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Cancer Immunotherapies and Vaccines: Pipeline Analysis and Competitive Dynamics

Published by: CHI Insight Pharma Reports

Published: Nov. 1, 2006 - 212 Pages


Table of Contents


CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Cancer

1.2 The Immune System

1.3 Cancer Therapy and the Immune System: Focus of the Report




CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF MAJOR CANCERS TARGETED BY IMMUNOTHERAPIES AND VACCINES

2.1 Breast Cancer


Pathology

Epidemiology

Diagnosis


2.2 Colorectal Cancer


Pathology

Epidemiology

Diagnosis


2.3 Lung Cancer


Pathology

Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer

Small-Cell Lung Cancer

Epidemiology

Diagnosis


2.4 Lymphoma


Pathology of Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma

Epidemiology of Lymphoma

Diagnosis of Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma


2.5 Melanoma


Pathology

Epidemiology

Diagnosis


2.6 Pancreatic Cancer


Pathology

Epidemiology

Diagnosis


2.7 Prostate Cancer


Pathology

Epidemiology

Diagnosis


2.8 Renal Cancer


Pathology

Epidemiology

Diagnosis


2.9 R&D Challenges in the Development of Cancer Immunotherapies and Vaccines




CHAPTER 3 CURRENT PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT OPTIONS

3.1 Breast Cancer


Chemotherapy

Hormone Therapy

Targeted Therapy: Herceptin


3.2 Colorectal Cancer


Chemotherapy

Targeted Therapy: Monoclonal Antibodies


3.3 Lung Cancer


Chemotherapy (Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer)

Targeted Therapy: Kinase Inhibitors (Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer)

Photodynamic Therapy (Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer)

Chemotherapy (Small-Cell Lung Cancer)


3.4 Lymphoma


Chemotherapy

Monoclonal Antibodies

Other Immuno-Based Therapies


3.5 Melanoma


Interferon

Interleukin 2

Chemotherapy


3.6 Pancreatic Cancer


Chemotherapy

Targeted Therapy: Inhibition of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Tyrosine Kinase


3.7 Prostate Cancer


Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Hormone Agonists

Anti-androgens

Chemotherapy


3.8 Renal Cancer


Interferon

Interleukin-2

Targeted Therapy: Kinase Inhibitors




CHAPTER 4 CANCER IMMUNOTHERAPIES AND VACCINES IN DEVELOPMENT

4.1 New Approaches


Non-Specific Active Immunotherapy (Immune Modulating Agents)

Antigen Immunotherapies/Vaccines (Allogeneic)

Autologous Antigen Immunotherapies/Vaccines

Allogeneic Whole Tumor Cell Immunotherapies/Vaccines

Autologous Whole Tumor Cell Immunotherapies/Vaccines

Dendritic Cell Immunotherapies/Vaccines

DNA and Viral Vector Vaccines


4.2 Setbacks

4.3 Breast Cancer


Celldex Therapeutics

GlaxoSmithKline

Introgen Therapeutics

Oxford BioMedica


4.4 Colorectal Cancer


Celldex Therapeutics

GenVec

IDM Pharma

Intracel

Oxford BioMedica


4.5 Lung Cancer


Active Biotech

AVAX Technologies

GlaxoSmithKline

IDM Pharma

Introgen Therapeutics

Merck KGaA and Biomira

NovaRx

Pfizer and Coley Pharmaceutical

Pharmexa

Transgene


4.6 Lymphoma


Biovest International

Favrille

Genitope

Transgene


4.7 Melanoma


Antigenics

AVAX Technologies

BioVex

GenVec

GlaxoSmithKline

IDM Pharma

Medarex and Bristol-Myers Squibb

Merck KGaA

Oxxon Therapeutics

Pfizer

Progenics Pharmaceuticals

Vical


4.8 Pancreatic Cancer


Celldex Therapeutics

Cell Genesys

GenVec

GlobeImmune

Lorus Therapeutics

Pharmexa

Receptor BioLogix


4.9 Prostate Cancer


Cell Genesys

Dendreon

Northwest Biotherapeutics

Oxford BioMedica


4.10 Renal Cancer


Active Biotech

Antigenics

Argos Therapeutics

Idera Pharmaceuticals

Oxford BioMedica




CHAPTER 5.0

EXPERT INTERVIEWS - A VIRTUAL ROUNDTABLE

Roman M. Chicz, PhD, Senior Vice President, Research and Development


Antigenics Inc.


C. Richter King, PhD, Senior Vice President of Research


GenVec, Inc.


Arthur M. Krieg, MD, Senior Vice President, Research and Development, and Chief Scientific Officer


Coley Pharmaceutical Group


Christopher Nicodemus, MD, Senior Vice President, Research and Development


Unither Pharmaceuticals


Charles A. Nicolette, PhD, Vice President, Research and Development


Argos Therapeutics


Peter K. Working, PhD, Senior Vice President, Research and Development


Cell Genesys




CHAPTER 6 COMPANY DIRECTORY WITH WEB ADDRESSES




References




Index




List of Tables and Figures

Table 2.1. Incidence and Prevalence of Selected Cancers in the United States, 2006

Table 2.2. Five-Year Relative Survival Rates by Stage of Diagnosis for Major Cancers Targeted by Immunotherapies and Cancer Vaccines, 1995-2001

Table 3.1. Selected Chemotherapy Drugs Approved by the FDA for Treatment of Cancer

Table 3.2. Selected Drugs Approved by the FDA for Treatment of Breast Cancer

Table 3.3. Selected Drugs Approved by the FDA for Treatment of Colorectal Cancer

Table 3.4. Selected Drugs Approved by the FDA for Treatment of Lung Cancer

Table 3.5. Selected Drugs Approved by the FDA for Treatment of Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma (NHL)

Table 3.6. Selected Drugs Approved by the FDA for Treatment of Melanoma

Table 3.7. Selected Drugs Approved by the FDA for Treatment of Advanced or Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer

Table 3.8. Selected Drugs Approved by the FDA for Treatment of Prostate Cancer

Table 3.9. Selected Drugs Approved by the FDA for Treatment of Advanced or Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma

Table 4.1. Selected Examples of Clinical Programs in Cancer Immunotherapies and Vaccines That Have Been Discontinued or Suspended

Table 4.2. Cancer Immunotherapies and Vaccines in Clinical Trials for Treatment of Breast Cancer

Table 4.3. Cancer Immunotherapies and Vaccines in Clinical Trials for Treatment of Colorectal Cancer

Table 4.4. Cancer Immunotherapies and Vaccines in Clinical Trials for Treatment of Lung Cancer

Table 4.5. Cancer Immunotherapies and Vaccines in Clinical Trials for Treatment of Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

Table 4.6. Cancer Immunotherapies and Vaccines in Clinical Trials for Treatment of Melanoma

Table 4.7. Cancer Immunotherapies and Vaccines in Clinical Trials for Treatment of Pancreatic Cancer

Table 4.8. Cancer Immunotherapies and Vaccines in Clinical Trials for Treatment of Prostate Cancer

Table 4.9. Cancer Immunotherapies and Vaccines in Clinical Trials for Treatment of Renal Cell Carcinoma

Figure 4.1. SWOT Analysis for PF-3512676 Compared with Standard Therapy for Treatment of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

Figure 4.2. SWOT Analysis for BiovaxID Compared with Standard Therapy for Treatment of Follicular Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma (NHL)

Figure 4.3. SWOT Analysis for FavId Compared with Standard Therapy for Treatment of Low-Grade, Follicular Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma

Figure 4.4. SWOT Analysis for MyVax Personalized Immunotherapy Compared with Standard Therapy for Treatment of Follicular Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma (NHL)

Figure 4.5. SWOT Analysis for Oncophage Compared with Standard Therapy for Metastatic Melanoma

Figure 4.6. SWOT Analysis for Ipilimumab (MDX-010) Compared with Standard Therapy for Treatment of Metastatic Melanoma

Figure 4.7. SWOT Analysis for Ticilimumab (CP-675,206) Compared with Standard Therapy for Treatment of Metastatic Melanoma

Figure 4.8. SWOT Analysis for Virulizin Compared with Standard Therapy for Treatment of Pancreatic Cancer

Figure 4.9. SWOT Analysis for GV001 Compared with Standard Therapy for Treatment of Pancreatic Cancer

Figure 4.10. SWOT Analysis for Insegia Compared with Standard Therapy for Treatment of Pancreatic Cancer

Figure 4.11. SWOT Analysis for Provenge Compared with Standard Therapy for Treatment of Prostate Cancer

Figure 4.12. SWOT Analysis for DCVax-Prostate Compared with Standard Therapy for Treatment of Prostate Cancer

Figure 4.13. SWOT Analysis for Oncophage Compared with Standard Therapy for Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC)

Abstract

Cancer continues to pose a major health burden worldwide. Prevailing therapies are extremely limited in terms of safety, tolerability, and efficacy. Meanwhile, the morbidity and mortality associated with cancer is fueling interest in novel therapeutic approaches. Foremost among these are therapies that enhance the ability of the body's own immune system to fight and destroy abnormal cancer cells. Anticancer vaccines and immune modulators, working in concert and as monotherapy, stole the show at ASCO last June, suggesting that after years of failure in the clinic their time has come. Cancer Immunotherapies and Vaccines: Pipeline Analysis and Competitive Dynamics , a new CHA Advances report, surveys and assesses recent developments in this highly promising avenue of cancer therapy.

Numerous biopharmaceutical companies are working to develop approaches that harness the body's own immune system to fight cancer. Several monoclonal antibodies have already reached the market. This approach is sometimes referred to as passive immunotherapy. Our study focuses on active immunotherapies and vaccines that enhance the ability of the patient's own immune system to fight cancer.

Cancer Immunotherapies and Vaccines begins by reviewing the pathophysiology, epidemiology, diagnosis, and current treatment options of eight major cancers targeted by companies developing immune modulating drugs and vaccines:
  • breast cancer
  • melanoma
  • colorectal cancer
  • pancreatic cancer
  • lung cancer
  • prostate cancer
  • lymphoma
  • renal cancer
While no active cancer immunotherapies (specifically targeted to a type of cancer) have reached the market, the most advanced example is Dendreon’s Provenge. Dendreon is submitting a rolling BLA (Biologics License Application) to the FDA for Provenge, for treatment of advanced hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Clinical trial data supporting this BLA, and available data on other immunotherapies and vaccines, are assessed in the report.

Cancer Immunotherapies and Vaccines also provides:
  • An explanation of R&D challenges in the development of cancer immunotherapies and vaccines
  • The various technical approaches being used to develop active cancer immunotherapies and vaccines
  • The many emerging immune-based therapies that are currently being evaluated in clinical trials for these eight cancers
  • Interviews with six senior executives from leading companies in the field of cancer immunotherapies and vaccines who discuss the progress, the challenges and hurdles, faced by researchers
  • Pipeline projects of over 35 companies, including discontinued projects
  • Thirteen SWOT charts (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats) comparing the most promising immunotherapies and vaccines with standard therapy in 6 major cancers


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