Capacity Fade Quantification

Bor Yann Liaw, PhD, Specialist, Hawaii Natural Energy Institute*

To develop effective battery management systems, it is pivotal to conduct viable testing and quantification of battery performance characteristics. Two major issues often need to be addressed are: state of charge (SOC) and state of health (SOH). Currently, the state-of-the-art approaches use sophisticated mathematical models and numerical treatments to derive algorithms to predict SOC and sometimes SOH. Despite those differences that might exist among various approaches, the fundamental issue of how to determine SOC and SOH remain unsolved. This presentation will discuss how the SOC and SOH should be determined in the commercial cell evaluation and testing so correct data can be gathered and interpreted properly.

*In collaboration with: M.Dubarry, and R.Hwu

5:30 Concluding Discussion, Closing Remarks, End of Conference

Post-Conference Workshop

Wednesday, December 6, 2006

Fuel Cells vs. Lithium Batteries

Race to Dominate the World Marketplace

8:30 Registration, Exhibit/Poster Viewing, Coffee and Pastries

9:00 Critical Role of New Materials in Electrochemical Energy Conversions

K.M. Abraham, PhD, Chief Technology Officer, E-KEM Sciences

Last two decades have seen the widespread acceptance of primary and secondary lithium batteries as major power sources for mobile consumer products. This has been made possible by revolutionary advances in electrode and electrolyte materials. Now, a paradigm shift is required in thinking about new materials for very high energy density batteries. In this context, non- aqueous metal/air systems are a new class of ultra high energy density batteries. Metal/air batteries can be thought of as hybrids of batteries and fuel cells, and they may challenge fuel cells to resolve their materials issues quickly lest they be overpowered.

9:30 Electro Energy’s Entry into Commercial Lithium Ion Batteries

Michael E. Reed, President and CEO, Electro Energy, Inc.

Lithium ion battery technology has emerged as the dominant energy storage choice for mobile applications. Electro Energy has acquired significant manufacturing assets in Gainesville, Florida to establish a position as a domestic supplier of lithium ion cylindrical cells and its proprietary bipolar wafer cells. Further developments in materials and safety will enable expanded use in large format applications. Electro Energy plans to participate in this development and commercialization.

10:00 Refreshment Break, Exhibit/Poster Viewing

10:30 Saphion® Technology Solutions for Lithium Ion Type Applications

James R. Akridge, PhD, President and CEO, Valence Technology, Inc.

Valence Technology, Inc. (NASDAQ: VLNC) is a commercial supplier of battery modules, battery management systems and fuel gauges for large and medium format packs for applications in motive, backup, remote and standby power needs employing Valence's phosphate based Saphion® technology. Valence has proprietary technology in both vanadium and iron based phosphate chemistry. Discussion will focus on the characteristics of phosphate based cathode technology and its application in the commercial space that bring solutions encompassing applications that require safety, excellent shelf life, power delivery, and long cycle life.

11:00 Battery Testing Station Showcase Demonstration:

Energy Storage and Conversion Testing Systems

Will Lovell, Arbin Instruments

The need for testing instrumentation in both battery and fuel cell markets is obvious. In these industries, professionals need particular technology to ensure safety, reliability, and quality. This is a presentation of how Arbin continues to develop solutions to the challenges posed by both markets, accompanied by a demonstration of Arbin’s BT4 battery test station.

11:30 PANEL DISCUSSION:

Lithium Batteries and Fuel Cells Technologies:

Different Problems - Common Solutions

Facilitator:

M. Stanley Whittingham, PhD, Professor and Director, Institute for Materials Research, SUNY at Binghamton

Panelists:

K.M. Abraham, KEM-Sciences

James R. Akridge, Valence Technology, Inc.

Michel Broussely, SAFT Batteries

Zhigang Qi, Plug Power, Inc.

12:15 Lunch

2:00 Chairperson’s Opening Remarks

2:10 Features and Comparison of Medium to High Temperature Fuel Cells across the Types and Applications

Zhigang Qi, PhD, Fellow, Plug Power, Inc.

Proton-exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is regarded as a low temperature fuel cell because it typically operates at a temperature lower than 100˚C. Phosphoric acid (H3PO4) fuel cell (PAFC) can operate at temperatures up to 220˚C, and is a medium temperature fuel cell. Molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) has an optimal operating temperature of 650˚C, while solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) runs at up to 1000˚C, and they are called high temperature fuel cells. Due to the vast difference in the operating temperatures, the medium to high temperature fuel cells differ from the PEMFC significantly. This work shop presentation will outline the fundamental principles, membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs) and plates, advantages and disadvantages, technical challenges, and system architectures of medium to high temperature fuel cells. Comparison will be made among PAFCs, MCFCs and SOFCs, and to PEMFCs.

2:55 Advancements in Chemical Hydride-Based Fuel Cell Systems for Portable Applications

Mohammad Enayetullah, PhD, Vice President, Advanced Technology, Protonex Technology Corporation

Chemical hydrides show great promise for portable, on-demand hydrogen generation. PEM fuel cell systems integrated with chemical hydride fueling subsystems are able to meet aggressive performance targets, including requirements for high energy density and durability. Programs currently underway at Protonex are focused on developing fully integrated power solutions fueled by chemical hydrides for solider power, unmanned systems and portable power generation.

3:30 Refreshment Break, Exhibit/Poster Viewing

3:55 The Impact of Air Systems Efficiency on The PEM FC Stack, Its Sizing and Its Costs

Ski Milburn, CEO & CTO, VAIREX Corporation

(abstract forthcoming)

4:30 PANEL DISCUSSION:

What Fuel Cell Systems Will Ultimately Meet the Challenges of Sustainable Energy at Low Cost?

Facilitator:

James C. Cross III, Vice President of Technology, Nuvera Fuel Cells

Panelists:

Simon J.C. Cleghorn, W.L.Gore & Associates, Inc.

Nancy Garland, U.S. Department of Energy

Christopher Hebling, Fraunhofer ISE

Ski Milburn, VAIREX Corp.

Sathya Motupally, UTC Fuel Cells

5:30 Concluding Remarks, End of Workshop

Abstract

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