Advances In Biotechnology For The Manufacture Of Commodity & Specialty Chemicals (Technical Insights)
Frost & Sullivan
July 1, 2001 SKU: MC1210244
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| Biotech has already shaken up the pharmaceutical industry, and it’s a certainty that it will change many other sectors of the chemical business. The principal objective of this study is to present a status report on the impetus which biotechnology is providing to enhance the commercial prospects for a broad range of commodity and specialty chemicals into the next millennium. The term “specialty chemicals” applies not just to bioproducts of the chemical industry, but also to pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, agrochemicals, and novel medicinal and veterinary compounds.
Enabling technologies such as genetic and enzymic transformations, genomics, proteomics, bioprocess integration, combinatorial chemistry, chiral technology, and so forth are presented in relation to the chemical entities whose production they facilitate. These innova-tive technologies are increasingly achieving targets within a more commercially viable environment. Assessments of current and potential commercial realities are made where such information is available, as are current and future market trends.
Although primarily concerned with microbial products, both plant and animal cell culture advances are discussed, principally in relation to both pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals in the former case and novel biopharmaceuticals in the latter.
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- 1. Introduction
- 1.1 Scope Objectives And Product Spectrum
- 1.1.1 Objectives
- 1.1.2 Product Spectrum
- 1.1.3 Commercial Factors
- 1.2 Commercial Realities
- 2. The Biotechnological Revolution
- 2.1 Advances In Fermentation And Bioprocess Integration
- 2.1.1 Fermentation
- 2.1.1.1 The Principles
- 2.1.1.2 Unit Operations
- 2.1.1.3 The Bioreactor
- 2.1.1.4 Scale-Up
- 2.1.2 Bioprocess Integration
- 2.1.2.1 Objectives
- 2.1.2.2 Protein Production—An Example
- 2.1.2.3 Downstream Processing—Area Of Opportunity
- 2.1.2.4 Integrated Fermentation/Product Recovery Techniques
- 2.1.2.5 Enzyme/Cell Recycle
- 2.1.2.6 Energy Conservation
- 2.1.2.7 Technical Potential
- 2.1.3 Resumé
- 2.2 Genetic Engineering
- 2.2.1 Definitions
- 2.2.2 DNA And The Transfer Of Genetic Information
- 2.2.3 Recombinant DNA Technology (Gene Cloning)
- 2.2.4 DNA Probe Technology
- 2.2.5 Polymerase Chain Reaction
- 2.2.6 Genomics/Proteomics
- 2.2.6.1 Structural Genomics
- 2.2.6.2 Gene Sequencing
- 2.2.6.3 Pharmacogenomics
- 2.3 Biocatalysis And Chiral Technology
- 2.3.1 Biocatalysis
- 2.3.2 Chiral Technology
- 2.3.2.1 The Principles
- 2.3.2.2 The Practicalities
- 2.3.2.3 The Future
- 2.4 Glycobiology
- 2.4.1 Introduction
- 2.4.2 Carbohydrate Therapeutics
- 2.5 Combinatorial Chemistry
- 2.5.1 Introduction
- 2.5.2 1963-99
- 2.5.3 The Basic Technology
- 2.5.3.1 The Future
- 2.6 Chemicals From Animals
- 2.6.1 Animal Cell Culture And Fusion
- 2.6.2 Monoclonal Antibodies
- 2.6.3 Transgenic Animals
- 2.7 Chemicals From Plants
- 2.7.1 Ethnopharmacology
- 2.7.2 Plant Tissue Culture Techniques
- 2.7.2.1 Introduction
- 2.7.2.2 Micropropagation
- 2.7.2.3 Other In Vitro Techniques Not Involving Callus Formation
- 2.7.2.4 Introduction Variation Via Tissue Culture
- 2.7.2.5 Protoplast Fusion
- 2.7.2.6 Commercial Chemical Technology/Production
- 3. Organic Feedstocks
- 3.1 Ethanol
- 3.1.1 Overview
- 3.1.2 Conventional Production
- 3.1.3 Improvements Via Biotechnology
- 3.2 Acetone/Butanol
- 3.3 Acetic Acid
- 3.4 Glycerol
- 3.5 Other Commodity Chemicals And Current Technologies/Commercial Status
- 3.5.1 Overview
- 3.5.2 The Brazilian And Us Ethanol Programs
- 3.5.3 Future Developments
- 4. Organic Acids
- 4.1 Citric Acid
- 4.1.1 Production
- 4.2 Lactic Acid
- 4.3 Itaconic Acid
- 4.4 Gluconic Acid
- 4.5 Other Organic Acids
- 4.6 Commercial Status And Prospects
- 5. Microbial Enzymes
- 5.1 Overview
- 5.2 Industrial Enzyme Production
- 5.2.1 Introduction
- 5.2.2 Fermentation Options
- 5.2.3 Enzyme Recovery
- 5.2.4 Enzyme Purification
- 5.2.4.1 Membrane Separation Techniques
- 5.2.4.2 Gel Filtration
- 5.2.4.3 Ion Exchange
- 5.2.4.4 Electrophoresis
- 5.2.4.5 Precipitation Techniques
- 5.2.5 Finishing Of The Enzyme Product
- 5.2.6 Advances In The Production Of Enzymes
- 5.3 Types Of Enzymes
- 5.3.1 amylases
- 5.3.2 Proteases
- 5.3.3 Glucose Isomerase And Isoglucose
- 5.3.4 Lactases
- 5.3.5 Penicillin Acylases
- 5.3.6 Aspartame
- 5.4 Enzyme Legislation
- 5.5 Organic Solvent-Based Enzymes
- 5.6 “Plastic” Enzymes
- 5.7 Commercial Status And Prospects
- 6. Amino Acids
- 6.1 Production Methods And Major Applications
- 6.1.1 Overview
- 6.1.2 L-Glutamic Acid
- 6.1.3 L-Lysine
- 6.1.4 L-Tryptophan
- 6.1.5 L-Methionine
- 6.1.6 L-Cysteine
- 6.1.7 4-Hydroxy-D-Phenylglycine
- 6.1.8 L-Aspartate
- 6.2 Commercial Status
- 7. Vitamins And Related Compounds
- 7.1 Vitamin B 12
- 7.2 Vitamin B 2
- 7.3 Vitamin C
- 7.4 Carotenoids
- 7.5 Other Vitamins
- 7.6 Commercial Status
- 8. Antibiotics
- 8.1 Overview
- 8.2 Penicillins
- 8.3 Cephalosporins
- 8.4 Streptomycin
- 8.5 Tetracyclines
- 8.6 Erythromycin
- 8.7 Polyene Macrolides
- 8.8 Antibiotic Classes
- 8.9 Recent Technologies: Recent Antibiotics
- 8.10 Antibiotic Resistance
- 8.11 Commercial Status And Technological Potential
- 9. Other Biopharmaceuticals
- 9.1 Steroids And Sterols
- 9.2 Ergot Alkaloids
- 9.3 Novel Products
- 9.3.1 Overview
- 9.3.2 Insulin
- 9.3.3 Interferons
- 9.3.4 Human Growth Hormone
- 9.3.5 Lymphokines And Other Regulating Substances
- 9.3.6 Therapeutic Enzymes
- 9.3.7 Monoclonal Antibodies
- 9.3.8 Vaccines
- 9.4 Commercial Status: Future Prospects
- 10. Microbial Pesticides
- 10.1 Scientific Advantages And Commercial Requirements
- 10.2 Bacterial Insecticides Based On Bacillus Thuringiensis
- 10.3 Bacillus Sphaericus And B Popilliae
- 10.4 Baculoviruses
- 10.5 The Herbicide (L)-2-Chloropropionate
- 10.6 Commercial Status
- 11. Biopolymers
- 11.1 Microbial Polysaccharides
- 11.1.1 Overview
- 11.1.2 Xanthan
- 11.1.3 Dextran
- 11.1.4 Miscellaneous Polysaccharides
- 11.1.5 Catalytic Conversion Of Polysaccharides
- 11.2 Microbial Polyesters—Environmentally Friendly Plastics
- 11.2.1 Overview
- 11.2.2 Poly-B-Hydroxybutyrate (Phb) And Biopol
- 11.2.3 Polylactic Acid
- 11.2.4 Protein-Based Polymers
- 11.3 Commercial Status And Technological Prospects
- 12. Other Important Microbial Products
- 12.1 Nucleotides And Related Compounds
- 12.1.1 Production
- 12.2 Gibberellins
- 12.3 Zearalenone
- 12.4 Triglycerides And Fatty Acids
- 12.5 Enzyme Inhibitors
- 12.6 Cyclosporin A And Other Receptor-Binding Compounds
- 12.7 Biochips
- 13. Conclusions
- 13.1 Summary
- 13.2 Symbols
- 13.3 Acknowledgments
- 13.4 Resources
- 13.5 Additional Reading
- List Of Tables
- 1. Introduction
- 1.1 Estimates Of Worldwide Capital Investment
- 1.2 The Impact Of “Modern Biotechnology” On The Pharmaceutical Industry
- 2. The Biotechnological Revolution
- 2.1 Sources Of Carbohydrate And Nitrogen For Industrial Fermentations
- 2.2 Unit Operations For Bioprocessing
- 2.3 Examples Of Sequenced Microorganism Genomics
- 2.4 Examples Of Recently Developed Carbohydrate Drugs
- 2.5 Combinatorial Chemistry Programs In Development
- 2.6 Established Hairy Root Cultures With Examples Of
- Secondary Product Formation
- 3. Organic Feedstocks
- 3.1 Breakdown Of Energy Costs In Cellulose To Ethanol Route
- 3.2 Some Pertinent Characteristics Of C Thermocellum
- 3.3 Yields Of Products From 90 M 3 Fermenter
- 4. Organic Acids
- 4.1 Practical Microbiological Processes For Organic Acid Production
- 4.2 Volume And Value Of Major Organic Acid Production
- 5. Microbial Enzymes
- 5.1 Some Commercially Available Enzymes
- 5.2 Some Important Industrially Produced Enzymes And Their Application
- 5.3 Large-Scale Processes Catalyzed By Enzymes In Organic Solvents
- 5.4 Global Production Of Major Industrial Microbial Enzymes
- 5.5 Approximate Global Enzyme Market
- 5.6 Differences In Enzyme Qualities
- 5.7 Production Of Industrial Enzymes In The Western World
- 6. Amino Acids
- 6.1 Production Of Tryptophan By Transformation Of Precursors
- 6.2 Enzymatic Processes For The Production Of L-Tryptophan
- 6.3 Mutants For The Production Of Tryptophan By Direct Fermentation With Glucose
- 6.4 Industrial Production Of Amino Acids
- 7. Vitamins And Related Compounds
- 7.1 Volume And Value Of Major Vitamins‘ Production
- 8. Antibiotics
- 8.1 Classification Of Major Antibiotics By Chemical Structure
- 8.2 Drugs Derived From Lmw Fermentations In Early 1990s
- 9. Other Biopharmaceuticals
- 9.1 Product Targets For Recombinant DNA Technology
- 9.2 Human Protein Cloned In E Coli - Some Examples
- 9.3 Monoclonal Antibodies In Diagnosis
- 9.4 Leading-Known Biotech Drug Sales (1997)
- 9.5 US-Based Target Drugs In Development And Approval
- 9.6 US-Based Biotech Product Types In Development And Approval
- 10. Microbial Pesticides
- 10.1 Main Target Insects Susceptible To B Thuringiensis Preparations
- 10.2 Principal Baculovirus Candidates For Insect Pest Control
- 10.3 Potential Substitution Of Chemical Pesticides By Microbial Control Agents In The US
- 11. Biopolymers
- 11.1 Accumulation Of Polyhydroxyalkanoates In Various Bacteria
- 11.2 Western European Market Estimate For Biodegradable Plastics
- 12. Other Important Microbial Products
- 12.1 Production By Fermentation Of Substances Related To Nucleic Acids
- 12.2 Nucleotide Nucleoside And Related Compound Manufacture In Japan
- 12.3 Protease Inhibitors
- List Of Figures
- 2. The Biotechnological Revolution
- 2.1 Centrally Stirred Bioreactors
- 2.2 The Replication Of DNA
- 2.3 Recombinant DNA: The Technique Of Recombining Genes From One Species With Those Of Another
- 2.4 Principles Of Monoclonal Antibody Technology
- 6. Amino Acids
- 6.1 Flow Diagram For The Continuous Production Of L-Amino Acids By Immobilized Aminoacylase
- 6.2 Schematic Drawing Of A Two-Phase Membrane Reator
- 9. Other Biopharmaceuticals
- 9.1 The Principle Of Human Insulin Production By Recombinant DNA Technology
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