Advances In Biotechnology For The Manufacture Of Commodity & Specialty Chemicals (Technical Insights)


July 1, 2001
SKU: MC1210244
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Table of Contents Related Reports
1. Introduction
1.1 Scope Objectives And Product Spectrum
1.1.1 Objectives
1.1.2 Product Spectrum
1.1.3 Commercial Factors
1.2 Commercial Realities


2. The Biotechnological Revolution
2.1 Advances In Fermentation And Bioprocess Integration
2.1.1 Fermentation
2.1.1.1 The Principles
2.1.1.2 Unit Operations
2.1.1.3 The Bioreactor
2.1.1.4 Scale-Up
2.1.2 Bioprocess Integration
2.1.2.1 Objectives
2.1.2.2 Protein Production—An Example
2.1.2.3 Downstream Processing—Area Of Opportunity
2.1.2.4 Integrated Fermentation/Product Recovery Techniques
2.1.2.5 Enzyme/Cell Recycle
2.1.2.6 Energy Conservation
2.1.2.7 Technical Potential
2.1.3 Resumé
2.2 Genetic Engineering
2.2.1 Definitions
2.2.2 DNA And The Transfer Of Genetic Information
2.2.3 Recombinant DNA Technology (Gene Cloning)
2.2.4 DNA Probe Technology
2.2.5 Polymerase Chain Reaction
2.2.6 Genomics/Proteomics
2.2.6.1 Structural Genomics
2.2.6.2 Gene Sequencing
2.2.6.3 Pharmacogenomics
2.3 Biocatalysis And Chiral Technology
2.3.1 Biocatalysis
2.3.2 Chiral Technology
2.3.2.1 The Principles
2.3.2.2 The Practicalities
2.3.2.3 The Future
2.4 Glycobiology
2.4.1 Introduction
2.4.2 Carbohydrate Therapeutics
2.5 Combinatorial Chemistry
2.5.1 Introduction
2.5.2 1963-99
2.5.3 The Basic Technology
2.5.3.1 The Future
2.6 Chemicals From Animals
2.6.1 Animal Cell Culture And Fusion
2.6.2 Monoclonal Antibodies
2.6.3 Transgenic Animals
2.7 Chemicals From Plants
2.7.1 Ethnopharmacology
2.7.2 Plant Tissue Culture Techniques
2.7.2.1 Introduction
2.7.2.2 Micropropagation
2.7.2.3 Other In Vitro Techniques Not Involving Callus Formation
2.7.2.4 Introduction Variation Via Tissue Culture
2.7.2.5 Protoplast Fusion
2.7.2.6 Commercial Chemical Technology/Production

3. Organic Feedstocks
3.1 Ethanol
3.1.1 Overview
3.1.2 Conventional Production
3.1.3 Improvements Via Biotechnology
3.2 Acetone/Butanol
3.3 Acetic Acid
3.4 Glycerol
3.5 Other Commodity Chemicals And Current Technologies/Commercial Status
3.5.1 Overview
3.5.2 The Brazilian And Us Ethanol Programs
3.5.3 Future Developments

4. Organic Acids
4.1 Citric Acid
4.1.1 Production
4.2 Lactic Acid
4.3 Itaconic Acid
4.4 Gluconic Acid
4.5 Other Organic Acids
4.6 Commercial Status And Prospects


5. Microbial Enzymes
5.1 Overview
5.2 Industrial Enzyme Production
5.2.1 Introduction
5.2.2 Fermentation Options
5.2.3 Enzyme Recovery
5.2.4 Enzyme Purification
5.2.4.1 Membrane Separation Techniques
5.2.4.2 Gel Filtration
5.2.4.3 Ion Exchange
5.2.4.4 Electrophoresis
5.2.4.5 Precipitation Techniques
5.2.5 Finishing Of The Enzyme Product
5.2.6 Advances In The Production Of Enzymes
5.3 Types Of Enzymes
5.3.1 amylases
5.3.2 Proteases
5.3.3 Glucose Isomerase And Isoglucose
5.3.4 Lactases
5.3.5 Penicillin Acylases
5.3.6 Aspartame
5.4 Enzyme Legislation
5.5 Organic Solvent-Based Enzymes
5.6 “Plastic” Enzymes
5.7 Commercial Status And Prospects


6. Amino Acids
6.1 Production Methods And Major Applications
6.1.1 Overview
6.1.2 L-Glutamic Acid
6.1.3 L-Lysine
6.1.4 L-Tryptophan
6.1.5 L-Methionine
6.1.6 L-Cysteine
6.1.7 4-Hydroxy-D-Phenylglycine
6.1.8 L-Aspartate
6.2 Commercial Status


7. Vitamins And Related Compounds
7.1 Vitamin B 12
7.2 Vitamin B 2
7.3 Vitamin C
7.4 Carotenoids
7.5 Other Vitamins
7.6 Commercial Status


8. Antibiotics
8.1 Overview
8.2 Penicillins
8.3 Cephalosporins
8.4 Streptomycin
8.5 Tetracyclines
8.6 Erythromycin
8.7 Polyene Macrolides
8.8 Antibiotic Classes
8.9 Recent Technologies: Recent Antibiotics
8.10 Antibiotic Resistance
8.11 Commercial Status And Technological Potential


9. Other Biopharmaceuticals
9.1 Steroids And Sterols
9.2 Ergot Alkaloids
9.3 Novel Products
9.3.1 Overview
9.3.2 Insulin
9.3.3 Interferons
9.3.4 Human Growth Hormone
9.3.5 Lymphokines And Other Regulating Substances
9.3.6 Therapeutic Enzymes
9.3.7 Monoclonal Antibodies
9.3.8 Vaccines
9.4 Commercial Status: Future Prospects


10. Microbial Pesticides
10.1 Scientific Advantages And Commercial Requirements
10.2 Bacterial Insecticides Based On Bacillus Thuringiensis
10.3 Bacillus Sphaericus And B Popilliae
10.4 Baculoviruses
10.5 The Herbicide (L)-2-Chloropropionate
10.6 Commercial Status


11. Biopolymers
11.1 Microbial Polysaccharides
11.1.1 Overview
11.1.2 Xanthan
11.1.3 Dextran
11.1.4 Miscellaneous Polysaccharides
11.1.5 Catalytic Conversion Of Polysaccharides
11.2 Microbial Polyesters—Environmentally Friendly Plastics
11.2.1 Overview
11.2.2 Poly-B-Hydroxybutyrate (Phb) And Biopol
11.2.3 Polylactic Acid
11.2.4 Protein-Based Polymers
11.3 Commercial Status And Technological Prospects


12. Other Important Microbial Products
12.1 Nucleotides And Related Compounds
12.1.1 Production
12.2 Gibberellins
12.3 Zearalenone
12.4 Triglycerides And Fatty Acids
12.5 Enzyme Inhibitors
12.6 Cyclosporin A And Other Receptor-Binding Compounds
12.7 Biochips


13. Conclusions
13.1 Summary
13.2 Symbols
13.3 Acknowledgments
13.4 Resources
13.5 Additional Reading


List Of Tables
1. Introduction
1.1 Estimates Of Worldwide Capital Investment
1.2 The Impact Of “Modern Biotechnology” On The Pharmaceutical Industry
2. The Biotechnological Revolution
2.1 Sources Of Carbohydrate And Nitrogen For Industrial Fermentations
2.2 Unit Operations For Bioprocessing
2.3 Examples Of Sequenced Microorganism Genomics
2.4 Examples Of Recently Developed Carbohydrate Drugs
2.5 Combinatorial Chemistry Programs In Development
2.6 Established Hairy Root Cultures With Examples Of
Secondary Product Formation
3. Organic Feedstocks
3.1 Breakdown Of Energy Costs In Cellulose To Ethanol Route
3.2 Some Pertinent Characteristics Of C Thermocellum
3.3 Yields Of Products From 90 M 3 Fermenter
4. Organic Acids
4.1 Practical Microbiological Processes For Organic Acid Production
4.2 Volume And Value Of Major Organic Acid Production
5. Microbial Enzymes
5.1 Some Commercially Available Enzymes
5.2 Some Important Industrially Produced Enzymes And Their Application
5.3 Large-Scale Processes Catalyzed By Enzymes In Organic Solvents
5.4 Global Production Of Major Industrial Microbial Enzymes
5.5 Approximate Global Enzyme Market
5.6 Differences In Enzyme Qualities
5.7 Production Of Industrial Enzymes In The Western World
6. Amino Acids
6.1 Production Of Tryptophan By Transformation Of Precursors
6.2 Enzymatic Processes For The Production Of L-Tryptophan
6.3 Mutants For The Production Of Tryptophan By Direct Fermentation With Glucose
6.4 Industrial Production Of Amino Acids
7. Vitamins And Related Compounds
7.1 Volume And Value Of Major Vitamins‘ Production
8. Antibiotics
8.1 Classification Of Major Antibiotics By Chemical Structure
8.2 Drugs Derived From Lmw Fermentations In Early 1990s
9. Other Biopharmaceuticals
9.1 Product Targets For Recombinant DNA Technology
9.2 Human Protein Cloned In E Coli - Some Examples
9.3 Monoclonal Antibodies In Diagnosis
9.4 Leading-Known Biotech Drug Sales (1997)
9.5 US-Based Target Drugs In Development And Approval
9.6 US-Based Biotech Product Types In Development And Approval
10. Microbial Pesticides
10.1 Main Target Insects Susceptible To B Thuringiensis Preparations
10.2 Principal Baculovirus Candidates For Insect Pest Control
10.3 Potential Substitution Of Chemical Pesticides By Microbial Control Agents In The US
11. Biopolymers
11.1 Accumulation Of Polyhydroxyalkanoates In Various Bacteria
11.2 Western European Market Estimate For Biodegradable Plastics
12. Other Important Microbial Products
12.1 Production By Fermentation Of Substances Related To Nucleic Acids
12.2 Nucleotide Nucleoside And Related Compound Manufacture In Japan
12.3 Protease Inhibitors

List Of Figures
2. The Biotechnological Revolution
2.1 Centrally Stirred Bioreactors
2.2 The Replication Of DNA
2.3 Recombinant DNA: The Technique Of Recombining Genes From One Species With Those Of Another
2.4 Principles Of Monoclonal Antibody Technology
6. Amino Acids
6.1 Flow Diagram For The Continuous Production Of L-Amino Acids By Immobilized Aminoacylase
6.2 Schematic Drawing Of A Two-Phase Membrane Reator
9. Other Biopharmaceuticals
9.1 The Principle Of Human Insulin Production By Recombinant DNA Technology
 
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