Smart Transport: Smart tickets, cards and labels for land, sea and air transport
IDTechEx Ltd
January 1, 2002 200 Pages - SKU: CGAQ1147200
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Transport is today's killer application for RFID, with enormous growth potential remaining. In the past, buses, trains, private road tranpsort, water and air transport were very separate industries. Their tagging and ticketing was supplied by unrelated companies using differenet technologies and standards were few and far between. Now stored-value cards, remotely-sensed tickets and other advances are starting to share the same or similar technologies. Standards are evolving and interoperability is being energetically pursued. This takes the form of intermodal transport passes in a city such as one stored-value card that gets you on any bus, train or ferry, as in Hong Kong, or interoperable bus cards across a country. These smart card and ticket technologies can be packaged into different shapes or electronically reconfigured. Then they are useful for a wide range of non-ticketing uses in transport. These include airport gold cards and frequent-flyer cards, and radio tags on taxis, buses, trains, baggage, freight, even people and airport ground support equipment. These tags, often supplied by the same manufacturers, provide an enormous range of benefits from new earning streams to cost-reduction, improved facilitation and enhances security. Users are increasingly doing one-stop shopping for smart cards, tickets and labels. This report analyses all these opportunities and trends. It is your reference book for years to come.
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- Executive Summary and Conclusions
- 1. INTRODUCTION
- 1.1 What is a smart label, ticket or card?
- 1.1.1 What is RFID?
1.2 Relevant challenges in transport
- 1.2.1 Cost reduction
- 1.2.2 Reliability
- 1.2.3 Passenger convenience and facilitation
- 1.2.4 Data collection
- 1.2.5 Theft, counterfeit and emulation
- 1.2.6 Intrusion
- 1.2.7 Tampering
- 1.2.8 Safety
- 1.2.9 Terrorism
- 1.2.10 Drugs and other forbidden substances
- 1.2.11 Illegal immigrants
1.3 Evolution of ticketing
- 1.4 Evolution of passenger handling
- 1.5 Evolution of vehicle management
- 1.6 Current usage of smart labels, tickets and cards
- 1.6.1 Smart labels
- Company profile : Sokymat
1.6.2 Smart tickets
- Company profile : X-ident
- Company profile : ASK
1.6.3 Smart cards
- Company profile : Gemplus
1.7 The global transport scene
- 1.7.1 Objectives change and differ
- 1.7.2 Passenger ticketing and much more
- 2. WHAT IS A SMART LABEL/TICKET/CARD?
- 2.1 Chip technology
- 2.1.1 Types of chip
- 2.1.2 Contactless cards : the future
- 2.1.3 Contact-with-contactless
- 2.1.4 Smart ticket technology
- 2.1.5 Chips in smart labels
- 2.1.6 Active chip tags
- 2.1.7 Antenna design
2.2 Chip vs chipless technology
- 2.2.1 Comparison of strengths
- 2.2.2 Chipless choices
- 2.2.3 The future
- 2.2.4 Development of EAS
- 3. NEW DEMANDS MEAN NEW SUPPLIERS AND PRODUCTS
- 3.1 Past and present
- 3.2 Smart labels, tickets and cards become one business
- 3.3 Paper and packaging companies have an interest
- 3.4 The Internet of Things
- 4. LAND AND WATER TRANSPORT
- 4.1 Road vehicles
- 4.1.1 Buses
- Case history : Nanjing in China
4.1.2 Road tolling and payment for parking
- Company profile : TransCore
4.1.3 Tracking stolen vehicles
- 4.1.4 Multipurpose vehicle tagging
- Case history : Yibin City, China
4.1.5 Driver access
- Company profile : Philips
4.1.6 Tagging of vehicle parts
- 4.1.7 Access to cargo
- 4.1.8 Fleet management
- Case history : Singapore military fleet
4.1.9 Parking and access to premises
- 4.1.10 Smart tachograph
- Case history : The European Commission and the Driver Card
4.1.11 Sound system cards
- 4.1.12 Car rental – loyalty cards
- 4.1.13 Manifests
- 4.1.14 Driving licenses
- 4.1.15 The future
- 4.1.16 Warehouses and cargo depots
- Case history : The Ford Motor Company
4.2 Rail applications
- Case history : Japan – rail fares
4.3 Water transport
- 4.4 Intermodal transport
- Case history : Buses and trains in London, UK
- Case history : Korea – bus & train fares
- Case history : Malaysian transport purse
4.5 City and campus cards
- 5. AIR TRANSPORT AND AIRPORTS
- 5.1 The airport crisis and potential solutions
- 5.1.1 Improvement needed
- 5.1.2 Priority for frequent flyers
5.2 Smart passports
- 5.3 Global standards or nothing?
- 5.4 Baggage tagging
- 5.4.1 Business case for tags on all baggage
- 5.4.2 Profiling with baggage tags
- 5.4.3 Baggage collection service
- 5.4.4 Chipless tags to the rescue?
- Case history : Tokyo airport trials bag and passenger tagging
- Case history : Profiling bags at San Francisco
- Company profile : BlueTags
5.5 Passenger auto-location
- Case history : Faster check in and boarding with Finnair
5.6 Smart freight tracking and documentation
- 5.7 Secure access to staff and location and control of staff
- 5.8 Airport road tolling
- 5.9 In-flight catering
- 5.10 Vehicle management
- 5.10.1 Taxi management
- Case history : Taxi management
- Case history : Taxis at Heathrow Airport
5.10.2 Private vehicles
- Case history : Tolling and parking at Dallas Fort Worth airport
5.10.3 Ground Support Equipment GSE
- 5.10.4 Other aspects of vehicle tagging
5.11 Asset tagging : Avid and others
- 5.11.1 Fixed asset register
- 5.11.2 Recording movement
- 5.11.3 Theft control
- 5.11.4 Security and safety
5.12 Weighing systems
- Case history : Zurich International Airport
- 6. OPERATIONAL ISSUES WITH SMART OBJECTS
- 6.1 Interoperability
- 6.2 Security
- 6.3 Privacy
- 6.3.1 Microprocessors
- 6.3.2 Radiotelephones
- 6.3.3 Privacy issues
- 6.3.4 Combining GPS and radiotelephone
- 6.3.5 Smart cards
- 6.3.6 Looming problems with RFID
- 6.3.7 Solutions – physical limitations of RFID
- 6.3.8 Data protection
6.4 Congestion of airwaves
- 6.4.1 Airports and airlines increasingly concerned about crowded airwaves
- 6.4.2 Congestion at 2.45 GHz with Bluetooth and Wi-Fi even before smart labels hit the scene
6.5 Permitted radiation levels
- 6.6 Anti-collision
- 6.7 Viruses
- 7. STANDARDS AND PRESSURE GROUPS
- 7.1 Open and closed application systems
- 7.2 Benefits of standardisation
- 7.3 Standards organisations
- 7.4 The process of international standardisation
- 7.5 The need for RFID, including smart labels, standards
- 7.6 Moves towards international harmonisation of spectrum usage
- 7.7 ISO RFID standards development for item management (ISO 18000 series)
- 7.7.1 Technical standards – air interface
- 7.7.2 Technical standards – data protocol
7.8 AIM industry standards for 13.56 MHz RFID smart labels and RFID printer/encoders
- 7.9 RFID application requirement profiles (ISO/IEC 18001)
- 7.10 Regulatory conformance and standards relevant to RFID
- 7.10.1 Standards and conformance requirements relevant to RFID
- 7.10.2 Electromagnetic compatibility
- 7.10.3 Human exposure to RF fields
7.11 Organisational influences upon technical application standards
- 7.11.1 EAN.UCC
- 7.11.2 IATA (International Air Transport Association)
- 7.11.3 UPU (Universal Postal Union)
- 7.11.4 United States Department of Defence (DoD)
7.12 Reviewing the situation
- 7.12.1 Existing standards
- 7.12.2 Contactless smart cards
- 7.12.3 Freight container identification
- 7.12.4 Future standards
- APPENDIX 1 The global identification of logistical assets GTAG™
- APPENDIX 2 Recent product literature
- GLOSSARY
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