Active RFID and Sensor Networks 2007-2017

Published by: IDTechEx Ltd

Published: Apr. 1, 2007 - 334 Pages

Table of Contents

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background

1.1.1. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)

1.1.2. Active vs passive RFID

1.1.3. Semi active vs semi passive RFID

1.1.4. Many different ideal frequencies for active RFID

1.1.5. Smart Active Labels (SAL)

1.1.6. Lessons from sixty years of active RFID

1.2. The active RFID value chain and paybacks

1.2.1. Value chain

1.3. Total Asset Visibility

1.4. Civilian logistics - Smart and Secure Tradelanes

1.5. Five key priorities for TAV

1.6. The $1 billion yearly potential in the prison service

2. LESSONS FROM CASE STUDIES OF ACTIVE RFID

2.1. Spread of parameters and applications

2.1.1. Military, Logistics and Automotive/ transportation are dominant applications so far

2.1.2. Containers and vehicles are the main items that are tagged

2.1.3. Frequencies are varied

2.1.4. Ranges are varied

2.1.5. Totally new types of battery

2.1.6. The most important countries

2.2. Case studies of active RFID in manufacturing

2.2.1. Volkswagen, Germany - work in progress

2.2.2. Peugeot, France - work in progress

2.2.3. Club Car, USA - work in progress

2.2.4. AM General, USA - part replenishment

2.2.5. Merrimac Industries, USA - tracking folders

2.2.6. BMW, UK - work in progress

2.3. Case studies of active RFID in transportation and automotive

2.3.1. 30 major car companies - vehicle immobilisers

2.3.2. Shanghai Xinzhuang Bus Terminal, China - tracking buses

2.3.3. NedTrain, The Netherlands - wheel maintenance

2.3.4. Tracker/ Police, UK - locating stolen vehicles

2.3.5. Hills, UK - numberplates

2.3.6. Ford, USA - location of new cars

2.3.7. Postauto Bus, Switzerland - bus terminal management

2.3.8. Tranz Rail, New Zealand - freight management

2.3.9. General Motors, USA - containers

2.3.10. Shanghai Railway, China

2.3.11. Hamburg Metro Germany

2.3.12. Parking, Arizona State University, USA

2.3.13. Korea World Cup vehicles

2.4. Case studies of active RFID in the air industry

2.4.1. Sepang Airport, Malaysia - catering trolleys

2.4.2. Los Angeles International Airport/ Long Beach, USA - vehicle tolling and management

2.4.3. Tacoma/ Seattle International Airport, USA - vehicle tolling and management

2.4.4. New York Newark International Airport, USA - vehicle tolling and management

2.4.5. Orange County Airport, USA - vehicle tolling

2.4.6. Hong Kong International Airport, China - catering trolleys

2.4.7. Vienna International Airport, Austria - ground support equipment

2.4.8. Charles de Gaulle International Airport, France - taxis

2.4.9. Envirotainer, Belgium - unit load devices

2.4.10. Air Canada - food trolleys

2.4.11. Arlanda International Airport, Sweden parking

2.5. Case studies of active RFID in healthcare

2.5.1. National Health Service UK social workers

2.5.2. Massachusetts General Hospital, USA people and assets

2.5.3. Hospitals, Israel and elsewhere - patient and staff tracking/ alert

2.5.4. Shelby County Regional Medical Center, USA - patient tracking

2.5.5. Royal Sussex County Hospital, UK - assets

2.5.6. HCA Hospital Dallas, USA - mother baby matching

2.5.7. HCA Hospital Arlington, USA - mother baby matching

2.5.8. French Blood Agency, France - chemovigilance

2.5.9. Alexandra Hospital, Singapore - people tracking for SARS

2.5.10. National University Hospital Singapore - people tracking for SARS

2.5.11. Hart District, UK - alarm for elderly

2.6. Case studies of active RFID in the military sector

2.6.1. Kosovo/ US Military - military assets and supplies

2.6.2. Ministry of Defence, UK - military supplies

2.6.3. NATO Supreme Allied Commander Transformation (SACT) assets

2.6.4. Department of Defense, USA - medical supplies

2.6.5. Bosnia/ UK Military - supply chain.

2.7. Case studies of active RFID in logistics

2.7.1. NYK Logistics, USA - intermodal freight containers

2.7.2. Fluor Construction, USA pipe spools

2.7.3. Brink's, USA - transport container access

2.7.4. Felixstowe Dock & Rail Company, UK - Rubber Tyre Gantry Cranes RTGC handling intermodal containers

2.7.5. Agricultural Cooperative, France - vehicle tare weighing

2.7.6. Yard management, USA

2.7.7. Spittelau Thermal Waste Treatment Plant, Austria - trucks

2.7.8. Seattle Tacoma Sea Port, USA - intermodal container seals

2.7.9. Royal Mail, UK - roll cages

2.7.10. Parcelforce, UK - postal trailers

2.7.11. Mercator Transportation, USA - intermodal container tracking

2.7.12. Lynx Express, UK - roll cages

2.7.13. London Waste, UK - vehicles

2.7.14. J.A.M Distribution and Cemex, USA - vehicle loading and fuelling

2.7.15. HiroCem, Slovakia - trucks

2.7.16. DHL and Nokia, UK/ Finland - cases

2.7.17. Intermodal Cargo Shipments

2.7.18. Carlisle Carriers, USA - tractors and trailers

2.7.19. Alliant Atlantic Food, USA - access control

2.7.20. Somerfield Supermarkets, UK - trucks

2.7.21. Argos, UK - conveyances

2.7.22. Paramount Farms, USA - farming vehicles

2.7.23. Meat producer, Canada - case monitoring

2.8. Case studies of active RFID in Retail

2.8.1. Selfridges, UK - food containers

2.8.2. Safeway Supermarkets, UK - trolleys

2.9. Other

2.9.1. HM Prison Service, UK - keys

2.9.2. Delta Downs Racetrack and Casino, USA - keys

3. COMPONENTS OF AN ACTIVE RFID SYSTEM

3.1. The tag

3.2. The interrogator

3.3. Other system components.

3.4. Multi-tag reading (anti-collision)

3.5. Choices of physical configuration of active RFID systems

3.5.1. RFID - basic operation

3.5.2. One at a time or many at a time

3.5.3. Active beacon tags - long range

3.5.4. Signpost system for long range active tag configurations

3.5.5. Real-time locating systems - long range

3.6. Options on range

3.7. Systems aspects

3.7.1. Network vs stand alone

3.7.2. Stand alone - polled vs not polled

3.7.3. Networked - on-line

3.8. Networking at tag, reader or system level

3.9. Data on the device or network

3.9.1. Spectrum of choice

3.9.2. Data capture on the tag or not - a summary

3.9.3. Continuous monitoring or not

3.10. Open and closed service provider access

3.11. Networks within networks

3.12. Ad hoc/ mesh networks

3.13. The importance of interoperability

3.14. Multi-frequency, multi-protocol interrogators

3.14.1. Supplier Case study : ThingMagic

3.14.2. Supplier Case Study: Savi Technology UDAP

3.15. Choice of frequency

3.15.1. Licence free frequencies

3.15.2. Ultra Wide Band

3.15.3. Supplier Case study: Parco Wireless

3.15.4. Case Study: Ubisense

3.15.5. Supplier Case Study: DSRC Industry Consortium

4. ACTIVE TAG CONSTRUCTION

4.1. Overall construction

4.2. Batteries

4.2.1. Battery overview

4.2.2. Coin type batteries

4.2.3. Power Paper

4.2.4. Solicore, USA

4.2.5. SCI, USA

4.2.6. Infinite Power Solutions, USA

4.2.7. Cymbet, USA

4.2.8. Thin Battery Technologies

4.2.9. Research

4.3. Fuel cells

4.4. Photovoltaics

4.5. Photocapacitors

4.6. Active RFID with sensing

5. STANDARDS, PRIVACY AND ALLIED TECHNOLOGY

5.1. Standards

5.1.1. Standards for active RFID systems

5.1.2. Benefits of standardisation

5.1.3. Types of standard

5.1.4. Open and closed application systems

5.1.5. Standards organisations

5.1.6. Types of standard relating to item level RFID

5.1.7. When long range is a problem

5.1.8. Company case study: Avante

5.1.9. Summary of the essential standards issues and opportunities

5.2. Radio regulations

5.3. Privacy issues

5.4. Bluetooth, WiFi, ZigBee, Active RFID and NFC compared and combined

5.4.1. Bridging the gap

5.4.2. Bluetooth and WiFi

5.4.3. ZigBee

5.4.4. Conventional active RFID

5.4.5. Combinations

5.4.6. Near Field Communications (NFC)

5.4.7. RFID and communications interfaces

5.4.8. A virtual connector

5.4.9. Link to RFID smart cards

5.4.10. NFC Forum created by Sony and Philips

5.4.11. Standardization of NFC

6. REAL TIME LOCATION SYSTEMS (RTLS)

6.1. Triangulation, radio fingerprinting and multilateration

6.2. GPS

6.3. WiFi RTLS from AeroScout

6.4. Supplier case study: Ekahau USA

6.5. PanGo Networks

6.6. Near Field Electromagnetic Ranging (NFER)

7. MARKETS

7.1. Price sensitivity

7.2. Many bridges to cross

7.3. Forecasts for tags

7.3.1. New markets - hand-held homing devices

7.3.2. New markets - Smart Active Labels

7.3.3. New markets - Ubiquitous Sensor Networks

7.4. Forecasts for tags 2007-2017

7.5. Forecast for systems excluding tags 2007-2017

7.6. Forecast of systems including tags 2007-2017

7.7. The importance of logistics systems

7.8. Location of active RFID and the players 2007

7.9. RTLS market forecast

7.10. Number of suppliers 2007-2017

APPENDIX 1: GLOSSARY

APPENDIX 2: EPCGLOBAL AND THE INTERNET OF THINGS

APPENDIX 3: ACHIEVING EFFICIENT GLOBAL LOGISTICS EXECUTION

TABLES

1.1. Important functions that an active RFID tag can perform

1.2. Benefits and disadvantages of active RFID vs passive RFID

1.3. AIM survey of RFID user priorities 2002

1.4. The different types of active RFID tag compared with passive tags

1.5. Sales of active RFID tags from 1944 to start of 2007

1.6. Cost structure of active vs passive RFID projects

1.7. Active RFID in the prison and parole service

2.1. Approximate distribution of case studies by range.

3.1. Summary of today's RFID physical configurations

3.2. The spectrum of choice between stand alone and networked RFID systems

3.3. The spectrum of choice between basic number plate tags and those with high data retention

3.4. Spectrum of choice from short to long range

3.5. Choice of active RFID tags - typical cost, range, memory in 2003/2004

3.6. Savi UDAP partners

3.7. The commonly used licence free frequencies for active RFID

4.1. Shapes of battery for small RFID tags advantages and disadvantages

4.2. Examples of suppliers of coin type batteries by country

4.3. The spectrum of choice of technologies for batteries in smart packaging

4.4. Examples of potential sources of flexible thin film batteries

4.5. Examples of universities and research centres developing laminar batteries.

4.6. Comparison of conventional active RFID with temperature/ time recording and Smart Active Label (SAL) versions.

5.1. The most important standards

5.2. The permitted frequency bands for RFID by territory

5.3. Bluetooth, WiFi, ZigBee and Semi-Active RFID compared

7.1. Sales of active RFID tags from 1944 to start of 2006.

7.2. Forecasts for the number, ex factory unit price and value of the global market for active RFID tags from 2007-2017 in millions of units and millions of dollars.

7.3. Likely breakdown of the SAL/USN sector in 2016

7.4. Statistics for road tolling / parking RFID tags worldwide in 2007

7.5. Numbers of RFID cellphones by region 2007-2017 in millions

7.6. The value of the RFID enabled active RFID cellphone market

7.7. The IDTechEx forecast for active RFID systems excluding tags 2006-2016

7.8. The total global spend on active RFID systems plus tags.

7.9. Some substantial opportunities for active RFID systems including tags in the next ten years

7.10. Main present and future locations of active RFID tags

7.11. Number of suppliers of active RFID doing serious business 2007, 2011, 2017

FIGURES

1.1. RFID range required for typical applications

1.2. Active tag from Identec for anti-theft. 620,000 laptops were stolen in the USA in 2002.

1.3. Road map of development of active RFID and allied technologies

1.4. RFID hierarchy

1.5. Active RFID characteristics

1.6. SAL-C concept of a warehouse managed using disposable SALs on packages.

1.7. An active RFID car clicker working in semi-active mode at 433 MHz

1.8. Value chain for active RFID in 2006

1.9. Active RFID value chain 2012 onwards

1.10. RFID value chain in 2017

1.11. Typical military deployment of active RFID tags

1.12. A military viewpoint of active RFID

1.13. Active RFID interrogator deployment in the Iraq war

1.14. Mobile interrogators in the Iraq war

1.15. Write terminal and docking station

1.16. Survey of priorities in sea freight by AT Kearney

1.17. Sealing and anti-tamper capability with intermodal containers

1.18. Smart and Secure Tradelanes active RFID seal being used to lock an intermodal container

1.19. Final check of security at dock

1.20. Security check of truck at customs point - interrogator monitoring active RFID tag

1.21. The general benefits of the Savi Technology Active RFID systems

1.22. Some of the potential benefits throughout the supply chain

1.23. Two types of active RFID tag offered by Wavetrend UK for asset tracking and other applications

1.24. RFID protecting keys against theft or misuse.

1.25. Wristwatch transmitters worn by inmates

1.26. Belt transmitters worn by officers and staff

2.1. Active RFID wrist strap to protect disoriented patients

3.1. Basic operation of an active RFID system

3.2. RFID - basic operation

3.3. Short range semi- passive tags

3.4. Active beacon tags - long range

3.5. Antenna hierarchy of Savi EchoPoint active RFID system

3.6. Savi EchoPoint active tag

3.7. Various semi-active tags from Axcess Technologies

3.8. Real Time Locating Systems - long range triangulation

3.9. WhereNet System Components

3.10. Networks within networks - the "Russian Doll" approach

3.11. Technical performance for active RFID in crowded environments as a function of frequency in the view of Savi Technology

3.12. UWB frequency spread compared with some alternative active RFID bands in the microwave region.

3.13. A Ubisense healthcare application of UWB active RFID.

3.14. The elements of the Parco Wireless UWB RFID system

3.15. Parco UWB RFID tags

4.1. The Power Paper battery

4.2. The Infinite Power battery is very small

4.3. Infinite Power batteries ready for use

4.4. Cymbet lithium thin film flexible battery

4.5. Relative performance claimed by Cymbet for its flexible batteries

4.6. Carbon-zinc thin film battery from Thin Battery Technologies.

4.7. Konarka photovoltaic flexible film

4.8. Smart label road map

4.9. Semi-passive RFID label from KSW Microtec

4.10. Infinite Power Solution flexible lithium battery as part of a semi-passive tag.

5.1. Layers of logistic units

5.2. The relative benefits and disadvantages of IEEE 802.11, IEEE 802.15.3a, IEEE 802.15.4 (WPAN)

5.3. Examples of 802.11 and 802.15.5 tags and readers from Tagsense

5.4. ZigBee hierarchy

5.5. Siemens hierarchy of networks

5.6. Permitted UHF bands by territory

5.7. X-Mark Systems prevent mismatching in hospitals

5.8. Identec Solutions semi-active RFID personnel tag.

5.9. Identec Solutions secure access configuration

5.10. Verichip (X-Mark Systems) wander prevention system for disoriented elderly in care homes and hospitals

5.11. Some applications for NFC, usually in the form of second generation (active RFID reader) cellphones

5.12. Vending and ticket machine payment

5.13. Smart posters

5.14. Music downloads

5.15. Frequent payments for less than £UK7 ($12.5) in a city such as London UK

6.1. Global RTLS market in millions of dollars as presented by Yankee Group at the IDTechEx "Active RFID" conference in Texas, November 2005

6.2. AeroScout WiFi RTLS tags

6.3. AeroScout WiFi armbands

7.1. The future lower tag price - larger yearly numbers and the new tag technologies that will make it possible

7.2. Market opportunity for disposable electronic displays

7.3. Malaysian project for Ubiquitous Sensor Networks etc based on its ultra small MM chip

7.4. What is USN in Korea?

7.5. RFID/ USN development in Korea 2004-2007 as presented at the IDTechEx conference Smart Labels Asia in Tokyo November 2004

7.6. Korean program towards ubiquitous sensor enabled RFID 2004 to 2010 as presented at the IDTechEx conference Smart Labels Asia in Tokyo November 2004

7.7. An active RFID cellphone module

7.8. Present and next generation smart container market

7.9. 2012 Smart Container Market Segmented by Equipment Sales, Service & Communication Fees in millions of dollars

7.10. Active RFID market for systems plus tags showing RTLS percentage in 2010

7.11. Active RFID market for systems plus tags showing RTLS percentage 2017

Abstract

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