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Children and Obesity - USPublished by: Mintel International Group Ltd. Published: Aug. 1, 2005 - 85 Pages Table of ContentsIntroduction and Abbreviations Introduction Other relevant reports Definition Abbreviations and terms Abbreviations Terms Executive Summary Who is affected? The number of calories is the easy part of the story… …but economics may be the closest thing to “the” key to childhood obesity The economics of food The economics of time The importance of physical activity is difficult to prove, but easy to understand Media influence on kids Family and genetics—start measuring the impact very early Consumers think they know what causes childhood obesity A few thoughts on advancing the fight against childhood obesity Obesity: By the Numbers Prevalence of obesity among children in the U.S. Figure 1: Prevalence of overweight among children and adolescents aged 6-19, for selected years 1963-65 through 1999-2002 Figure 2: Prevalence of overweight in children aged 6-19, by age and race/ethnicity, 2002 Figure 3: Percentage of children aged 6-18 who are overweight, by gender, race, and Hispanic origin, 1976-80, 1988-94, and 1999-2002 The Role of Calories and American Eating Habits Huge food and portion distortion Figure 4: Change in portion sizes of selected food and beverages from introductory year through 2002* Figure 5: Measured sizes of ready-to-eat prepared foods (marketplace portions) compared with USDA and FDA serving sizes, 2003 Big portions, larger containers and perceived economics make us eat more Perhaps it’s an American thing? Do portion sizes really affect kids? Diet as a factor in childhood obesity Figure 6: Percentage of children aged 2-18, by age and diet quality of children aged 2-18, as measured by the Healthy Eating Index, 1989-90, 1994-96, and 1999-2000 Figure 7: Average daily per capita servings from the U.S. food supply, by food group, 1993-2003 Figure 8: Consumption data for fat and carbohydrate for children aged 6-11, by gender, 1977-78, 1989-1991, 1994-96 and 1998 Figure 9: Annual consumption of HFCS per capita in the U.S., 1970-2003 Figure 10: U.S. consumption of soft drinks, 1970-2003 The role of food away from home and implications for children obesity Increasing dollar expenditures outside of the home Figure 11: Percent of sales of meals and snacks away from home, by type of outlet, 1983-2003 Figure 12: Top ten menu item dishes featured on children’s menus*, 2005 Figure 13: Top ten methods used to prepare items on children’s menus, 2005 The Role of Activity and Exercise Figure 14: Trends in the prevalence of physical activity among 9-12th grade children, 1991-2003 Active movement between places Figure 15: Percentage of children walking to school 1977-2001 Figure 16: Number of daily car trips among U.S. schoolchildren aged 5-15, 1977-2001 Exploring the leisure time/obesity hypothesis Conclusions about the activity-obesity link The Role of Income The income/obesity paradox Obesity, income, ethnic minority populations and linking to children Figure 17: Household income distribution, by race and Hispanic origin of householder, 2003 Figure 18: Percentage of children aged 6-18 who are overweight, by gender, race, and Hispanic origin, 1976-80, 1988-94, and 1999-2002* How income may impact obesity rates among children Healthy food is more expensive Figure 19: Relative price changes for fresh fruits and vegetables, sugars and sweets and soft drinks using 1982-84 as the baseline period, 1978-2002 Figure 20: Comparative pricing of salads in U.S. restaurants, 2005 Figure 21: Comparative pricing of French fries in U.S. restaurants, 2005 The Built Environment and Other Important Factors Increase in commuting distances Sprawl and its impact on health outcomes and obesity The intersection of the built environment and childhood obesity Genetics The family connection The Role of Marketing, Advertising, and the Media Media and children Figure 22: Exposure to various media formats in children’s bedrooms, 2005 Linking media exposure to obesity among children Children’s influence over purchasing decisions The power of influence Creating kid appeal Industry Action Being Taken Managing the blame game Food choices provided at school What kids are eating in schools—determined by schools for the benefit of schools The Consumer Introduction Prevalence of, and concerns about, overweight among U.S. households Figure 23: Prevalence of overweight in households, by gender, August 2005 Figure 24: Family members considered by respondents to be overweight, August 2005 Figure 25: Family members identifed by respondents to be worried about their weight, August 2005 Figure 26: Respondents concerned about overweight in the household, by gender, August 2005 Figure 27: Respondents concerned about overweight in the household, by income, August 2005 Attitudes towards children and obesity Figure 28: Attitudes towards children and obesity, August 2005 Figure 29: Attitudes towards children and obesity, by gender, August 2005 Figure 30: Attitudes towards children and obesity, by age, August 2005 Figure 31: Attitudes towards children and obesity, by household income, August 2005 Figure 32: Attitudes toward children and obesity, by educational attainment, August 2005 Summary Future Future trends Schools are an opportunity Emotional consequences Legal consequences Appendix: New Product Briefs ConAgra: Kid Cuisine, Lion Paw Shaped Fun Nuggets ConAgra: Kid Cuisine Racing shapes Mac & Cheese Oscar Meyer: Lunchables Peanut Butter Pile Up Appendix: Trade Associations Appendix: Research Methodology Consumer Research Sampling & Weighting Technometrica TechnoExpresssm ICR Surveys EXCEL Simmons National Consumer Surveys Greenfield Online Presentation & Definition Further Analysis Trade Research Informal trade research Formal trade research Desk & Internet Research Sources Definitions Forecasts AbstractFew topics in recent years have received as much national and even global attention, scrutiny and lament as obesity. It is a subject with broad outreach and implications, impacting across the entire demographic, economic and social spectrum in the United States. The topic of obesity has captured the attention of legislators, public health organizations and policymakers, manufacturers, urban planners, researchers, the health and medical community, schools, parents, children, activists and lawyers. In a fashion, it has brought together a nation of people in an active dialog of concern. In another way, it has created discourse and even contempt as different interests defend their opinion, their business mission or their sphere of influence.Emerging from the many forums, symposiums, conferences and research is a common consensus that obesity is a complex, multi-factorial issue which cannot be traced to an exclusive cause. Furthermore, the factors and environmental circumstances that are considered contributory to the onset of adult obesity are likewise implicated in childhood obesity. In the case of children, however, observation and even criticism of factors such as parenting, school curriculum and meal programs as well as media and marketing is more visible and audible. In this report, Mintel examines the hypothesis that the causes of childhood obesity cannot be traced to a few rudimentary principles or simple facts. Instead, this report considers the issue from the perspective of academic, public health, regulatory and private sector opinion and seeks to present a balance of perspectives drawn from research and opinion published to date. Information is presented to help the reader understand the environment in which, or background against which, decisions about food choices or activity are made. In other words, childhood obesity appears to be related to broad factors, such as socio-economic status, and a picture of social economics must be painted before it can be related to childhood obesity. While much data exist to correlate facts with childhood obesity, other data are more circumstantial and are presented in this way for the reader to understand and draw conclusions. Mintel also discusses factors that may further influence childhood obesity in the future, but proposing solutions to the issue is beyond the scope of this report.
For the purposes of this report, childhood obesity includes children and youth between the ages of 2 and 18 who have a body mass index equal to or greater than the 95th percentile of the age/gender-specific BMI charts developed by the CDC (Institute of Medicine Fact Sheet: Childhood Obesity in the United States: Facts and Figures, September 2004).
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