Rubber Technologist's Handbook, Volume 2, is a companion volume to Rubber Technologists Handbook published in 2001. Written by experts in their respective fields, this handbook discusses the most recent developments in the subject.
The ten chapters cover Microscopic Imaging of Rubber Compounds, Intelligent Tyres, Silica-Filled Rubber Compounds, Fibres In The Rubber Industry, Naval and Space Applications of Rubber, Advances in Fillers for the Rubber Industry, Thermoplastic Elastomers by Dynamic Vulcanisation, Polymers In Cable Applications, Durability of Rubber Compounds, and Radiochemical Ageing of Ethylene-Propylene-Diene Monomer
Rubber Technologist's Handbook, Volume 2, will serve the needs of those who are already in the rubber industry and new entrants to the field who aspire to build a career in rubber and allied areas. Materials Science students and researchers, designers and engineers should all find this handbook helpful.
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- 1 Microscopic Imaging of Rubber Compounds
- 1.1 Introduction
- 1.2 Fillers and Elastomer Reinforcement
- 1.3 Characterisation of the Filler Dispersion
- 1.3.1 Techniques
- 1.3.2 Microscopy
- 1.3.3 Automated Image Analysis
- 1.4 Analytical Procedure by TEM/AIA
- 1.4.1 Preparation of the Samples and TEM Images
- 1.4.2 Image Digitalisation
- 1.4.3 Image Analysis
- 1.4.4 Statistical Analysis
- 1.5 Morphology of Carbon Black Dispersions
- 1.5.1 Dry state
- 1.5.2 Compounds
- 1.6 Morphometric Analysis on Silica Filled Compounds
- 1.6.1 Atomic Force Microscopy/Automated Image Analysis
- 1.6.2 Transmission Electron Microscopy/Automated Image Analysis
- 1.6.3 Microdensitometry and 3D-TEM/Electron Tomography
- Acknowledgements
- References
- 2 Intelligent Tyres
- 2.1 Introduction
- 2.2 Features of the Intelligent Tyre
- 2.2.1 Identification and Memory
- 2.2.2 Temperature
- 2.2.3 Inflation Pressure
- 2.2.4 Cornering Forces
- 2.2.5 Tyre Mileage
- 2.2.6 Treadwear
- 2.3 Historical Perspective
- 2.3.1 Tyres
- 2.3.2 Competing Products - Wheel-based Systems
- 2.3.3 The TREAD Act of 2000
- 2.3.4 Outlook for Intelligent Tyres
- 2.4 Design of the Intelligent Tyre System
- 2.4.1 Tyre
- 2.4.2 Electronics
- 2.4.3 Signal from Tyre
- 2.4.4 Readers
- 2.5 Standards
- 2.6 Summary
- Anowledgement
- References
- 3 Silica-Filled Rubber Compounds
- 3.1 Introduction
- 3.2 Characteristics of High-Dispersion Silicas
- 3.2.1 Various Classes of Silicas: Pyrogenic versus Precipitated, and their Production
- 3.2.2 Properties of Highly Dispersible Silicas
- 3.2.3 Compatibility Aspects
- 3.3 Coupling Agents
- 3.3.1 Types of Commonly used Coupling Agents
- 3.3.2 Reactions Between Silica, Silane Coupling Agentand Rubber Polymer
- 3.3.3 Kinetics
- 3.3.4 Alternative Coupling Agents
- 3.4 Characterisation Methods for Silica-Rubber Coupling
- 3.4.1 Rubber Reinforcement by Silica versus Carbon Black
- 3.4.2 The Payne Effect
- 3.4.3 Hysteresis Properties: tan d at 60 C
- 3.4.4 Alternative Means to Quantify Filler-Filler andFiller-Polymer Interaction
- 3.5 Mixing of Silica-Rubber Compounds
- 3.5.1 Effect of TESPT on the Properties of Uncured andCured Compounds
- 3.5.2 Properties of Uncured Compounds in Relation tothe Dump Temperature in the Presence of TESPT Silane Coupling Agent
- 3.5.3 Effect of the Dump Temperature on the TensileProperties of Cured Samples
- 3.5.4 Interactions Between Time and Temperature asan Indication of Reaction Kinetics of the Coupling Reaction
- 3.5.5 Effect of Mixer Size and Rotor Type
- 3.5.6 considerations on Mixer Operation
- 3.6 Conclusions
- References
- 4 Fibres in the Rubber Industry
- 4.1 Introduction
- 4.2 Fibre Types and General Properties
- 4.2.1 Cotton
- 4.2.2 Rayon
- 4.2.3 Polyamides
- 4.2.4 Polyester, Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET)
- 4.2.5 Aramid
- 4.2.6 Others
- 4.3 Yarn and Cord Processes
- 4.3.1 Twisting
- 4.3.2 Texturing
- 4.4 Fibre Units
- 4.4.1 Titer: Tex and Denier
- 4.4.2 Tenacity and Modulus: g/denier, N/tex or GPa
- 4.5 Adhesion
- 4.5.1 Types of Adhesive Interactions
- 4.6 Dipping Process
- 4.6.1 Factors Influencing Adhesion in StandardResorcinol Formaldehyde Latex (RFL) Treatment
- 4.7 Alternative Dip Treatments for Polyester or Aramid
- 4.8 Chemically Altering the Surface
- 4.8.1 Polyester
- 4.9 Plasma Treatment
- 4.10 Rubber Treatment
- 4.10.1 Mixing Ingredients
- 4.10.2 Chemical Modification of Rubber
- 4.11 Methods for Analysis
- 4.11.1 Pullout Tests
- 4.11.2 Peel Tests
- 4.11.3 Surface Analysis
- 4.12 Fibres in Tyres
- References
- 5 Naval and Space Applications of Rubber
- 5.1 Introduction
- 5.2 Acoustic Applications
- 5.2.1 Sonar Rubber Domes
- 5.2.2 Active Sonar
- 5.2.3 Insulation
- 5.3 Solid Rocket Propellants
- 5.4 Blast Mitigative Coatings
- 5.5 Aircraft Tyres
- 5.6 Airships
- 5.7 Inflatable Seacraft
- 5.7.1 Combat Rubber Raiding Craft
- 5.7.2 Hovercraft
- 5.8 Rubber Sealants
- 5.9 Miscellaneous Applications
- 5.9.1 Rubber Bullets
- 5.9.2 Intrusion Barriers
- 5.9.3 Elastomeric Torpedo Launcher
- 5.9.4 Mobile Offshore Base
- Acknowledgements
- References
- 6 Advances in Fillers for the Rubber Industry
- 6.1 Introduction
- 6.2 Requirements for Fillers in Tyre Applications
- 6.3 Advances in Carbon Black
- 6.3.1 Chemically-Modified Carbon Blacks
- 6.3.2 Inversion Carbon Blacks
- 6.4 Filler Particles Containing Both Carbon Black and Silica
- 6.4.1 Carbon-Silica Dual Phase Filler
- 6.4.2 Silica-Coated Carbon Blacks
- 6.5 Advances in Silica and Other Filler Materials
- 6.5.1 New Precipitated Silica for Silicone Rubber
- 6.5.2 Starch
- 6.5.3 Organo-Clays
- 6.6 Advanced Rubber-Filler Masterbatches
- 6.6.1 Cabot Elastomer Composites
- 6.6.2 Powdered Rubber
- 6.7 Concluding Remarks
- References
- 7 Thermoplastic Elastomers by Dynamic Vulcanisation
- 7.1 Introduction
- 7.2 Polymer Blends
- 7.3 Classification of TPE
- 7.4 Dynamic Vulcanisation
- 7.5 Production of TPV
- 7.6 PP/EPDM TPV
- 7.6.1 Crosslinking Agents For PP/EPDM TPV
- 7.6.2 Morphology of PP/EPDM TPV
- 7.7 Rheology and Processing of TPV
- 7.8 Compounding in TPV
- 7.9 End Use Applications of TPV
- 7.10 Concluding Remarks
- References
- 8 Polymers in Cable Application
- 8.1 Introduction
- 8.2 Broad Classification of Cables
- 8.2.1 Rigid Power Cables
- 8.2.2 Flexible Power and Control Cables
- 8.2.3 Special Purpose Cables
- 8.3 Components of Cable
- 8.3.1Conductor
- 8.3.2 Insulation
- 8.3.3 Significance of Different Properties on CableInsulation Quality and Performance
- 8.3.4 Chemical Resistance
- 8.3.5 Selection Criteria for Insulation
- 8.4 Cable Jacket (Sheath)
- 8.4.1 Property Requirements of Cable Jacketing Materials
- 8.4.2 Criteria for Selection of Sheaths (Cable Jacket)
- 8.5 Semi Conductive Components for High Voltage Cable
- 8.5.1 Property Requirements of Semi-conductive Compounds
- 8.6 Different Cable Materials
- 8.6.1 Polymers used in Cables as Insulation, Sheathingand Semi-conducting Materials
- 8.6.2 Common Elastomers for Cables
- 8.6.3 Specialty Elastomers for Cables
- 8.6.4 Thermoplastic Elastomers for Cables
- 8.6.5 High Temperature Thermoplastics and Thermosets
- 8.7 Different Methods of PE to XLPE Conversion
- 8.7.1 Crosslinking by High-Energy Irradiation (Electron Beam)
- 8.7.2 Crosslinking by the Sioplas Technique
- 8.8 Different Compounding Ingredients
- 8.8.1 Crosslinking Agents
- 8.8.2 Metal Oxides
- 8.8.3 Organic Peroxides and Other Curing Agents
- 8.8.4 Accelerators
- 8.8.5 Antioxidants
- 8.8.6 Antiozonants
- 8.8.7 Fillers
- 8.8.8 Auxiliary Additives
- 8.8.9 Plasticiser, Softeners, Processing Aids
- 8.8.10 Coupling-agents
- 8.9 Cable Manufacturing Process
- 8.9.1 Basic Principles of Compounding
- 8.9.2 Internal Mixing
- 8.9.3 Open Mixing
- 8.9.4 Application of Cable Insulation Covering
- 8.9.5 Curing of Cable
- 8.9.6 Dual Extrusion System
- 8.9.7 Triple Extrusion System
- 8.9.8 Improvement in CV Curing Techniques
- 8.10 Quality Checks and Tests
- 8.11 Polymers in some Specialty Cables
- 8.11.1 Mining Cable
- 8.11.2 Aircraft and Spacecraft Cable
- 8.11.3 Nuclear Power Cables
- 8.11.4 Ship Board and Marine Cables
- References
- 9 Durability of Rubber Compounds
- 9.1 Introduction
- 9.2 Oxidation and Antioxidant Chemistry
- 9.2.1 Introduction
- 9.2.2 Mechanism of Rubber Oxidation
- 9.2.3 Stabilisation Mechanism of Antioxidants
- 9.2.4 Methods of Studying the Oxidation Resistanceof Rubber
- 9.3 Ozone and Antiozonant Chemistry
- 9.3.1 Introduction
- 9.3.2 Mechanism of Ozone Attack on Elastomers
- 9.3.3 Mechanism of Antiozonants
- 9.4 Mechanism of Protection Against Flex Cracking
- 9.5 Trends Towards Long-Lasting Antidegradants
- 9.5.1 Introduction
- 9.5.2 Long-Lasting Antioxidants
- 9.5.3 Long-Lasting Antiozonants
- References
- 10 Radiochemical Ageing of Ethylene-Propylene-Diene
- Monomer Elastomers
- Introduction
- Radiochemical Degradation
- Units
- Radiation Sources
- Commercial Processes and Applications
- Experimental
- Materials
- Irradiation
- 10.1 Degradation Under Inert Atmosphere
- 10.1.1 Infra Red (IR) Analysis
- 10.1.2 UV-vis Analysis
- 10.1.3 Evaluation of Crosslinking
- 10.1.4 Mass Spectrometry Analysis
- 10.1.5 Mechanism of Degradation Under an Inert Atmosphere
- 10.2 Identification and Quantification of Chemical Changes inEPDM and EPR Films g-Irradiated Under Oxygen Atmosphere
- 10.2.1 IR Analysis
- 10.2.2 UV-vis Analysis
- 10.2.3 Analysis of the Oxidation Products
- 10.2.4 Gamma Irradiation in vacuo of Hydroperoxides
- Formed in EPDM Films
- 10.2.5 Mass Spectrometry Analysis
- 10.2.6 Evaluation of Crosslinking
- 10.2.7 Post-Irradiation Analysis
- 10.2.8 Conclusion
- 10.3 Mechanism of Radiooxidation
- 10.3.1 Formation of Hydroperoxides
- 10.3.2 Recombination of Peroxy Radicals
- 10.3.3 Conclusion
- 10.4 Evaluation of Some Anti-Oxidants
- 10.4.1 Experimental
- 10.4.2 Experimental Results
- 10.4.3 Conclusion
- References
- 11 Silicone Rubber
- 11.1 Introduction
- 11.2 Chemistry
- 11.3 Manufacturing
- 11.4 Three Major Classifications of Silicone Rubber
- 11.5 Properties
- 11.5.1 Heat Resistance Property
- 11.5.2 Low Temperature Flexibility
- 11.5.3 Mechanical Properties
- 11.5.4 Compression Set
- 11.5.5 Oil and Solvent Resistance
- 11.5.6 Steam Resistance
- 11.5.7 Water Resistance
- 11.5.8 Electrical Properties
- 11.5.9 Bio-compatibility
- 11.5.10 Permeability
- 11.5.11 Damping Characteristics
- 11.5.12 Surface Energy or Release Property
- 11.5.13 Weathering Resistance
- 11.5.14 Radiation Resistance
- 11.5.15 Thermal Ablative
- 11.6 Compounding
- 11.6.1 Silicone Gums
- 11.6.2 Reinforced Gums (Bases)
- 11.6.3 Filler
- 11.6.4 Softener
- 11.6.5 Vulcanisation
- 11.7 Processing
- 11.7.1 Mixing
- 11.7.2 Moulding
- 11.7.3 Extrusion
- 11.7.4 Oven Curing
- 11.7.5 Sponge
- 11.7.6 Calendering
- 11.7.7 Co-moulding and Over-moulding
- 11.8 Troubleshooting
- 11.9 Applications
- 11.9.1 Automotive Applications
- 11.9.2 Aerospace Applications
- 11.9.3 Electrical and Electronics
- 11.9.4 Coatings
- 11.9.5 Appliances
- 11.9.6 Foams
- 11.9.7 Medical Products
- 11.9.8 Baby Care
- 11.9.9 Consumer Products
- Acknowledgements
- References
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