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Protein Drugs: Manufacturing Technologies

Published by: BCC Research

Published: Jul. 1, 2000 - 299 Pages


Table of Contents


Introduction

Goals And Objectives Of This Study

Reasons For This Study And Its Contribution

Audience For Report

Scope And Content Of This Study

Report Methodology And Information Sources

Analyst Credentials And Related Reports

BCC On-Line Services

Summary

Overview

Key Definitions

What Makes Protein Drugs Special

Why Protein Drug Manufacturing Is Important

Formulated Protein Drug Sales

Formulation Sales Per Gram Of Protein

Implications Of Sales Changes For Manufacturing

Goods Flow In Protein Drug Manufacture

Cost Of Manufacture

Scientific Issues Affecting Choice Of Manufacturing

Method

In The Beginning

Glycosylation And Folding Problems

Herculean Hurdles Of Cell Culture

Here Come Insects And Livestock

Small Molecules To The Rescue?

The Difference Between Lab And Commercial Production

Bioprocess Scale-Up

Changing The Manufacturing Process In Midstream

Significance Of The Clinical Trials Barrier

Technologies That May Limit The Future Of Protein Drugs

Major Individual Protein Drugs

Overview Analysis Of Protein Manufacturing Methods

Summation Analysis

Biological Methods Of Protein Production

Regular Vs. Recombinant Biological Production

Regular Biological Production Methods

Recombinant Biological Production Methods

Market Segmentation Of Recombinant Drugs

Dollar Value Of Bulk Proteins

Basis Of Forecasting

Source Extraction

Source Extraction Summary

Basic Features Of Source Extraction Technology

Human Sourcing

Special Features Of Human-Sourcing Manufacture

Protein Drugs Made By Human-Source Extraction

Applications Of Human-Source Extraction

Bulk Quantities Of Human-Source Drug Proteins

Producers Of Human-Source Extracted Protein Drugs

Animal Sourcing

Special Features Of Animal Sourcing Manufacture

Natural Animal Sourcing

Protein Drugs Made By Natural Animal-Source

Extraction

Applications Of Natural Animal Sourcing

Bulk Quantities Of Natural Animal-Source Drug Proteins

Producers Of Natural Animal Source Extracted Protein

Drugs

Transgenic Animal Sourcing

Technology For Animal Pharming

Who's Doing What In Transgenic Animal Sourcing

Assessment Of Transgenic Animal Sourcing's Prospects

Plant Sourcing

Natural Plant Sourcing

Protein Drugs Made By Natural Plant Source Extraction

Bulk Quantities Of Natural Plant Source Drug Proteins

Transgenic Plant Sourcing

Microbial Fermentation

Microbial Fermentation Summary

Regular Fermentation

Basic Features Of Fermentation Technology

Protein Drugs Made By Regular Fermentation

Applications Of Regular Microbial Fermentation

Bulk Quantities Of Regular Fermentation Drug Proteins

Producers Of Regular Fermentation Protein Drugs

Recombinant Microbial Fermentation

Special Features Of Recombinant Microbial Fermentation

Host Microbes For Recombinant Fermentation Drug Proteins

Host Modifications For Improved Productivity

Protein Drugs Made By Recombinant Microbial

Fermentation

Applications Of Recombinant Microbial Fermentation

Bulk Quantities Of Recombinant Fermentation

Drug Proteins

Producers Of Recombinant Fermentation Protein Drugs

Cell Culture

Cell Culture Summary

Regular Cell Culture

Protein Drugs Made By Regular Cell Culture

Applications Of Regular Cell Culture

Bulk Quantities Of Proteins Made By Regular Cell Culture

Producers Of Protein Drugs Made By Regular Cell Culture

Recombinant Cell Culture

Mammalian Cell Culture Technology

Practical Perspective On The Development Of In Vitro Cell Culture

Basic Features Of Mammalian Cell Culture Technology

Host Cells For Recombinant Mammalian Cell Culture

Protein Drugs Made By Recombinant Mammalian Cell Culture

Applications Of Recombinant Mammalian Cell Culture

Bulk Quantities Of Drug Proteins Made By R-Cell Culture .

Producers Of Protein Drugs By Mammalian Cell Culture

Recombinant Insect Cell Culture

Synthesis

Synthesis Summary

Chemical Peptide Synthesis

Technology Of Chemical Peptide Synthesis

Peptide Drugs Made By Chemical Synthesis

Bulk Quantities Of Drug Peptides Made By

Chemical Synthesis

Producers Of Chemically Synthesized Drug Proteins

Prospects For Shortened Peptides

Enzymatic Peptide Synthesis

Technology Of Enzymatic Peptide Synthesis

Peptide Drugs Made By Enzymatic Synthesis

Post-Bulk Production

Overview Of Post-Bulk Production

Separation And Purification

Purification Methods In Brief

Important Issues In Purification

Oncogenic Dna Contamination

Viral Contamination

Sterilization

Upstream Solutions To Downstream Problems

Chemical Modification

Formulation

Delivery Shares Of Bulk Proteins

Injectable Delivery

Injectable Protein Drug Volume

Lyophilization

Excipients For Injectable Protein Drugs

Oral Delivery

Topical Delivery

Respiratory Delivery

Transdermal Delivery

Applications

Applications Summary

Blood Proteins

Commercial Therapeutic Blood Proteins

Blood Protein Manufacturing Methods

Blood Protein Bulk Quantities

New Blood Proteins Under Development

Recombinant Albumin

Factor Ixa

Hemoglobin

Protein C

Blood Proteins Forecast

Antibiotics

Commercial Peptide Antibiotic Therapeutics

Antibiotic Peptide Manufacturing Methods

New Peptide Antibiotics Under Development

Bactericidal/Permeability-Increasing Protein (Bpi)

Magainin

Peptidyl Mim

Protegrin

Ramoplanin

Enzymes

Commercial Therapeutic Enzymes

Manufacture Of Therapeutic Enzymes

Enzyme Bulk Protein Quantities

New Therapeutic Enzymes Under Development

Ananain And Comasain

Transforming Growth Factor â2 (TgF...2)

Alpha-L-Iduronidase

á -Galactosidase (Human)

Gelonin

Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase

Opa Anhydrase

Ribonuclease

Tpa Variants

Enzymes Forecast

Antibodies

Commercial Therapeutic Antibodies

Antibody Manufacture

Polyclonal And Monoclonal Antibodies

Bispecific Antibodies

Antibody Bulk Quantities

New Antibody Drugs Under Development

Anti-Egfr

Anti-Lymphoma Antibody (131i-Lym-1)

Anti-Her2 (Bispecific)

Anti-Cd11/Cd18 Integrin

Anti-á 4...7 Integrin Receptor

Anti-Cd52

Antibodies Forecast

Hormones

Protein Hormone Formulation Sales And Volume

Protein Hormone Manufacturing Methods

Hormone Bulk Protein Quantities

New Hormones Under Development

Amylin

Extendin-4

Relaxin

Bone Growth Factors

Epidermal Growth Factor

Fibroblast Growth Factor

Nesp

Hematopoietin

Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1

Leptin

Natriuretic Peptides

Neural Growth Factors

Parathyroid Hormone

Thrombopoietin

Thymosin Alpha-1

Hormones Forecast

Enzyme Inhibitors

Commercial Enzyme Inhibitor Therapeutics

Manufacture Of Proteinaceous Enzyme Inhibitors

Enzyme Inhibitor Bulk Quantities

New Enzyme Inhibitors Under Development

Angiostatin And Endostatin

Bivalirudin

Nematode Anticoagulant Proteins

Enzyme Inhibitors Forecast

Vaccines

Commercial Proteinaceous Vaccines

Vaccines Against Hiv And Cancer

Manufacture Of Proteinaceous Vaccines

Vaccine Bulk Protein Quantities

Vaccines Forecast

Lymphokines

Lymphokine Formulation Sales And Volume

Lymphokine Manufacturing Methods

Lymphokine Bulk Quantities

New Lymphokines Under Development

Interleukin-4

Interleukin-6

Interleukin-10

Interleukin-12

Stem Cell Factor

Myeloid Progenitor Inhibitory Factor-1

Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor

Lymphokines Forecast

Other Protein Drugs Not Previously Categorized

Synopsis Of Sales, Volumes And Bulk Quantities

Product Descriptions

Botulinin

Ctla4/Igg Fusion Protein

Cd4/Igg Fusion Protein

Collagen

Lung Surfactant Protein

Protamine Sulfate

Il-4r

Other Proteins Forecast

Industry

Overview Of The Protein Drug Industry

Basic Elements Of Industry Structure

Conventional Protein Drug Industry

Biotechnology Protein Drug Industry

Contract Manufacture Of Bulk Proteins

Supportive Services To Protein Manufacture

Role Of Technology Transfer In Commercialization

Plant, Equipment And Raw Material Suppliers

Regulation Of Protein Drugs And Their Manufacture

Official And Off-Label Sales

Patent Fights Over Manufacturing Methods

Transkaryotic Vs. Amgen: Erythropoietin

Genentech Vs. Novo Nordisk: Growth Hormone

University Of California Vs. Eli Lilly: Insulin

Biogen Vs. Chiron: B-Interferon

Manufacturing Method As Indicator Of Market Share

Are Generic Biopharmaceuticals In The Future?

International Aspects

Overview

United States

Western Europe

Japan

China

Latin America

Eastern Europe

Rest Of The World

Leading Market Participants Within Protein Drug

Categories

Protein Drug Company Profiles

Alpharma A/S

American Home Products Corp.

Amgen

Ares-Serono Group

Abbott Laboratories

Basf Ag

Baxter Healthcare Corp

Biogen, Inc

Bioport Corporation

Biospecifics Technologies Corp.

Bristol-Myers Squibb Co

Cantab Pharmaceuticals

Chiron Corp

Centocor (Now Part Of Johnson & Johnson)

Creative Biomolecules, Inc

Connetics Corporation

Corixa Corporation

Corvas International, Inc.

Entremed

Eli Lilly & Co

Ferring Ab

Fibrogen, Inc

Genentech, Inc.

Genzyme Corp.

Genzyme Transgenics

Genetics Institute, Inc.

Immunex

Interferon Sciences

Immucell Corp.

Immune Response Corporation

Johnson & Johnson Inc

Magainin Pharmaceuticals Inc

Massachusetts Health Biologic

Merck & Co., Inc

Medimmune, Inc.

Medeva Pharmaceuticals Inc.

Medarex

Nabi

Novartis Pharma Ag

Novo Nordisk A/S

North American Vaccine, Inc.

Organon International Bv

Parkdale Pharmaceuticals

Progenics Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

Pasteur Merieux Connaught

Pharmacia & Upjohn Ab

Peptech Ltd.

Pfizer Inc.

Protein Design Labs

Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

Ferring Ab

Roche Holdings, Ltd.

Rhone-Poulenc Rorer Inc.

Sangstat Medical Corp.

Sanofi S.A.

Smithkline Beecham Plc

Swiss Serum & Vaccine Institute (Berna)

Unibios

Unigene Laboratories, Inc.

Xoma Corporation

Appendix I: Methodology For Calculating Bulk Protein Quantities

Appendix Ii: Contract Gmp Protein Manufacturers

Appendix Iii: Periodical Sources Of Information

Appendix Iv: Relevant Professional And Trade Organizations

List Of Tables

Summary Table Worldwide Production Of Bulk Drug
Proteins, Through 2004

1 Worldwide Formulated Protein Drug Sales, Through 2004

2 Worldwide Formulation Sales Per Gram Of Protein, 1999

3 Overview Contributions Of Bulk Drug Protein
Manufacturing Methods, Worldwide Through 2004

4 Regular And Recombinant Biological Methods Of
Protein Production Worldwide, Through 2004

5 Regular Biological Production Worldwide, Through 2004

6 Recombinant Methods Of Production Of Drug Proteins
Worldwide, Through 2004 1

7 Source Extraction: Worldwide Bulk Production Of
Drug Proteins, Through 2004

8 Protein Drugs Made By Human-Source Extraction

9 Human-Source Extraction Worldwide, Through 2004

10 Human-Source Extraction: Worldwide Bulk Protein
Quantities, 1999

11 Producers Of Human-Source Extracted Protein Drugs

12 Protein Drugs Made By Natural Animal-Source Extraction

13 Natural Animal Source Extraction Worldwide, Through 2004

14 Natural Animal Source Extraction: Bulk Protein Quantities Worldwide, 1999

15 Producers Of Protein Drugs Made By Natural Animal Source Extraction

16 Companies Working On Transgenic Animals For Protein Drugs

17 Natural Plant Source Extracted Protein Drugs

18 Natural Plant Source Drug Proteins: Bulk Quantities Worldwide, 1999

19 Microbial Fermentation: Bulk Protein Production
Worldwide, Through 2004

20 Protein Drugs Made By Regular Fermentation

21 Regular Microbial Fermentation Applications
Worldwide, Through 2004

22 Bulk Protein Quantities, Regular Microbial Fermentation, 1999

23 Producers Of Regular Fermentation Protein Drugs

24 Protein Drugs Made By Recombinant Microbial
Fermentation

25 Recombinant Microbial Fermentation Applications
Worldwide, Through 2004

26 Recombinant Microbial Fermentation: Bulk Protein Quantities Worldwide, 1999

27 Producers Of Recombinant Fermentation Protein Drugs

28 Regular And Recombinant Cell Culture: Bulk Protein
Production, Through 2004

29 Protein Drugs Made By Regular Cell Culture

30 Regular Cell Culture Applications Worldwide, Through 2004

31 Regular Cell Culture: Bulk Protein Quantities
Worldwide, 1999

32 Regular Cell Culture: Drug Protein Producers

33 Protein Drugs Made By Recombinant Mammalian Cell Culture

34 Recombinant Mammalian Cell Culture Applications
Worldwide, Through 2004

35 Recombinant Mammalian Cell Culture: Bulk Protein
Quantities Worldwide, 1999

36 Recombinant Mammalian Cell Culture: Bulk Drug Protein Producers

37 Bulk Production Worldwide Of Drug Proteins By Synthesis, Through 2004

38 Peptide Drugs Made By Chemical Synthesis

39 Chemically Synthesized Protein Drugs: Bulk Protein
Quantities Worldwide, 1999

40 Chemical Synthesis: Bulk Drug Peptide Producers

41 Administration Of Bulk Proteins Worldwide, Through
2004

42 Injectable Protein Drugs: Factory And On-Site
Reconstitution Formulation Volumes Worldwide, 1999

43 Bulk Drug Protein Production By Major Application
Category Worldwide, Through 2004

44 Blood Proteins: Formulation Sales And Volume
Worldwide, 1999

45 Blood Proteins Manufacturing Worldwide, Through
2004

46 Blood Proteins: Bulk Quantities Worldwide, 1999

47 Peptide Antibiotics: Formulation Sales And Volume
Worldwide, 1999

48 Antibiotics: Bulk Protein Quantities Worldwide, 1999

49 Enzymes: Formulation Sales And Volume Worldwide, 1999

50 Enzymes: Manufacturing Methods Worldwide, Through 2004

51 Enzyme Manufacturing Methods: Bulk Protein Quantities Worldwide, 1999

52 Antibodies: Formulation Sales And Volume Worldwide, 1999

53 Antibodies: Manufacturing Methods Worldwide, Through 2004

54 Antibody Manufacturing Methods: Bulk Protein Quantities Worldwide, 1999

55 Hormones: Formulation Sales And Volume Worldwide, 1999

56 Hormones: Manufacturing Methods Worldwide, Through 2004

57 Hormone Manufacturing Methods: Bulk Protein Quantities Worldwide, 1999

58 Enzyme Inhibitors: Formulation Sales And Volume Worldwide, 1999

59 Enzyme Inhibitors: Manufacturing Methods Worldwide, Through, 2004

60 Enzyme Inhibitors: Bulk Protein Quantities Worldwide,
1999

61 Proteinaceous Vaccines: Formulation Sales And Volume Worldwide, 1999

62 Proteinaceous Vaccines: Manufacturing Methods Worldwide, Through 2004

63 Vaccine Manufacturing Methods: Bulk Protein Quantities Worldwide, 1999

64 Lymphokines: Formulation Sales And Volume Worldwide, 1999

65 Lymphokines: Bulk Protein Quantities Worldwide, 1999

66 Other Worldwide Protein Drug Sales: Not Previously Categorized, 1999

67 Blood Proteins Market Leaders, 1999

68 Peptide Antibiotics Market Leaders, 1999

69 Enzymes Market Leaders, 1999

70 Commercial Therapeutic Antibodies Market Leaders, 1999

71 Hormones Market Leaders, 1999

72 Enzyme Inhibitors Market Leaders, 1999

73 Proteinaceous Vaccines Market Leaders, 1999

74 Lymphokines Market Leaders, 1999

75 Other Proteins Market Leaders, 1999

76 American Home Products' Protein Drugs

77 Amgen's Protein Drugs

78 Ares-Serono's Protein Drugs

79 Abbott Labs Protein Drugs

80 Baxter's Protein Drugs

81 Biogen's Protein Drugs

82 Chiron's Protein Drugs

83 Centocor's Protein Drugs

84 Connetics Corporation's Protein Drugs

85 Lilly's Protein Drugs

86 Genentech's Protein Drugs

87 Genzyme Corporation And Genzyme Transgenics Protein Drugs

88 Genetics Institute's Protein Drugs

89 Immune Response Corp.'S Protein Drugs

90 Merck's Protein Drugs

91 Medimmune's Protein Drugs

92 Medeva Pharmaceuticals' Protein Drugs

93 Medarex's Protein Drugs

94 Nabi's Protein Drugs

95 Novartis' Protein Drugs

96 Pasteur Merieux Connaught's Protein Drugs

97 Roche's Protein Drugs

98 Rpr's Protein Drugs (Now Part Of Aventis)1

99 Smithkline Beecham's Protein Drugs

100 Swiss Serum & Vaccine Institute's Protein Drugs

101 Unibios' Protein Drugs

102 Xoma's Protein Drugs

103 Contract Gmp Protein Manufacturers

List Of Figures

Summary Figure Worldwide Production Of Bulk Drug
Proteins For Human Therapeutic Use: Manufacturing
Method Percent Shares, 2004

1 Flow Of Goods In Protein Drug Manufacture

2 Major Individual Drug Proteins, 1999

3 Bulk Drug Proteins: Worldwide Share Percentages Of Overall Manufacturing Methods, 1999

4 Worldwide Biological Production Of Drug Proteins: Method Percentages, 2004

5 Regular And Recombinant Biological Methods Of
Protein Production (Grams): Percent Shares Worldwide,
1999 And 2004

6 Regular Biological Production: Method Percentages Worldwide, 1999 And 2004

7 Recombinant Production Of Drug Proteins: Method
Percentages Worldwide, 1999 And 2004

8 Source Extraction: Human, Animal And Plant Worldwide Percentages, 1999 And 2004

9 Human-Source Extraction: Worldwide Application Percentages, 1999 And 2004

10 Natural Animal Source Extraction: Worldwide
Application Percentages, 1999 And 2004

11 Microbial Fermentation Drug Proteins: Regular And
Recombinant Percentages Worldwide, 1999 And 2004

12 Regular Microbial Fermentation: Application
Percentages Worldwide, 2004

13 Recombinant Microbial Fermentation: Application
Percentages Worldwide, 1999 And 2004

14 Cell Culture Drug Proteins: Regular And Recombinant
Percentages Worldwide, 1999 And 2004

15 Regular Cell Culture: Application Percent Shares
Worldwide, 1999 And 2004

16 Recombinant Mammalian Cell Culture: Application Percentages Worldwide, 1999 And 2004

17 Administration Of Bulk Proteins: Delivery Method Percentages, 2004

18 Protein Production Category Worldwide Percentages, 1999 And 2004

19 Blood Proteins: Manufacturing Method Percentages Worldwide, 1999 And 2004

20 Enzymes: Manufacturing Method Percentages Worldwide, 1999 And 2004

21 Antibodies: Manufacturing Method Percentages, 2004

22 Hormones: Manufacturing Method Percentages Worldwide, 1999 And 2004

23 Enzyme Inhibitors: Manufacturing Method Percentages Worldwide, 2004

24 Proteinaceous Vaccines: Manufacturing Method Percentages Worldwide, 1999 And 2004

25 Lymphokines: Manufacturing Method Percentages Worldwide, 2004

26 Basic Structure Of The Protein Drug Industry

Abstract

The manufacture of protein drugs, being the interface between laboratory discovery and product sales, requires the solution of numerous problems. This new BCC study looks at all facets of protein drug manufacture, including lab vs. commercial production, choice of method, scale-up, upstream manipulation and more, and addresses important issues such as glycosylation, contamination and regulations. The report covers source extraction, fermentation, cell culture, chemical synthesis, and transgenic animals, as well as down-stream processing, including purification and formulation, and quantifying the input materials for protein drug production. Five-year market projections are given. Included in this report are relevant issues concerning technology transfer and patents, as well as profiles of established and emerging new protein drug companies.

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