Emerging Opportunities in Cancer Nanomedicine

Published by: Espicom Healthcare Intelligence

Published: Aug. 25, 2006 - 125 Pages

Table of Contents

1. Scope Of Report

2. Executive Summary

3. Introduction

3.1 Introduction To Nanotechnology

Background To Nanotechnology

Figure 1. Artificial And Biological Nanostructures

History Of Nanotechnology

Construction Of Nanotechnologies

Nanomaterials

Thin Films, Layers And Surfaces

Carbon Nanotubes

Figure 2. Atomic Structures Of Cnts

Inorganic Nanotubes

Nanowires

Figure 3. Arrays Of Uniform Zinc Oxide Nanowires

Microneedles

Nanofibres As Biomaterials

Figure 4. Arrays Of Nanofibres

Biopolymers

Nucleic Acid Lattices And Scaffolds

Figure 5. Dna Stick Figures

Micelles

Figure 6. A Schematic Of The Formation Of A Micelle

Liposomes

Figure 7. Schematic Representation Of Four Major Liposome Types.

Dendrimers

Figure 8. The Dendritic Structure

Liquid Crystals

Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Crystals

Nanoparticles

Aquasomes (Carbohydrate-ceramic Nanoparticles)

Polyplexes/Lipopolyplexes

Hydrogels

Fullerenes (Carbon 60)

Figure 9. Structure Of A C60 Fullerene

Quantum Dots

Figure 10. Silicon At The Nanoscale Becomes Optically Active

Cantilevers With Functionalised Tips

Microchips For Drug Delivery

3.2 Nanomedicine: An Offshoot Of Nanotechnology

Current And Future Applications

Array Technologies

Electronics And Information And Communication Technology (Ict)

Self-assembly

Drug Delivery

Drug Discovery

Medical Imaging

4. Key Opportunities For Cancer Nanomedicine

4.1 Molecular Imaging And Early Detection

Predicted Development Scenarios

4.2 In Vivo Imaging

Predicted Development Scenarios

4.3 Reporters Of Efficacy

Predicted Development Scenarios

4.4 Multi-functional Therapeutics

Predicted Development Scenarios

4.5 Prevention And Control

Predicted Development Scenarios

4.6 Research Enablers

Predicted Development Scenarios

5. Market Future

5.1 Research Trends And Initiatives

Broad International Survey

Europe

Asia

Patents

5.2 Technology And Challenges

Standardisation And Quality Assurance

Molecular Manufacturing

Figure 11. Future Nanoscale Machines

Programmability Of Nanodevices

5.3 Business And Regulatory Challenges

Managing Interdisciplinary Requirements

Regulation

Ethics

Legal

5.4 Nanomedicine Growth Opportunities

Economic Impact

Drug Delivery

5.5 Nanomedicine Growth Restraints

Toxicology

Carcinogenicity

Long-term Stability

Excretion Pathways For Artificial Nanostructures

Figure 12. Summary Of The Hypothetical Toxicokinetic Pathways For Nanoparticles

Public Perception

5.6 Time Estimates For Nano Developments

Table 1. European Technology Platform On Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology For Health

5.7 Key Opinions

Table 2. Time Of Realisation Of Nanobiotechnology Developments

Table 3. Prospects Of Commercialisation Index

Table 4. Limits To Commercialisation

Table 5. Actions Needed To Foster Realisation

5.8 Funding

Table 6. Examples Of Public Funding For R&D In Nanoscience And Nanotechnology

International Government Spending

Table 7. Worldwide Government Funding For Nanotechnology R&D

Figure 13. Worldwide Government Funding For Nanotechnology R&D

Figure 14. Number Of Nanocompanies In Europe

Us-focused Overview - Regional, State And Local Spending

Private Investment

6. Current Progress In Cancer Nanomedicine

6.1 Products On The Market

Table 8. Products Currently On The Market With Oncology Applications

Abraxis Bioscience/Astrazeneca - Abraxane

Gilead Sciences/Diatos - Daunoxome

Immunicon - Cellsearch Circulating Tumor Cell Kit

Nanosphere - Bio-barcode And Verigene Platform

Ortho Biotech (Johnson & Johnson) - Caelyx/Doxil

Figure 15. Representation Of A Stealth Liposome.

Zeneus Pharma - Myocet

6.2 Products Moving To Market

Table 9. Products Moving To The Market With Oncology Applications

Ablynx

Figure 16. Nanobodies

Acusphere

Advanced Magnetics/Cytogen

Adventrx Pharmaceuticals

Alnis Biosciences

Aphios

Celsion

Dendritic Technologies/Starpharma

Flamel Technologies

Inex Pharmaceuticals

Insert Therapeutics (Arrowhead Research)

Figure 17. Structure Of It-101

Intradigm

Introgen Therapeutics

Kereos

Keystone Nano

Liplasome Pharma

Magforce Nanotechnologies

Mersana Therapeutics

Nanobiotix

Nanocarrier

Nanolution (Biophan Technologies)

Nanomed Pharmaceuticals

Nanospectra Biosciences

Pro-pharmaceuticals

Project Biofinger

Figure 18. Biofinger: Diagnosis Tool Based On The Measurement Of Molecular Interactions

Psivida

Osi Pharmaceuticals

Spherics

Transgenex Nanobiotech

Triton Biosytems

6.3 Novel Research

Burnham Institute

California State University And The Chinese Academy Of Sciences

Clemson University

Eindhoven University Of Technology And University Of Bordeaux

Friedrich Schiller University

George Mason University And The University Of Texas Health Science Center

Georgia Institute Of Technology

Harvard University

Johann Wolfgang Goethe University

Johns Hopkins University

Korea Advanced Institute Of Science And Technology

Luikov Heath And Mass Transfer Institute

Massachusetts Institute Of Technology (Mit)

National Institute Of Standards And Technology

Northwestern University

Oak Ridge National Laboratory

Ohio State University

Sandia National Laboratories

Seoul National University

Stanford University

State University Of New York And California State University

The Scripps Research Institute

Université Pierre Et Marie Curie

University Of California, Berkeley

University Of Delaware

University Of Florida

University Of Medicine And Dentistry Of New Jersey

University Of Michigan

Figure 19. A Flexible Platform For The Detection And Treatment Of Cancer

University Of Missouri

University Of Santiago De Compostela

Virginia Commonwealth University

7. Company Index

8. Bibliography

9. Glossary

Abstract

• A review of nanomedicine and its role in the anticancer market
• An assessment of the main areas in which it can be applied
• Analysis of 6 current products employing nanotechnology
• A review of the work of 30 companies with products in the pipeline
• A thorough look at current research being conducted at over 30 institutions worldwide

• Molecular imaging and early detection
  • Nanotechnology possesses the ability to have an early, paradigm-changing impact on how clinicians will detect cancer in its earliest stages. Devices constructed of nanoscale components, such as nanocantilevers, nanowires and nanochannels, offer the potential for detecting even the rarest molecular signals associated with malignancy.
• In vivo imaging
  • One of the most urgent requirements in clinical oncology is for imaging agents that can identify tumours that are far smaller than those detectable with today’s technology, at a scale of 1x105 cells rather than 1x109 cells. Achieving this level of sensitivity requires better targeting of imaging agents and the generation of a bigger imaging signal, both of which nanoscale devices are capable of accomplishing.
• Reporters of efficacy
  • Nanotechnology offers the potential for developing highly-sensitive imaging agents and ex vivo diagnostics that can determine whether a therapeutic agent is reaching its intended target and whether that agent is killing malignant or support cells, such as growing blood vessels.
• Multi-functional therapeutics
  • Because of their multi-functional capabilities, nanoscale devices can contain both targeting agents and therapeutic payloads at levels that can produce high local concentrations of a given anticancer drug. This is beneficial in areas of the body that are difficult to access because of a variety of biological barriers, including those developed by tumours.
• Prevention and control
  • Many of the advances that nanotechnology will enable in each of the four preceding challenge areas will also find widespread applicability in efforts to prevent and control cancer. Advances driven by proteomics and bioinformatics are enabling researchers to identify markers of cancer susceptibility and precancerous lesions. Nanotechnology will then be used to develop devices that are capable of signalling when those markers appear in the body and deliver agents that would reverse premalignant changes or kill those cells that have the potential for becoming malignant.
• Research enablers
  • Nanotechnology offers a wide range of tools, from chip-based nanolaboratories that are capable of monitoring and manipulating individual cells to nanoscale probes that can track the movements of cells, and even individual molecules, as they move about in their environment. Using such tools will enable cancer biologists to study, monitor and alter the multiple systems that go awry in the cancer process, and identify key biochemical and genetic points at which future molecular therapies might best be directed.

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