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A How To Do It Guide To Biopesticides Volume 5

Published by: CPL Scientific

Published: Aug. 1, 2006 - 150 Pages



Table of Contents



WHO GOES INTO BIOPESTICIDES

INTRODUCTION

AN OVERVIEW OF THE TYPES OF COMPANIES

PESTICIDE & PHARMACEUTICAL COMPANIEs

Reasons for entering the market

Advantages & Disadvantages

FERMENTATION COMPANIES

Reasons for entering the market

Advantages & Disadvantages

NEW COMPANIES

Reasons for entering the market

Advantages & Disadvantages

OTHER TYPES OF COMPANIES

Privately funded spin outs

mall crop protection companies

Commodity producers

MARKETING

SELECTING DISTRIBUTORS

USER EDUCATION

ADVERTISING

MARKETING AND PRODUCTION COSTS

Marketing Costs

Production Costs

COSTS AND RISKS

POTENTIAL PRODUCTS BY TYPE OF MICROBE

Bacteria

Fungi

Insecticides

Herbicides

Fungicides

Against Nematodes

Mycorrhizal Fungi

Viruses

Nematodes

THE MOST COMMON MISTAKES

SUCCESS FACTORS IN BIOPESTICIDES

DEFINITION OF SUCCESS

OBJECTIVE OF THE COMPANY

FUNDING

Venture capital

Building grand facilities

Emphasis on creation of intellectual property

Publicity

Wheeling and dealing

Becoming cost-efficient

Summary

Corporate funding

The sufficiency of money

TECHNICAL ISSUES

Strains of micro-organisms

Biologically active compounds

Maintaining a biopesticide

Fermentation

Post-fermentation

Formulation

Delivery

Assay

Success in Production

REGISTRATION

MARKETING AND SALES

The value of a biopesticide

Accessible markets and marketing focus

Distribution and sales

Internal integration

PERSONNEL

INFLUENCES ON THE BIOPESTICIDES MARKET

USERS

GOVERNMENTS

CONSUMERS

Attitudes towards chemicals

Consumer survey results

Organic food

Chemicals in the environment

Development costs - Chemicals vs. Biologicals

New Pests & Resistance

New Integrated Agricultural Systems IPM/ICP/IFP/LISA

HOW TO FIND, DEVELOP AND MAKE A BIOPESTICIDE

FINDING A BIOPESTICIDE

Screening

DEVELOPMENT

PROCESS DEVELOPMENT AND PRODUCTION

The Critical Nature of Production

Organism Storage

Laboratory Production

Semi-solid Fermentation

Methods of Semi-solid Fermentation

Media for Semi-solid Fermentations

Sterilization of Semi-solid Media

Particle Size in Semi-solid Media

Oxygen and Heat Transfer in Semi-solid Media

Semi-solid Fermentation products

Alternaria cassiae and Fusarium lateritium

Bacillus thuringiensis

Beauveria bassiana

Beauveria brongniartii

Cercospora rodmanii

Hirsutella thompsonii

Metarhizium anisopliae

Paecilomyces fumosoroseus

Trichoderma spp

Verticillium lecanii

Submerged Fermentation

Media for Submerged Fermentation

Types of Submerged Fermenters

Types of Submerged Fermentations

The Submerged Fermentation Sequence

Cultures

Inoculum

Final Vessel

Submerged Fermentation Products

Bacillus thuringiensis

Beauveria bassiana

Colletotrichum

Conidiobolus obscurus

Entomophaga aulicae

Lagenidium giganteum

Metarhizium anisopliae

Paecilomyces fumosoroseus

Verticillium lecanii

Yeasts

In vitro Production of Viral Pesticides

In vivo Production

PRODUCT RECOVERY

Product Recovery from Semi-solid Fermentation

Product Recovery from Submerged Fermentation

Continuous Centrifugation

Spray-Drying

Freeze-Drying

Evaporation

Filtration

SCALE-UP

FORMULATION

Background

Formulation Types

Powders

Flowable Concentrates

Granules

Seed Treatments

UV

Bt formulation

Wettable Powders, Dusts and Dispersible Granules

Liquid Formulations

ULV/CDA

Additives, Phagostimulants and Encapsulation

Bti formulation

New Bt formulations

Conclusions

QUALITY CONTROL & LABORATORY TESTING

Efficacy

Bioassays & Other Tests

Example of a Bt Bioassay Procedure

New Bioassay Methods

Fungal Bioassays

Alternatives to Bioassays

Microbiological Purity

Mammalian Safety

Physical Characteristics

FIELD TESTING

R & D COSTS

THE FUTURE FOR BIOPESTICIDES

INTRODUCTION

NEW TECHNOLOGY

PEST MANAGEMENT

DEVELOPMENTS

Bacillus thuringiensis

Other Bacteria

Fungi

Viruses

THE FUTURE

Abstract

This study is Volume 5 in CPL's 2006 series on Biopesticides.

The 1st edition of this study was published in January 1987. Since then, dozens of companies around the world have benefited from the information and insights it provides into the business of biopesticides.

The 7th edition, to be published as a series of 16 separate studies in 2006, brings you up to date on the markets and market prospects, the technology and the R&D, registration and approval, IPR and QA, as well as on many of the companies that are now or tried in the past to develop and commercialise biopesticides.

Introduction to the 2006 Biopesticides study series

Sales of crop protection products are falling world-wide as governments require the use of less and fewer pesticides, as consumers increasingly seek out organic food and as farmers desperately look for ways to improve their incomes. The opportunities for alternatives to chemical pesticides continue to grow.

Although large-scale use of biopesticides is unlikely, a number of effective and cost-effective methods of biological pest control have been successfully achieved. Technical developments in the past few years have been impressive and there are many niche markets available to the entrepreneur or entrepreneurial company. Integrated pest and crop management systems have become much more sophisticated.

To understand the opportunities and challenges of the biopesticides business the new 16 volume series will cover in depth all elements of the biopesticides business. It will give your business a comprehensive view of how to succeed. It includes experienced views to help companies make and sell products.

The editor of this study, Steve Lisansky, CEO of CPL Business Consultants, has been involved in biopesticides since 1977 including years spent in developing and commercialising them and more years spent writing about and consulting on biopesticides.

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