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Additional Information
The following technologies were covered in this report:
- ASHRAE Filters: The ASHRAE market is defined as those filters that meet the requirements established by the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE). These requirements stipulate that filters collect particles with a 25 to 95 percent range of efficiency. ASHRAE filters are sometimes referred to as heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) filters because they are mostly used in HVAC systems. ASHRAE filters are used in both industrial and commercial applications. Industrial end users include manufacturing facilities, and any building in which production occurs. Commercial end-users include office buildings, retail establishments, and institutional settings such as schools and hospitals. In commercial applications ASHRAE filters are primarily used in HVAC systems.
- High-Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) Filters: The HEPA filters market includes both HEPA filters and ultralow penetration air (ULPA) filters. HEPA filters are generally manufactured from a special paper material packaged in a pleated design. The majority of HEPA filters are used in cleanroom applications. ULPA filters are generally used in high-level cleanrooms. HEPA filters purchased for commercial and industrial applications, tend to be more of an "off-the-shelf" purchase, and are generally lower priced than cleanroom filters.
- Carbon Filters: Carbon filters are made from cells or trays, and their primary use is for the removal of odors, vapors and gases. Some filters are treated to absorb specific particulate. The material generally used comes from coconut shells, coal, peat, or wood. Activated carbon removes air contaminants and odors through adsorption. It attracts and holds gases and vapors in its pores, eliminating odors.
- Dust Collectors: Dust collection systems work by controlling the amount of particulate that enters the air as the result of a manufacturing process. For example, a packaging line for flour will create dust as a result of the process. This dust needs to be controlled in order to prevent plant air contamination, causing harm to workers, machinery, or finished product. Dust collectors consist of a hood, ductwork, run, airlock or slide gate, and a collector. Some units entail both a primary and secondary collector depending on application. The two primary applications for dust collectors are environmental control and process control, and collector manufacturers tend to focus on producing equipment for one or the other.
- Bag Filters: Bag filters are used in both environmental and process applications, and generally tend to be used for higher volumes and larger particles than cartridge collectors. Bag filters may also be known as baghouse filters, baghouse dust collectors, or fabric filters, and are media tubes or bags. Fabric filters are cleaned by shakers or reverse air pulse. Bag filters are made from a range of materials, from woven bag filters for large particles and easy cleaning, to polyester felt filters for highest filtration efficiency of minute particles.
- Cartridge Collectors: Cartridge collectors are generally pleated and are mounted in a horizontal position, using gravity and airflow to collect dust. They are designed to collect 99.9 percent of submicron particulate. The pleated design allows them to provide more surface area to hold particulate with less space than bag filters. Larger particles fall into the hopper after hitting the filter surface. Smaller particles collect on the media filter. Cartridge collectors are generally cleaned by pulse jet.
- Electrostatic Precipitator Filters (EPFs): An EPF removes particulates from the air through electric attraction. It consists of an ionizer, which charges air, and a collector. In most electrostatic precipitators, air passes through a pre-filter. After this initial step, particulate is given an electric charge by the ionizer and then collected by opposite charges in the collector sections, which normally consist of parallel plates. The particles are reflected by oppositely charged plates, and collected on grounded plates. EPF’s are generally most effective at removing submicron particles from the air, such as mist, and smoke, rather than larger particles such as dust and grains.
- Mist Collectors: Mist collectors use centrifugal force to remove wet particulate, such as oil and water mist and fumes, as well as other machining tool by-products from industrial processes. Oily mist or smoke in sufficient quantities is a health hazard, but it can also be detrimental to production by fouling machinery and creating slippery surfaces. Mist collectors work by retaining mist particles as air passes through a filter media, and allowing the mist particles to grow large enough to be thrown from the drum to the walls of the collector. Liquefied oil and mist then passes through a slot into a collection chamber. Clean air is then returned to the plant through the exhaust grill, while collected oil or other liquid element can be drained for re-use or disposal.
- Cyclones: Cyclones use centrifugal force to separate particulate. Air enters through the top of a vertical cone, which then uses centrifugal force to push large particles against the side of the cyclone, where they drop into a hopper and are collected. Cyclones tend to be used for larger particles, over 25 microns, as they are unable to collect fine particulate, dust, and gas. Finer particulate exits the cyclone through another port, either into the air, or to a higher efficiency collector. Although they cannot collect the fine particles that dust collectors can, cyclones are useful for collecting larger particles, such as sawdust, metal shavings, pellets, and sand.
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