Executive Summary
1. Introduction
2. Nanomachines, Mesomachines, and MEMs (Microelectrical Mechanical Systems)
Mems Branch Out from Air Bags
Micro Air Vehicles Test Miniaturization Limits
Crawling, Flying Mechanical Insect
Fixed Wing MAV
Micropump Has No Moving Parts
Micromechanical Mirrors Route Light Signals
MEMS Device Aligns Fiber Optics Inside Package
Power Nanotube Gears with Laser
Microcantilevers Put Sensor Array on Chip
Cheap Mems Laser Scanner Is Coming
Get MEMS-Design Act Together
Small Is Nice; Reliable Is Better
MEMS Resonator Pushes Toward Phone-on-a-Chip
MEMS Filter Will Miniaturize Communications
MEMS Creates Analysis on-a-Chip
MEMS Clock Times System on-a-Chip
MEMS Actuator Moves with a Bang
Molecular Propeller Rotates
3. Lasers, Fiber Optics, and Detectors
Laser Wrench Manipulates Nano Objects
Hey, It Really Is an Atom Laser
Laser Patterns Copper on Atomic Scale
Pattern Diamond, Graphite with Laser CVD
Ultrasonic Pulses Measure Film Thickness
With Feedback, Control Quantum Dot, Molecules
Micromachine Variable Lasers
Detectors: Micromachined Trampoline Measures Large Pulses
Detectors: Count Current an Electron at a Time
Laser Nanosensor Measures Roughness
4. Visualization: Microscopy, Spectroscopy, Holography
Near-Field Microscopes as Fast as vV
See What Atoms Are Doing in Real Time: Electron Holography
We're Well on the Way to Neutron Microscope
Microscope Images Microwave Fields
Watch Sputtering at Atomic Level
Rethought NMR Shows What Molecules Are Up To
Kondo Effect: Tunnel into a Single Magnetic Atom with STM
Get That Electron Microscope out of the Basement
Centrifuge Polarizing Microscope: Freeze-Frame Look at Centrifuged Molecules
STM: Is It a Left- or Right-Handed Molecule?
STM: Movie Shows Atomic Lattice Growth
STM: Identify Each Molecule on Surface
Radically Speed X-Ray Crystallography
Cat Scan for Tiny Things
Sense Something without Interacting
Nanotube Tips Manipulate Molecules
5. Molecular Manipulation
Molecular Manipulation
STM (Scanning-Tunneling Microscope)
STM Broom Sweeps Molecules across Surface
Data Storage: Array of Stms Will Start Nanotechnology Moving
Molecular Wrench: Rotate a Single Molecule and Watch It Turn
AFM (Atomic Force Microscope)
See Nanometer-Scale Liquid Surface Events with AFM
Nanoscale Mechanical Electrometer Is Very Sensitive
Move Molecule-Sized Particles Precisely
6. Nanostructures
Nanotubes
Put Nanotubes Where You Want Them
Nanotubes Can Be Metals, But Not Normal Ones
Get Down to Business With Nanotubes
Put Metal Inside a Single-Wall Nanotube
Single Nanotube Makes a Transistor
Slice Nanotubes into Macromolecules
Cast Graphitic Nanotubes for Energy
How Do Nanotubes Conduct?
Wider Nanotubes Conduct Further
Coaxial Nanocable Combines Functions
Line up Pure Nanotubes
Make Electrochemical Capacitors with Nanotube Electrodes
Carbon Nanotubes Show Surprising Resilience
Probe Matter at Molecular Level with Nanotubes
Nanocrystals
Nanocrystals in Polymers Boost Optical Signals
How Does Your Nanocrystal Grow?
Nanowires
Nanowires Will Shrink Memories
Use Focused Laser to Create Nanowires
Nanocages, Nanoboxes, Zeolites and Sieves
New Nano Cage Is a Cube
Block Copolymers: Make Capsule Big Enough to Hold Buckyballs
Virus Works as Nano Factory for Materials
Angstrom-Scale Molecular Box Is Roomy
Organic Zeolite Catalyst Cuts Waste
Carbon Nanocages Encapsulate Range of Applications
Nanoparticles
Nanofluids Carry off More Heat
Big Award Jump Starts Microoptics Research
Nanoparticles Improve Batteries, Wear Parts
Nanopowders, Nanoflakes Show Improved Conductivity
Buckyballs
There Are Buckyballs and There Are Buckyballs
Peer into the Smallest Buckyball
Quantum Dots
Make More Efficient Laser from Quantum Dots
Quantum Dots Will Make Even Better Modulators
Make Lots of Dots-All Alike
Learn How to Control Quantum Dots
Tunable Kondo Effect Found in Quantum Dots
Dendrimers: Light-Focusing Molecules
Add New Way To Focus Fine Light Line on Chip
Silicon
Patterned Silica Could Give Carbon Nanotubes a Run
Smooth to the Last Atom
Get to Know Silicon Cluster Structures
Silicon Nanoparticles Emit Light
Ouchless Microneedles Deliver Drugs
General Properties of Nanostructures
What Do Nano Things Do to Macro Things?
Smaller Is Stronger-Until You Get to Nano
Crash on An Atomic Level
Friction Depends on How the Molecule Tilts
Control Properties at Different Nano-Lengths
Clusters Are Bridges to Nanoworld
Surface Nanostrain Clutches Atoms
Buckle up Your Microstructure
Too Small to Have Melting Temperature
Build Complex 3D Microstructures
Watch Shock on Atomic Level
7. Lithography
Tiny Lenses Make Tiny Chip Features
Atom Bombardment Etches Nanostructures
Patterned Substrates Make Nanocircuits
Take Nanolithography to the Limit
Nanolithography Is Sharpened
Pattern Magnetics for Dense Storage
Nanofab Lens Focuses Electron Beam
8. Chemistry
Biosensors and "Lab-on-a-Chip" Designs
Pebbles: Put Nanosensors inside Living Cell
Build Biochips a Molecule at a Time
Nanofabricated Biochip Detects Bad Meat
Microfabricated Lab Finds Germs
Micromachined Chemical Amplifier Speeds Analysis
Catch Live Molecules on the Move
Mark Subcellular Compartments
Smaller Chemistry Is Faster Chemistry
Production of Nanoparticles and Nanostructures
Process Yields High-Volume, Low-Cost Nanoparticles
Pattern Nano Particles with Templates
Tin Worms Dig out Nano Devices
Organize Metallic Nanoparticles in Mesopores
Build Ultrathin Films by the Nanolayer
Superhelices Make Big Building Blocks
Draw Nanochunks onto Surface
Nanomagnets: Atomization Process Makes Magnetic Powder
Make Nanotubes Long Enough For Electronics
Self-Organize Properties in Nanostructures
Build Materials One Layer at a Time
Catalysis and Separation
Encapsulate Left- or Right-Handed Molecules
Molecular Sieves and Filters
Bigger, More Flexible Mesoporous Sieves
Ceramic Filter Has Nanometer Pores
Spheres Leave Highly Structured Nanopores
Nanocoatings
Agglomeration Lets You Spray Nanoparticles
Use Nanopowders to Bond Alumina
Membranes
Defect-Free Silica Membranes Separate Gases
9. Electronics
Transistors, Batteries
Single Electron Transistor Shows Kondo Effect
Rsfq Promises Another Kind of Single Electron Transistor
Nanoscale Electrometer Works at Warm 4.2 K
Refrigerate a Little Space a Lot
Photosynthesis Can Power Nanomachines
Get Battery Down to Mems Scale
Shrink Electronics Down to Single Atoms
Battery Nanocomposite Works Cooler
DNA
DNA Helps Connect Nanoelectronics
DNA Guides Microcircuit Assembly
DNA Glues Optoelectronic Components
10. Computing
Semiconductors and Computer Chips
Salicide Process Gets into Submicron Gates
Micropassages Cool Chips
Quantum Computers
Use Simple Quantum Computers Creatively
Quantum Leap into Intricacies of Silicon
See Artificial Molecules Move
Internet Communications
Manipulate Remote Microscope on the Internet
Cryptography
How to Implement a Quantum Secure Network
11. Selected Patents in Nanotechnology
MEMS
Biosensors and "Lab-on-a-Chip" Designs
Imaging
Electronics, Computing, and Fiber Optics
Nanotubes, Nanocrystals, and Other Nanostructures
"Buckyballs" (Fullerenes)
Nanotubes, Nanoparticles, and Nanowebs
Resources
B.1 Research and Corporate Contacts
B.2 Websites Relating to Nanotechnology
B.3 Listing of Grants Awarded in NSF "Partnership in Nanotechnology" Program
Figures
1. Close-up View of MEMS Hinge
2. Nano-Scale Six Gear Chain
3. STM Image of Ten Molecules Moved Along Copper Surface
4. Electrostatic Trapping
5. Micro Relay (AFIT) Structure
6. MEMS Rotary Side Drive Motor
