Commercial Opportunities for Enzyme Technologies (3rd Edition)

Published by: Drug and Market Development Publishing

Published: Nov. 1, 2006 - 302 Pages

Table of Contents

CHAPTER 1: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

CHAPTER 2: INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER 3: FOUNDATIONS

General Principles

Background

Enzymes as Catalysts

Michaelis-Menten Kinetics

Inhibition

Regulatory Enzymes

Cofactors and Prosthetic Groups

Membrane Enzymes

Multiplicity and Isoenzymes

Enzymes in Metabolism

Formal Classification Groups for Enzymes

The Six EC Nomenclature Classes

Proteases

Saccharases

Lipases

Other Enzymes of Industrial Importance

Enzyme Assays

Colorimetric Assays

Fluorimetric Assays

Electrochemical Assays

Other Types of Assays

CHAPTER 4: ENZYME ENGINEERING

Source Organisms

Extremophiles

Thermophiles

Psychrophiles

Halophiles

Acidophiles

Alkalophiles

Piezophiles

Mesophilic Terrestrial Bacteria

Eukaryotes

Strategies for Developing Diversity Libraries

Other Sources of Diversity

Abzymes

Engineering Goals

Engineering Enzymes to Survive in Industry Environments

Protein Engineering Lessons Learned from Thermophiles

Improving Enzyme Activity at Low Temperature

Increasing Tolerance to Extremes in pH

Incompatibility between Thermal Stabilization and Low Temperature Activity

Selecting for Multiple Parameters

Compatible Solutes

Engineering Methods

Modeling and Rational Design

Evolution

Screening

Format and Purification

CHAPTER 5: ENZYMES AS COMMERCIAL PRODUCTS

Market Demand for Enzymes

Detergent Additives

Food Additives and Food Processing

Corn Syrup

Alcohol and Beverages

Rennet and Rennet Substitutes

Enzymes for Feed Supplementation

Phytase

Xylanase

Other Feed Additive Enzymes

Thermostabilization of Feed Supplement Enzymes

Industrial Production of Enzymes for Feed Additives

Major Competitors with Enzyme Supplementation for Feed

Pharmaceuticals

FDA-Approved Enzyme Drugs

Research and Development Products

Signaling (Probe) Enzymes

Alkaline Phosphatase and Horseradish Peroxidase

Luciferase

Expression Tags

Proteases

Lysozyme

Nucleases

Taq and other Thermostable DNA Polymerases

Restriction Endonucleases

DNAse and RNAse

Reverse Transcriptase

Other Specialty Enzymes

Clinical Assays

Forensic PCR

PCR Basics

Human Variations

Clinical PCR

ELISA

CHAPTER 6: ENZYMES AS THERAPY TARGETS

Enzyme Target Families

CHAPTER 7: POTENTIAL GROWTH AREAS FOR ENZYMES

Pharmaceutical Processing

Chiral Resolutio ns

Chiral Examples

Nonchiral Examples

Solid Phase Enzyme Chemistry

Biocatalysis Formats

Solid Phase Enzyme Chemistry Example

Specialty Chemical Applications

Biopulping

Paper and Pulp

Fermentation Feedstock

Waste Remediation

Explosives

Organophosphates in Pesticide Residues and Nerve Gas

Biosensors

Glucose Monitors

Biofilm Control

Energy Substitution—Ethanol

CHAPTER 8: COMPANY PROFILES

Altus Pharmaceuticals

Biocon

BioResearch Ireland

Chimerix

DIREVO Biotech

Diversa

GE Healthcare

Genencor

Hoffmann-La Roche

Invitrogen

Kikkoman

Maxygen

Novo Nordisk

Toyobo

Xencor

TABLE OF EXHIBITS

Exhibit 2.1 Industrial Enzymes Companies

Exhibit 2.2 Enzyme Evolution Companies

Exhibit 2.3 Pulp and Paper and Remediation Companies

Exhibit 2.4 Feed Enzymes Companies

Exhibit 2.5 Companies Marketing Laboratory Enzymes

Exhibit 2.6 Companies Working on Fine Chemicals

Exhibit 3.1 Enzyme Reaction Kinetic Equation

Exhibit 3.2 Michaelis-Menten Equation

Exhibit 3.3 Lineweaver-Burk Equation

Exhibit 3.4 Eadie-Hoftsee Equation

Exhibit 3.5 Examples of Kinetic Constants for Particularly Fast Enzymes

Exhibit 3.6 Examples of Enzymes Requiring Inorganic Cofactors

Exhibit 3.7 Examples of Inborn Errors of Metabolism and Enzyme Deficiencies

Exhibit 3.8 Formal Enzyme Classification System

Exhibit 3.9 Nomenclature of Some Industrially Important Enzymes

Exhibit 3.10 Endopeptidase (Proteinase) Subclasses

Exhibit 4.1 Extremophiles and Their Environments

Exhibit 4.2 Extremophiles and Their Uses in Biotechnology

Exhibit 4.3 Thermophilic DNA Polymerases

Exhibit 4.4 Conditions under which Laundry Proteases Perform

Exhibit 4.5 Effects of Detergent Components on Proteases

Exhibit 5.1 Enzyme Markets and Trends

Exhibit 5.2 Common Detergent Proteinases

Exhibit 5.3 Food and Feed Enzymes from Naturally Occurring Sources

Exhibit 5.4 FDA Approved Enzymes

Exhibit 5.5 Target Sequences of a Few New Restriction Endonucleases

Exhibit 6.1 Enzyme Targeted Drug Candidate Activity

Exhibit 6.2 Launched and Late Phase Drugs

Abstract

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