The unprecedented cost reductions of NAND flash memories in the last few years have driven 35mm film and 1.4” floppy disk to extinction. These first generation storage systems such as SD cards and USB flash drives are primarily removable, low capacity, low cost storage for consumer media.
The next frontier for NAND flash memory is as a hard disk drive replacement or an additional tier in the storage hierarchy. The traditional focus on performance in computing and storage farms now encompasses power savings and green technologies. The main reason is not only due to environmental concerns but also to reduce the Total Cost of Ownership that is heavily impacted by electricity and cooling costs.
The priorities for solid state storage in the computing environment are dramatically different from those for consumer applications resulting in a new approach in the design of the system architecture. These varying requirements are driven by the different workload and environmental conditions. To satisfy these conditions, the type of memory used - SLC versus MLC - and system level management of wear leveling, garbage collection, FTL, ECC and security are key design considerations.
SSD Innovations focuses on innovative solutions from major industry players such as FusionIO, Intel, Pliant, Sandforce, SanDisk and STEC for improving the performance, endurance and reliability of SSDs. An exploration of the evolution of application requirements in computing applications, performance limitations of flash-based storage systems, trends and industry innovations is provided.
In addition, innovative SSD architectures incorporating new memory technologies, external power supply and linked chain architectures are investigated as future SSD development directions.
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- Contents
- List of Figures
- List of Tables
- Introduction
- SSD Architecture
- Evolution of Application Requirements
- Interface Level Challenges
- NAND Level Challenges
- System Level Challenges
- SSD Innovations
- FusionIO
- SandForce
- SanDisk
- Pliant Technology
- STEC
- Intel
- Alternative SSD Architectures
- Mosaid HyperLink NAND
- Multi-Technology SSD architectures
- External Power Supply For Flash Component
- Appendix A: SSD Metrics
- Appendix B: Acronyms
- References
- About the Authors
- About Forward Insights
- Services
- Contact
- Report Offerings
- List of Figures
- Figure 1. Factors Influencing SSD Development
- Figure 2. SSD Past, Present and Future
- Figure 3. SSD Segmentation by Requirements
- Figure 4. SSD and Interface Performance Trends
- Figure 5. Vertical Integration of Upcoming SSDs
- Figure 6. NAND Introduction and Future in Storage Systems
- Figure 7. Performance vs. Endurance
- Figure 8. Endurance vs. Technology Node
- Figure 9. BER trends
- Figure 10. Access Delay in Time
- Figure 11. Row based multilevel cell algorithm
- Figure 12. SandForce “Phoenix” microcontroller architecture overview
- Figure 13. Block usage representation following a traditional approach to Wear Leveling
- Figure 14. Block Usage Representation
- Figure 15. Transaction Percentage vs. Transaction Size, 3 hours of Mobile Mark 07 under Windows Vista for all Traffic
- Figure 16. Write Traces under Microsoft Windows XP
- Figure 17. Comparison HDD vs Pliant Solutions
- Figure 18. Pliant IOPS Behavior vs Read/Write Workload
- Figure 19. Flash Controller with Independent Flash Channels
- Figure 20. ECC Data Coverage
- Figure 21. Relation Between Endurance and Over-provisioning
- Figure 22. SLC and MLC Performance Scaling vs. Over-provisioning
- Figure 23. Incremental Usage of SLC/MLC Flash Architectures
- Figure 24. HLNAND Topology
- Figure 25. HLNAND Bank Driven Architecture
- Figure 26. Mosaid HLNAND Roadmap
- Figure 27. Mosaid HLNAND in MCP
- Figure 28. Mosaid HLNAND DIMM Solution
- Figure 29. HLNAND DIMM System Level Configurations
- Figure 30. DC/DC Converter
- Figure 31. Generic Charge Pump Scheme
- Figure 32. Generic Charge Pump Scheme
- Figure 33. Comparison of Different Approaches
- Figure 34. Minimum SSD Capacity for 5 Year Product Life
- Figure 35. Program Disturb
- Figure 36. Read Disturb
- Figure 37. Flash Error Rate Surface
- Figure 38. SSD vs. HDD Bit Error Rates
- Figure 39. ECC Selection
- Figure 40. vRPM Formula for Client PCs
- List of Tables
- Table 1. Applications Requirements by Market Segment
- Table 2. Maximum Device Level Throughput with Different System Architectures
- Table 3. Reference SLC NAND parameters
- Table 4. Memory Technologies Comparison
- Table 5. SSD Capacity as a Function of Writes / Day
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