Biomarkers feature in thousands of published articles each year, evidencing the high level of interest and research in this field. This report focuses on issues that must be addressed to utilize this growing knowledge about biomarkers and successfully commercialize them in therapeutic and diagnostic applications. Included in this publication:
- Biomarker definitions and guidelines for their development and validation
- Applications of biomarkers in oncology, cardiology, neurology, drug safety, and other areas
- Selected companies in the biomarker research products/tools and services market
- Strategies for successful commercialization of biomarkers in the therapeutics and diagnostics markets
- Forty key companies to watch, plus the activities of 175 companies that are commercializing biomarkers and/or systems for their detection and measurement
- Expert interviews
Biomarkers can be valuable tools in clinical diagnostics as well as in therapeutic discovery and development. They can be used to predict response to therapy or risk of side effects for personalized medicine applications. Additional types include predisposition, screening, diagnostic, prognostic, toxicity, pharmacodynamic, and other biomarkers.
Commercializing Biomarkers in Therapeutic and Diagnostic Applications: From Development to Validated Product focuses on questions that must be addressed to successfully take advantage of the potential of biomarkers. The analysis begins with a discussion of biomarker definitions and related terms, followed by an overview of the different types and applications of biomarkers. This is followed by brief summaries of the range of technologies that may be used to discover, identify, and measure biomarkers. Discussion then turns to a very critical issue: biomarker validation. This includes a discussion of recommendations and guidelines that have been made by many different groups and organizations for biomarker development and validation.
Next, examples are provided of the wide range of current and potential emerging applications of biomarkers in different fields such as oncology, cardiology, neurology, safety, and others. An examination of the market for research products (tools) and services in the field of biomarkers includes a discussion of selected companies and their activities, plus agreements and acquisitions in this area.
As part of a dual focus, Commercializing Biomarkers in Therapeutic and Diagnostic Applications: From Development to Validated Product then analyzes biomarker strategies for diagnostic companies, considering what is required to successfully commercialize biomarkers in the diagnostics market. Discussion includes: identification of novel biomarkers, analytical validation of diagnostic tests for new biomarkers, clinical validation and clinical utility of biomarkers, research and other information needs regarding biomarkers, models and options for diagnostic companies in the field of personalized medicine, strategic options for the delivery of novel biomarker assays, health economics and reimbursement, and other issues.
Similarly, this report also focuses on biomarker strategies for therapeutic development. This includes a discussion of the potential roles of biomarkers in various aspects of drug development, validation of biomarkers, regulatory issues, options for companies developing drug/diagnostic combinations, health economics and reimbursement in personalized medicine, and other issues. Also included is a compilation of agreements between pharmaceutical and diagnostic companies.
Forty key companies to watch are identified, plus 175 companies that are commercializing biomarkers and/or systems for their detection and measurement. The report concludes with Insight Pharma Reports’ interviews with experts in this field.
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- CHAPTER 1
- Introduction
- Scope of the Report
- CHAPTER 2
- Biomarker Overview
- 2.1. What are Biomarkers? Definitions and Terminology
- 2.2. Types of Biomarkers and Biomarker Applications
- 2.3. Technology Overview: What Constitutes a Biomarker and How Is It Measured?
- 2.4. Development and Validation of Biomarkers:Recommendations and Guidelines
- FDA, Biomarker Validation, and Fit-for-Purpose Method Validation
- NCI/FDA Oncology Task Force
- AACR-FDA-NCI Cancer Biomarkers Collaborative
- Cancer Biomarkers Research Group, NCI
- Cancer Diagnosis Program, NCI
- REMARK (REporting recommendations for tumor MARKerprognostic studies)
- Biomarkers Task Force of the NCI Investigational Drug Steering Committee
- The Biomarkers Consortium
- Critical Path Institute
- Institute of Medicine
- Other Recommendations
- CHAPTER 3
- Selected Biomarker Examples
- 3.1. FDA: Valid Genomic Biomarkers in the Context of Approved Drug Labels
- 3.2. Biomarkers in Oncology
- Breast Cancer
- Estrogen Receptor and Progesterone Receptor
- Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 (HER2)
- Multigene Tests to Determine Breast Cancer Prognosis and Treatment
- Other Tumor Markers/Biomarkers of Breast Cancer
- Colorectal Cancer
- Screening for Colorectal Cancer
- Tumor Markers of Colorectal Cancer
- Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR)
- KRAS Mutations
- BRAF Mutations
- UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 (UGT1A1)
- Multigene Tests to Determine Colorectal Cancer Prognosis and Treatment
- Prostate Cancer
- Gastric Cancer
- Liver Cancer
- Bladder Cancer
- Cervical Cancer
- Germ Cell Tumors in Males
- Leukemia and Lymphoma
- Other Cancers and Biomarkers
- 3.3. Cardiovascular Biomarkers
- Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: Risk Factors
- Elevated Blood Cholesterol Levels and Lipidemia
- Other Emerging Biomarkers for Cardiovascular Risk
- Acute Coronary Syndrome and Acute Myocardial Infarction
- Heart Failure
- Stroke
- Risk of Venous Thromboembolism
- 3.4. Biomarkers in Neurology
- Alzheimer’s Disease
- Treatment of Epilepsy: Carbamazepine
- 3.5. Safety Biomarkers: Prevention of Adverse Drug Effects
- Drug Metabolism and Cytochrome P450
- CYP2C9 and VKORC1 Variants and Warfarin Dosing
- HLA-B*5701 and Hypersensitivity to Abacavir
- Nephrotoxicity
- 3.6. Other Emerging Biomarkers
- CHAPTER 4
- Biomarker Market: Research Products/Tools and Services
- 4.1. Companies Marketing Biomarker Products/Tools for the Life Sciences Market
- 4.2. Companies Offering Biomarker-Based Services
- 4.3. Selected Biomarker Agreements and Acquisitions in the Life Sciences and Services Market
- CHAPTER 5
- Strategies for Diagnostic Companies: What is Required to Successfully Commercialize Biomarkers in Diagnostics?
- 5.1. Development of Diagnostic Tests Based on Novel Biomarkers
- Identification of Novel Biomarkers
- Analytical Validation of Diagnostic Tests for New Biomarkers
- 5.2. Need for More Research and Understanding of Biomarkers
- Biomarkers and Other Factors Influencing Response to Therapy
- Validation Studies and Outcome Studies; Clinical Validation and Clinical Utility
- Other Research and Information Needs
- 5.3. Models/Options for Diagnostic Companies Identifying Novel Biomarkers for Personalized Medicine
- 5.4. Strategic Options for Delivery of New Diagnostic Tests: IVD Versus CLIA Laboratory
- Development and Regulatory Issues Facing Diagnostic Companies Developing IVD Tests
- Development and Regulatory Issues Facing Companies and Clinical Laboratories Developing Laboratory-Developed Tests
- 5.5. Health Economics, Reimbursement, and the Payers’ Perspective
- Health Economic Studies
- Payer Perspectives and Policies
- Medco Health Solutions
- Generation Health
- 5.6. Penetrating the Market
- Does the Test Affect Physicians’ Decisions?
- Acceptance by Experts; Incorporation into Guidelines
- Physician Education
- 5.7. Potential Benefits, Risks, and Challenges for Diagnostic Companies Developing Tests Based on Novel Biomarkers
- CHAPTER 6
- Strategies for Pharmaceutical Companies:Biomarkers and Drug Development
- 6.1. Potential Roles of Biomarkers in Drug Development
- Biomarkers in Research and Preclinical Studies
- Biomarkers in Clinical Trials
- Predictive Biomarkers (Including Personalized Medicine Biomarkers)
- 6.2. Validation of Biomarker Assays and Biomarkers
- 6.3. Regulatory Issues Relating to Pharmacogenomics and Drug Development
- 6.4. Models/Options for Companies Developing Drug/Diagnostic Combinations
- 6.5. Health Economics and Reimbursement inPersonalized Medicine
- 6.6. Potential Benefits, Risks, and Challenges for Companies Using Biomarkers in Drug Development and/or Personalized Medicine
- 6.7. Pharmaceutical Company Agreements with Diagnostic/Biomarker Companies, Including Acquisitions
- CHAPTER 7
- Companies Commercializing Biomarkers:Selected Companies To Watch
- 7.1. 20/20 GeneSystems
- 7.2. Activiomics
- 7.3. Advanced Cell Diagnostics
- 7.4. Agendia
- 7.5. Almac Diagnostics
- 7.6. Arrayit
- 7.7. Astute Medical
- 7.8. Asuragen
- 7.9. BG Medicine
- 7.10. Biocartis
- 7.11. Biodesix
- 7.12. BioMarker Strategies
- 7.13. bioTheranostics
- 7.14. Caprion Proteomics
- 7.15. CardioDx
- 7.16. Celera
- 7.17. Clarient
- 7.18. deCODE genetics
- 7.19. DiaGenic
- 7.20. DNA Direct
- 7.21. Genomic Health
- 7.22. Genoptix (A Novartis Company)
- 7.23. HistoRx
- 7.24. Illumina
- 7.25. Integrated Diagnostics
- 7.26. Intrinsic Bioprobes
- 7.27. Invivoscribe Technologies
- 7.28. Myriad Genetics
- 7.29. NanoString Technologies
- 7.30. On-Q-ity
- 7.31. OPKO Health
- 7.32. Oxford Gene Technology
- 7.33. Pathwork Diagnostics
- 7.34. Philips
- 7.35. Psynova Neurotech
- 7.36. Qiagen
- 7.37. Rules-Based Medicine
- 7.38. SomaLogic
- 7.39. TcLand Expression
- 7.40. Tethys Bioscience
- CHAPTER 8
- Expert Interviews
- 8.1. Barbara Conley, MD
- 8.2. Felix W. Frueh, PhD
- 8.3. William N. Hait, MD
- 8.4. Paul Kearney, PhD
- 8.5. Martin LeBlanc
- 8.6. Michael Liebman, PhD
- References
- About Cambridge Healthtech Institute
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