Opportunities in Aquaculture

Introduction
Objectives And Goals Of Study

Contribution Of The Study And For Whom

Study Scope And Format

Methodology

Information Sources

Author's Credentials

Related Bcc Work Credentials Including Work Done By Other Authors

Bcc On-Line Service

Summary
Summary Table:
Estimated Worldwide Aquaculture And Feed Products By Volume And Value, Through 2008

Summary Figure:
Estimated Value Of Worldwide Aquaculture And Feed Products, 2002-2008 ($ Millions)

Overview
Definition Of Aquaculture

The History Of Aquaculture

Brief Overview Of Worldwide Aquaculture

Kyoto Declaration On Aquaculture

Kyoto Declaration On Aquaculture (Continued)

The Conference On Aquaculture In The Third Millennium

Growth Of The Aquaculture Industry

Growth Of The Aquaculture Industry (Continued)

Table 1 Top Aquaculture-Producing Countries, By Volume, 1988 And 2000 (Metric Tons)

Table 2 Top Aquaculture-Producing Countries By Revenues, 2000 ($ Millions)

Table 3 Top 10 Countries In Fisheries Production, Capture And Aquaculture, 1999 (Million Metric Tons)

Table 4 Fish Production Trends, Selected Countries,1997-2030

Table 4 (Continued)

Trade In Aquaculture

Finfish

American Catfish

Salmon

Sea Bass And Sea Bream

Tilapia

Trout

Crustaceans

Mollusks

Seaweed

Seed Supplies

Leading Species Produced By Aquaculture

Table 5 Names Of Common Aquaculture Species

Table 5 (Continued)

Table 6 Top Volume Aquaculture Species, 1988 And 1997 (Metric Tons)

The Need For Aquaculture

Per Capita Consumption Of Seafood

Table 7 Per Capita Consumption Of Fish By Geographic Area, 1985-2001 (Kilogram/Per Capita/Per Year)

Table 8 Per Capita Consumption Of Seafood By Product, U.S., 2001 (Pounds)

Population Growth

Table 9 Estimated Population Growth And Consumption Of Fish In North America, 1997-2020

Annual Expenditures On Seafood

Decline In The Beef And Pork Markets

Safety Concerns

Capture Fishery Versus Aquaculture Production

Table 10 Capture Fishery Versus Aquaculture Production, Worldwide, 1986-2008 (Million Metric Tons)

Table 10 (Continued)

Table 11 Capture Versus Aquaculture Fishery Production, Percent Of Total, Worldwide, 1986-2008 (%)

Figure 1 Capture Versus Aquaculture Fishery Production, Percent Of Total, Worldwide, 1986-2008 (%)

Overview Of Aquaculture In The U.S.

Table 12 U.S. Exports Of Select Seafood Products: 2000-2002 ($'000, Lbs. '000s)

Table 13 U.S. Imports Of Select Seafood Products: 2000-2002

Factors Inhibiting The Growth Of The U.S. Aquaculture Industry

Water

Water (Continued)

Products
Table 14 Worldwide Aquaculture Production, Through 2008 (Million Metric Tons)

Table 15 Worldwide Market For Aquaculture Products, Through 2008 ($ Millions)

Worldwide Production By Species

Table 16 Worldwide Fisheries Production And Utilization, 1998-2001 (Million Metric Tons)

Table 17 Fisheries Production And Utilization, Worldwide (Excluding China), 1998-2001 (Million Metric Tons)

Table 18 Top Aquaculture Species By Unit Value, Worldwide, 2001 (U.S. $/Kilogram)

Choosing The Species To Culture

Changes In Production Value

Finfish

Freshwater Varieties

Catfish

Table 19 Sales Of Catfish By State, U.S., 2001 (%)

Table 20 Volume Of Farm-Raised Channel Catfish, North America, 1988-2008 (Metric Tons)

Table 21 Value Of Farm-Raised Channel Catfish, North America, 1988-2008 ($ Millions)

Table 22 Volume Of Farm-Raised Catfish Sold To Processors, U.S., 1997-2002 (1,000 Pounds)

Table 23 Volume Of Farm-Raised Catfish Sold By Processors, U.S., 1997-2003 (1,000 Pounds)

Table 24 Average Price Paid By Processors For Farm-Raised Catfish, U.S., 1997-2003 (Cents Per Pound)

Table 25 Average Price Received By Processors For Farm-Raised Catfish, U.S., 1997-2003 (Dollars Per Pound)

Table 26 Sales By Processors For Farm-Raised Catfish, U.S., 1997-2003 ($ Millions)

Table 27 Number Of Catfish Farms, U.S., 1982-2002

Table 28 Volume Of Imported Catfish, U.S., 1997-2001 (1,000 Pounds)

Improving Catfish Production In The U.S.

Genetics Studies

Cyprinids

Table 29 Members Of The Cyprinid Family Of Fish Used As Food Fish And Average Annual Worldwide Production, 1992-2002

Hybrid Striped Bass

Salmonidae

Table 30 Members Of The Salmonidae Family Of Fish Used As Food Fish And Average Annual Worldwide Production, 1992-2002

Projections For The Future Salmon Market

Table 31 Salmon Prices, 2001-2003

Markets Vary By Geographic Area

Moving From A Production-Driven To A Market-Driven Industry

Competitors In Salmon Farming

Atlantic Salmon

Table 32 Volume Of Farm-Raised Atlantic Salmon, North America, 1988-2008 (Metric Tons)

Table 33 Value Of Farm-Raised Atlantic Salmon, North America, 1988-2008 ($ Millions)

Table 33 (Continued)

Chinook Salmon And Coho Salmon

Land-Based Salmon Farming

Organic Salmon

Making Farmed Salmon Pink

Rainbow Trout

Table 34 Volume Of Farm-Raised Rainbow Trout, North America, 1988-2008 (Metric Tons)

Table 35 Value Of Farm-Raised Rainbow Trout, North America, 1988-2008 ($ Millions)

Tilapia

Baitfish Production

Fish For Insect And Weed Control

The North American Freshwater Finfish Market

Table 36 Percent By Species Of Farm-Raised Fish Production, North America, 1988 (%)

Table 37 Percent By Species Of Farm-Raised Fish Production, North America, 1997 (%)

Table 38 Percent By Species Of Farm-Raised Fish Value, North America, 1988 (%)

Table 39 Percent By Species Of Farm-Raised Fish Value, North America, 1997 (%)

Saltwater Varieties

Cod

Halibut

Snapper

Tuna

Tuna (Continued)

Tuna (Continued)

Crustaceans

Table 40 Volume Of Cultured Crustacean Production, Worldwide, 1988-2008 (Metric Tons)

Table 41 Value Of Cultured Crustacean Production, Worldwide, 1988-2008 ($ Billions)

Crayfish

Shrimp And Prawns

Table 42 Members Of The Penaeidae Family Used As Food Fish And Average Annual Worldwide Production, 1992-2002

The Economics Of Shrimp Farming

Stocking Costs

Feed

Yield

Value

U.S. Government Assistance To The U.S. Farmed Shrimp Industry

Mollusks

Table 43 Value Of Cultured Mollusk Production, Worldwide, 1988-2008 ($ Billions)

Table 43 (Continued)

Clams

Seed Producers

The North American Crustacean And Mollusk Market

Table 44 Percent By Species Of Farm-Raised Invertebrate Production, North America, 1988 (%)

Table 45 Percent By Species Of Farm-Raised Invertebrate Production, North America, 1997 (%)

Table 46 Percent By Species Of Farm-Raised Invertebrate Value, North America, 1988 (%)

Table 47 Percent By Species Of Farm-Raised Invertebrate Value, North America, 1997 (%)

Caviar

Aquatic Plants

Table 48 Volume Of Cultured Aquatic Plant Production, Worldwide, 1988-2008 (Metric Tons)

Technology
Phases Of Aquaculture

Improvements In Production

Production Systems

Extensive Aquaculture Systems

The Chinese Model

The Israeli Model

The Alabama Model

Semi-Extensive/Semi-Intensive Aquaculture Systems

The European Model

The Latin American Model

The Vietnamese Model

The Thai Model

Intensive Aquaculture Systems

The Malaysian Model

The Thai Model

Water- And Land-Based Systems

Enclosure Systems Used In Intensive Aquaculture

Cages

Cage Culture Projects In The Gulf Of Mexico

Cage Culture Projects Off The West Coast Of The U.S.

Challenges To Successful Cage Culture

Raceways

Tanks

Open Versus Closed Systems

Production Considerations

Recirculation Systems

Uses Of Recirculation Systems

Technological Issues

Aeration

Removal Of Particulate Matter

Biological Filtration

Ph Buffering

Heating

Hyperintensive Recirculation

The Reason For Higher Production Costs

Recirculation Systems Slow To Be Adopted

Rotation Systems

Integrated, Multiple-Use Systems

Aquaponics

Example Of A Model Aquaculture Operation

Hatcheries

The Importance Of Zooplankton

Training Fish To Eat Artificial Feed

Zooplankton

Microalgae

The Greenwater Technique

Benefits Of Microalgae

Aquafeeds

Table 49 Estimated Aquafeed Requirements By Volume, Worldwide: Through 2008 (Millions Of Metric Tons)

Table 50 Estimated Global Aquafeed Production And Fishmeal And Fish Oil Use For Major Aquaculture Species, 1997

The Feed Conversion Ratio

Fishmeal

Price Projections

Changes In The Fishmeal Market

The Market For Fishmeal

Table 51 Estimated Sales Of Fishmeal, Worldwide, Through 2008 ($ Millions)

Leading Competitors In The Fishmeal Market

Fish Oil

Table 52 Estimated Percentage Of Fish Oil Used By Farmed Fish And Shrimp, Worldwide, 1994 And 2010 (%)

Nonfishmeal Aquafeeds

Table 53 Cultured Carnivorous Versus Noncarnivorus Finfish Production, Worldwide, 1984-1997 (Millions Of Metric Tons)

The Growing Demand For Alternative Feeds In China

The Market For Nonfishmeal Aquafeeds

Table 54 Estimated Sales Of Nonfishmeal Aquafeeds, Worldwide: Through 2008 ($ Millions)

Soybean-Based Feeds

Fishmeal Analog

Table 55 Comparison Of Catfish Fed Fishmeal Analog And Catfish Fed Fishmeal

Feed Peas

Rendered Products

Animal Versus Plant Protein In Feeds

Microalgae

Liquid Feeds

Genetic Modification To Expand Feed Availability

Feeds For Catfish

Table 56 Catfish Feed Volume, U.S., 1997-2008 (Thousand Tons)

Table 57 Catfish Feed Prices, U.S.: 1997-2003 ($/Ton)

Feeds For Salmon

Nature Of The Fish Feed Industry

Market Leaders In The Fish Feed Industry

Table 58 Market Shares By Production Volume Of Global Fish Feed Producers, 2002 (%)

Figure 2 Market Shares By Production Volume Of Global Fish Feed Producers, 2002 (%)

Pharmaceuticals

Pathogens Involved In Fish Disease

Stressors Increase The Chance Of Infection

Use Of Antibiotics In The Aquaculture Industry

Use Of Antibiotics In The Aquaculture Industry (Continued)

The Economics Of Medicated Feed

Determining The Sensitivity To Antibacterial Agents

Methods Of Drug Administration

Oral Administration

Water Administration

Parenteral Administration

Concerns About Antibiotic Residues In Aquaculture Products

Limiting The Use Of Antibiotics

Maximum Residue Limits For Aquaculture

Table 59 Proposed Maximum Residue Limits Relevant To Aquaculture

Table 60 Current Tolerances Relevant To Aquacultured Species In The U.S.

Table 61 Currently Approved Drugs For Aquaculture And Their Maximum Residue Limits: Canada

Table 62 Proposed Maximum Residue Limits Relevant To Aquaculture

Table 62 Continued

Worldwide Efforts To Limit The Use Of Antibiotics In Aquaculture

Zero Tolerance Standards

Vaccines

Adjuvant Technology

Encapsulation Technology

Recombinant Vaccine Technology

Dna Vaccine Technology

Nucleic Acid Vaccines

Vaccine Manufacturers

Synthetic Spawning Products

The Aquaculture Industry
Factors Driving The Industry

Small Countries May Become Big Players In The Aquaculture Market

Employment Increases In The Aquaculture Industry

Table 63 Fish Farmers By Continent, 1970-2000

The Importance Of Marketing Strategy

Building International Trade

The U.S.

China

Thailand

The Emergence Of Markets From Backyard Farms

The U.S. Aquaculture Market

Aquaculture Research And Development Centers

The Arizona Model

The Texas Model

Estimated Production Of Aquaculture In Texas

Table 64 Texas Aquaculture Production, 2001

Table 65 Texas Aquaculture Production, 2002

Table 65 (Continued)

Potential For A Commercial Catfish Industry In The Coastal Bend

Potential For A Commercial Catfish Industry In The Coastal Bend (Continued)

Government Involvement In The Development Of Aquaculture

Global Policies

Haccp

The Global Aquaculture Alliance Proposal To Address Antibiotic Residue Concerns

U.S. Policies

Safety Of Fish And Fish Products

Drug Reaction Reporting

European Policies

Concern About Contaminated Farmed Salmon In Britain

Policies In Canada

Government Funding Of Aquaculture

The U.S.

Mississippi Approves Labeling Of Catfish As Domestic Or Imported

Canada

Aquaculture: A Perfect Fit With Emerging Distribution Channels

Current Challenges And Needs In The Aquaculture Industry

Nutrition

Genetics

Environment

Environment (Continued)

Environment (Continued)

Ranking Aquaculture Species And Production Area By Eco-Friendliness

Funding

Regulatory Issues

Regulation Of Transgenic Fish As New Animal Drugs By The Fda

U.S. Federal Organic Rules Exclude Seafood

State Laws On The Size Of Crops

Company Profiles
Alpharma, Inc.

Business Overview

Products

Aquaculture Vaccines

Aqua Health (Europe)

Business Overview

Products

Products (Continued)

Corporate Strategy

Bayotek International, Inc.

Business Overview

Products

Biomar

Business Overview

Financial Information

Products

Corporate Strategy

Corporate Strategy (Continued)

Bioshelters, Inc.

Business Overview

Products

Corporate Strategy

Cards Aquaculture Products Ltd.

Business Overview

Products

Steel Cage Systems

The Viking Sea Cage System

Mooring Systems

Other Products

Corporate Strategy

Corey Feed Mills Ltd.

Business Overview

Products

Corporate Strategy

Ewos

Business Overview

Corporate Strategy

Farmocean International A.B.

Business Overview

Products

Products (Continued)

Powerring Mark Ii Model

Corporate Strategy

Mariculture Systems Inc.

Business Overview

Products

Table 66 Comparison Of Sargo Technology With Traditional Net Pens

Table 66 (Continued)

Corporate Strategy

Micro Gaia Inc.

Business Overview

Products

Corporate Strategy

Moore-Clark

Business Overview

Products

Corporate Strategy

Nelson & Sons Inc.

Business Overview

Corporate Strategy

Nutreco Holding N.V.

Business Overview

Financial Information

Products

Salmon Feed

Trout And Marine Species Feed

Innovations In Fish Feed

Corporate Strategy

The Aquaculture Division

Marketing Of Farmed Salmon

Restructuring The Aquaculture Division

Fish Feed

Acquisitions

Internal Growth

Procean A/S

Business Overview

Products

Products (Continued)

Quadra Pacific Netloft

Business Overview

Corporate Strategy

Reed Mariculture, Inc.

Products

Instant Algae

Instant Algae (Continued)

Zooplankton

Instant Rotifers Live Rotifer Concentrates

Shur-Gain

Business Overview

Products

Corporate Strategy

Syndel International Inc.

Business Overview

Products

Corporate Strategy

Water Management Technologies, Inc.

Business Overview

Products

Zeigler Bros., Inc.

Business Overview

Products

Corporate Strategy

Corporate Strategy (Continued)

List Of Tables

Summary Table:
Estimated Worldwide Aquaculture And Feed Products By Volume And Value, Through 2008
Table 1 Top Aquaculture-Producing Countries, By Volume, 1988 And 2000 (Metric Tons)
Table 2 Top Aquaculture-Producing Countries By Revenues, 2000 ($ Millions)
Table 3 Top 10 Countries In Fisheries Production, Capture And Aquaculture, 1999 (Million Metric Tons)
Table 4 Fish Production Trends, Selected Countries,1997-2030
Table 5 Names Of Common Aquaculture Species
Table 6 Top Volume Aquaculture Species, 1988 And 1997 (Metric Tons)
Table 7 Per Capita Consumption Of Fish By Geographic Area, 1985-2001 (Kilogram/Per Capita/Per Year)
Table 8 Per Capita Consumption Of Seafood By Product, U.S., 2001 (Pounds)
Table 9 Estimated Population Growth And Consumption Of Fish In North America, 1997-2020
Table 10 Capture Fishery Versus Aquaculture Production, Worldwide, 1986-2008 (Millions Of Metric Tons)
Table 11 Capture Versus Aquaculture Fishery Production, Percent Of Total, Worldwide, 1986-2008 (%)
Table 12 U.S. Exports Of Select Seafood Products: 2000-2002 ($'000, Lbs. '000s)
Table 13 U.S. Imports Of Select Seafood Products: 2000-2002
Table 14 Worldwide Aquaculture Production, Through 2008 (Million Metric Tons)
Table 15 Worldwide Market For Aquaculture Products, Through 2008 ($ Millions)
Table 16 Worldwide Fisheries Production And Utilization, 1998-2001 (Million Metric Tons)
Table 17 Fisheries Production And Utilization, Worldwide (Excluding China), 1998-2001 (Million Metric Tons)
Table 18 Top Aquaculture Species By Unit Value, Worldwide, 2001 (U.S. $/Kilogram)
Table 19 Sales Of Catfish By State, U.S., 2001 (%)
Table 20 Volume Of Farm-Raised Channel Catfish, North America, 1988-2008 (Metric Tons)
Table 21 Value Of Farm-Raised Channel Catfish, North America, 1988-2008 ($ Millions)
Table 22 Volume Of Farm-Raised Catfish Sold To Processors, U.S., 1997-2002 (1,000 Pounds)
Table 23 Volume Of Farm-Raised Catfish Sold By Processors, U.S., 1997-2003 (1,000 Pounds)
Table 24 Average Price Paid By Processors For Farm-Raised Catfish, U.S., 1997-2003 (Cents Per Pound)
Table 25 Average Price Received By Processors For Farm-Raised Catfish, U.S., 1997-2003 (Dollars Per Pound)
Table 26 Sales By Processors For Farm-Raised Catfish, U.S., 1997-2003 ($ Millions)
Table 27 Number Of Catfish Farms, U.S., 1982-2002
Table 28 Volume Of Imported Catfish, U.S., 1997-2001 (1,000 Pounds)
Table 29 Members Of The Cyprinid Family Of Fish Used As Food Fish And Average Annual Worldwide Production, 1992-2002
Table 30 Members Of The Salmonidae Family Of Fish Used As Food Fish And Average Annual Worldwide Production, 1992-2002
Table 31 Salmon Prices, 2001-2003
Table 32 Volume Of Farm-Raised Atlantic Salmon, North America, 1988-2008 (Metric Tons)
Table 33 Value Of Farm-Raised Atlantic Salmon, North America, 1988-2008 ($ Millions)
Table 34 Volume Of Farm-Raised Rainbow Trout, North America, 1988-2008 (Metric Tons)
Table 35 Value Of Farm-Raised Rainbow Trout, North America, 1988-2008 ($ Millions)
Table 36 Percent By Species Of Farm-Raised Fish Production, North America, 1988 (%)
Table 37 Percent By Species Of Farm-Raised Fish Production, North America, 1997 (%)
Table 38 Percent By Species Of Farm-Raised Fish Value, North America, 1988 (%)
Table 39 Percent By Species Of Farm-Raised Fish Value, North America, 1997 (%)
Table 40 Volume Of Cultured Crustacean Production, Worldwide, 1988-2008 (Metric Tons)
Table 41 Value Of Cultured Crustacean Production, Worldwide, 1988-2008 ($ Billions)
Table 42 Members Of The Penaeidae Family Used As Food Fish And Average Annual Worldwide Production, 1992-2002
Table 43 Value Of Cultured Mollusk Production, Worldwide, 1988-2008 ($ Billions)
Table 44 Percent By Species Of Farm-Raised Invertebrate Production, North America, 1988 (%)
Table 45 Percent By Species Of Farm-Raised Invertebrate Production, North America, 1997 (%)
Table 46 Percent By Species Of Farm-Raised Invertebrate Value, North America, 1988 (%)
Table 47 Percent By Species Of Farm-Raised Invertebrate Value, North America, 1997 (%)
Table 48 Volume Of Cultured Aquatic Plant Production, Worldwide, 1988-2008 (Metric Tons)
Table 49 Estimated Aquafeed Requirements By Volume, Worldwide: Through 2008 (Millions Of Metric Tons)
Table 50 Estimated Global Aquafeed Production And Fishmeal And Fish Oil Use For Major Aquaculture Species, 1997
Table 51 Estimated Sales Of Fishmeal, Worldwide, Through 2008 ($ Millions)
Table 52 Estimated Percentage Of Fish Oil Used By Farmed Fish And Shrimp, Worldwide, 1994 And 2010 (%)
Table 53 Cultured Carnivorous Versus Noncarnivorus Finfish Production, Worldwide, 1984-1997 (Millions Of Metric Tons)
Table 54 Estimated Sales Of Nonfishmeal Aquafeeds, Worldwide: Through 2008 ($ Millions)
Table 55 Comparison Of Catfish Fed Fishmeal Analog And Catfish Fed Fishmeal
Table 56 Catfish Feed Volume, U.S., 1997-2008 (Thousand Tons)
Table 57 Catfish Feed Prices, U.S.: 1997-2003 ($/Ton)
Table 58 Market Shares By Production Volume Of Global Fish Feed Producers, 2002 (%)
Table 59 Proposed Maximum Residue Limits Relevant To Aquaculture
Table 60 Current Tolerances Relevant To Aquacultured Species In The U.S.
Table 61 Currently Approved Drugs For Aquaculture And Their Maximum Residue Limits: Canada
Table 62 Proposed Maximum Residue Limits Relevant To Aquaculture
Table 63 Fish Farmers By Continent, 1970-2000
Table 64 Texas Aquaculture Production, 2001
Table 65 Texas Aquaculture Production, 2002
Table 66 Comparison Of Sargo Technology With Traditional Net Pens

List Of Figures

Summary Figure:
Estimated Value Of Worldwide Aquaculture And Feed Products, 2002-2008 ($ Millions)
Figure 1 Capture Versus Aquaculture Fishery Production, Percent Of Total, Worldwide, 1986-2008 (%)
Figure 2 Market Shares By Production Volume Of Global Fish Feed Producers, 2002 (%)