Nanotubes: Directions and Technologies

Title

Introduction

• Objective And Purpose Of This Report
• Reasons For This Study
• Contribution Of The Study
• Scope And Format
• Methodology And Sources Of Information
• Related Reports And Author's Credentials
• Bcc On-Line Services

Technology Overview

• What Is A Nanotube?
• A Brief History Of Nanotubes
• Comparison To Carbon Compounds
• Diamond
• Graphite
• Fullerenes
• Nanotubes
• Nanotube Properties
• Physical Properties Of Nanotubes
• Brittleness
• Ductile Elongation
• Strength OF Nanotubes
• How Likely ARE Nanotubes TO Achieve THIS Theoretical Strength?
• Modulus OF Nanotubes
• Electronic Properties
• Electron Emission
• Varying Conductivity
• Quantum Wires
• The Use Of Nanotubes
• Nanotube Production
• Arc Discharge Technology
• Advantages OF Arc Discharge Technology
• Disadvantages
• Competing Reactions
• Laser Ablation
• Vapor Deposition
• Advantages OF Chemical Vapor Deposition
• Disadvantages OF Chemical Vapor Deposition
• Nanotube Characterization/Separation
• Characterization
• Tem
• Sem
• Afm
• Problems IN Characterizing Nanotubes
• Integration

Industry Structure

• Current Nanotube Producers
• Captive And Open Nanotube Production
• Open Producers OF Nanotubes
• Captive Nanotube Production
• Display Manufacturers
• What Is Required To Produce Nanotubes?
• Human Capital
• Hardware
• Size OF Corporations
• Will Major Firms Enter Nanotube Production?
• Production Of Nanotubes
• Single-Wall Nanotube Producers
• Multi-Wall Nanotube Producers
• Production Methodologies
• Arc Discharge Technology
• Pricing OF Arc Discharge Nanotubes
• The Chicken AND Egg Problem OF Nanotube Production
• Rates OF Nanotube Production
• Laser Ablation
• Chemical Vapor Deposition
• Current Pricing OF Chemical Vapor Deposition Nanotubes
• Consumers Of Nanotubes
• Electronics Firms
• Electron Emission
• Field Emission Displays
• Other Applications OF Field Emission Devices
• Capacitor Producers
• Battery Producers
• Chemical Firms
• Automotive Firms
• Defense-Related Firms
• Microscope Firms

Company Profiles

• Advanced Technology Materials, Inc.
• Carbolex, Inc.
• Dupont
• General Motors Research And Development
• Honeywell
• Ise Electronics Corp.
• Lucent
• Mer Corp.
• Motorola
• Nanolab, Inc.
• Piezomax Technologies
• Pixtech
• Samsung Advanced Institute Of Technology
• Si Diamond Technology, Inc.

Government And Academic Laboratories

• Academic Laboratories
• Advanced Carbon Materials Center
• Center For Nanoscale Science And Technology
• École Polytechnique Federale De Lausanne
• Groupe De Dynamique Des Phases Condensées
• Harvard University
• Massachusetts Institute Of Technology
• Michigan State University
• North Carolina Center For Nanoscale Materials
• Penn State University
• Université De Fribourg, Pérolles
• Washington University
• Government Laboratories
• Overall Funding
• National Renewable Energy Laboratory
• National Aeronautics And Space Administration

Products

• Introduction
• Chemistry Of Nanotubes
• Types Of Nanotubes
• Characterizing Nanotubes
• General Properties Of Nanotubes
• Strength Of Nanotubes
• Modulus Of Nanotubes
• The Effect OF Defects ON THE Modulus
• Comparison OF Nanotubes WITH Macroscopic High-Modulus Materials
• Conductivity
• Electron Emissivity
• Conductivity
• Degradation
• Disadvantages OF Nanotubes
• Types OF Nanotubes
• Surface Area
• Chemical Resistance
• The Major Barriers For Nanotube Commercialization
• Orientation Of Nanotubes
• Types Of Nanotubes
• Single-Wall Nanotubes
• Conductivity AS A Function OF Stereochemistry
• The Shape OF THE Nanotube Alters ITS Conductivity
• Size
• Multi-Wall Nanotubes
• Diameter OF Individual Tubes
• Diameters OF Multi-Wall Nanotubes
• Alternative Multi-Wall Nanotubes
• Tube Shape
• Conductive Properties
• Comparing Single-Wall And Multi-Wall Nanotubes
• Processing Advantages OF Multi-WALL Nanotubes
• Temperature
• Defects AS A Function OF Temperature
• Aggregation
• Diameter
• Electron Emission
• Longer Time Frame Applications
• Semiconductor Band Gap
• Quantum Wires
• Summary Of The Market For Carbon Nanotubes

Market Applications

• Short-Term Applications
• The High Cost Of Nanotubes
• Nanotube Applications
• Research Materials
• Field Emission Devices
• What IS A Field Emission Device?
• Hot Filament Technology
• Problems WITH Conventional Field Emission Devices
• Excessive Temperature
• High Vacuum Requirements
• Poor Longevity
• High Electric Fields
• Cold Cathode Devices
• Challenges Facing Cold Cathode Technology
• Integration OF THE Cold Cathode INTO THE Application
• Control OF THE Emission — The Hot Spot Problem
• Degradation
• Comparison OF Spindt Tip AND Nanotubes IN Cold Cathode Technology
• Production Methodology
• Structure AND Uniformity
• Current-Carrying Capability
• Amounts OF Nanotubes Required
• Purified Versus Unpurified
• Display Applications
• Display Industry Markets
• Types OF Flat Panel Displays
• Liquid Crystal
• Plasma
• Light Emitting Diode
• Conductive Polymer Displays
• Field Emission Displays
• Phosphor Control
• Vacuum Requirements
• Glass Warpage
• Sizes OF Displays
• Small Screens
• Medium Displays
• The Large Display Market
• Very Large Displays
• Summary OF Display Markets FOR Carbon Nanotubes
• Light Sources
• Conventional Light Bulb Disadvantages
• Comparing THE Existing Technology: Incandescent Vs Fluorescent Light Sources
• Energy Costs PER Year
• Secondary Costs
• Design OF A Nanotube-Driven Light Source
• Advantages OF A Nanotube-Driven Light Source
• Increased Efficiency
• Better Performance?
• Markets FOR Nanotube-Driven Light Sources
• Microwave Amplifiers
• Base Stations
• Portable Devices
• Industrial Applications OF Nanotube-DRIVEN Field Emission Devices
• Summary OF Markets FOR Field Emission Devices
• Microscope Probes
• Uses OF Atomic Force Microscopy
• Probes FOR Afm
• Limitations OF Conventional Afm
• Tapping
• Magnetic A/C Microscopy
• Tips FOR Afm
• Aspect Ratio
• Tip SHAPE
• Durability
• High-Surface-Area Applications
• New Developments IN High-Surface-Area Applications
• Defects IN THE Nanotubes
• Water Desalinators
• Desalinization Theory
• Drivers OF Desalination Technology
• Further Desalination Technology
• Energy Storage Devices
• Fuel Cells
• Membrane Applications
• Amount OF Nanotubes Required
• Summary OF Markets FOR High-Surface-Area Applications
• Long-Term Applications
• Batteries
• Technological Challenges IN Battery Design
• Capacitors
• Chemical Sensors
• Possible Applications
• Markets
• Actuators
• Problems WITH Conductive Polymers
• Problems WITH Piezoceramics
• Advantages OF Nanotubes
• Macroscopic Applications
• Markets FOR Microscopic Actuator Applications
• Markets FOR Macroscopic Actuators
• Composites
• Continuous-Fiber Versus Long-Fiber Composites
• Continuous-Fiber Nanotube Composites
• The High Cost OF Continuous-Fiber Nanotubes
• Lack OF Processing Technology
• Inadequate Matrix Materials
• Discontinuous-Fiber Composites
• The Automotive Connection
• Is There Really A Performance Advantage WITH Nanotubes Versus Other Fibers?
• Longer-Term Outlooks
• Hydrogen Storage
• Electronic Applications
• Fiber Optic Amplifiers

Patents

• Who Files Nanotube Patents?
• Nanotube Patents By Application
• Nanotube Synthesis
• Process FOR Purifying, Uncapping, AND Chemically Modifying Carbon Nanotubes
• Process OF Isolating Carbon Nanotubes FROM A Mixture Containing Carbon Nanotubes, AND Graphite Particles Nanotubes FROM A Mixture Containing Carbon Nanotubes AND Graphite Particles
• Carbon Fibers AND Method FOR Their Production
• Method OF Purifying Carbon Nanotubes
• Uncapped AND Thinned Carbon Nanotubes AND Process
• Production OF Fullerenic Nanostructures IN Flames
• Method FOR Producing Encapsulated Nanoparticles AND Carbon Nanotubes Using Catalytic Disproportionation OF Carbon Monoxide
• Method FOR Making Carbon Nanotubes
• Process FOR THE Separation OF Carbon Nanotubes FROM Graphite
• Method FOR Making Nanotubes AND Nanoparticles
• Method AND Device FOR THE Production OF Carbon Nanotubes
• Metallic Carbon Materials
• Preparation OF Carbide Nanorods
• Graphite Filaments Having Tubular Structure AND Method OF Forming THE Same
• Method OF Producing Carbon Material BY Bending AT Least One Carbon Atom Layer OF Graphite
• High-Molecular-Weight Carbon Material AND Method OF Forming THE Same
• Process FOR Making Fullerene Fibers
• Nanotube Applications
• Encapsulation
• Method OF Encapsulating A Material IN A Carbon Nanotube
• Method FOR Producing Encapsulated Nanoparticles AND Carbon Nanotubes Using Catalytic Disproportionation OF Carbon Monoxide AND THE Nanoencapsulates AND Nanotubes Formed Thereby
• Carbon Nanostructures Encapsulating Palladium
• Carbon Nanoencapsulates
• Carbon Nanotubule Enclosing A Foreign Material
• Metal-Encapsulated Fullerene Compound AND A Method OF Synthesizing Such Compound
• Superconductors
• Enhanced Flux Pinning IN Superconductors BY Embedding Carbon Nanotubes WITH Bscco Materials
• Electron Emitters
• Carbon Nanotube Emitter WITH Triode Structure
• Carbon Fiber Based Field Emission Devices
• Field Emission Cathode Having AN Electrically Conducting Material Shaped OF A Narrow Rod OR Knife Edge
• Carbon Cone AND Carbon Whisker Field Emitters
• Electronics
• Optical Antenna Array FOR Harmonic Generation, Mixing AND Signal Amplification
• Quantum Wire Switch AND Switching Method
• Graphitic Nanofibers IN Electrochemical Capacitors
• Cylindrical Macromolecule AND Photometer AND Magnetometer Using THE Same
• Membrane/Filter Applications
• Graphitic Nanotubes IN Luminescence Assays
• Purifaction OF Pentafluoroethanes
• Nanofiber-Packed Beds Having Enhanced Fluid Flow Characteristics
• Nanofiber-Packed Beds Having Enhanced Fluid Flow Characteristics
• Storage OF Hydrogen IN Layered Nanostructures
• Composites
• Fullerene Composite
• Method OF Forming Carbon Nanotubes ON A Carbonaceous Body, Composite Material Obtained Thereby, AND Electron Beam Source Element Using Same
• Miscellaneous
• Self-Cooling Beverage AND Food Container Using Fullerene Nanotubes
• Method OF Containing Radiation Using Fullerene Molecules
• Nanotubes Used As Templates For Other Materials
• Oriented Polycrystalline Thin Films OF Transition Metal Chalcogenides
• Silicon Nitride Nanowhiskers AND Method OF Making Same

List Of Tables
Summary Table:  The Market For Nanotube Applications, Through 2004

1 Properties Of Carbon Compounds
2 Comparison Of Nanotube Production Technology
3 Captive And Open Nanotube Producers
4 Percentage Of Nanotubes Produced On Open And Captive Bases, Through 2009
5 Display Firms Investigating Carbon Nanotubes
6 Requirements For Entering Nanotube Production
7 Producers Of Nanotubes
8 Producers Of Afm Probe Tips
9 Number Of Academic Laboratories Involved In Nanotube Research By Country
10 U.S. Government Nanotechnology Spending In Fiscal Year 2000
11 Nsf Proposed Nanotechnology Spending In Fiscal Year 2001
12 General Properties Of Nanotubes
13 Comparison Of Nanotubes With Macroscopic Materials
14 Comparison Of Types Of Conductive Materials
15 Comparison Of Materials Used As Emitters For Field Effect Devices
16 Major Challenges For Nanotubes
17 Orientation Of Nanotubes
18 Physical And Electronic Properties Of Single-Wall Nanotubes
19 Classification Of Nanotubes
20 Conductive Properties Of Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes By Type
21 Physical Properties Of Multi-Wall Nanotubes
22 Comparison Between Single-Wall And Multi-Wall Nanotubes
23 Advantages And Disadvantages Of Defects In Nanotubes
24 Effects Of Decreased Diameter On Nanotube Properties
25 Sales Of Carbon Nanotubes For Short-Term Applications, Through 2004
26 Sales Of Carbon Nanotubes For Short-Term Applications, Including High Surface Area, Through 2004
27 Sales Of Carbon Nanotubes For Short- And Long-Term Applications, Through 2004
28 Nanotube Pricing By Application
29 Research Materials Market For Carbon Nanotubes, Through 2004
30 Applications Of Field Emission Devices
31 Comparison Of Cold Cathode And Conventional Filament Display Devices
32 Challenges Facing Cold Cathode Technology
33 Comparison Of Spindt Tip And Nanotube Cold Cathode Technology
34 The Global Electronic Display Market, Through 2004
35 Comparison Of Flat Panel Display Technologies
36 Current Markets Of Fed Flat Panel Displays, 1999
37 Manufacturing Challenges Facing Field Emission Displays
38 Flat Panel Displays By Size
39 Global Small Display Market, Through 2004
40 Global Medium Flat Panel Display Market, Through 2004
41 Comparison Of Current Technologies For Large Display Screens
42 Very Large Display Market, Through 2004
43 Nanotube Driven Field Emission Display Market, Through 2004
44 Comparison Between Light Sources
45 Nanotube-Driven Light Sources Market, Through 2004
46 Nanotube-Driven Microwave Base Station Amplifier Market Through 2004
47 Nanotube-Driven Microwave Portable Amplifier Market, Through 2004
48 Nanotube-Driven Field Emission Device Market, Through 2004
49 Comparison Of Conventional And Carbon Nanotube Tips For Atomic Force Microscopes
50 Market For Afm Tips, Through 2004
51 Markets For Nanotube Water Purifiers
52 Requirements For A Nanotube Membrane Used In Fuel Cells
53 Market For Nanotube Membrane Fuel Cells, Through 2004
54 Market For Nanotube Batteries, Through 2004
55 Market For Nanotube Capacitors, Through 2004
56 Advantages And Disadvantages Of A Nanotube Chemical Sensor
57 Requirements For Actuator Materials
58 Comparison Of Actuator Materials
59 Macroscopic Applications Of Nanotube Actuators, Through 2004
60 Problems With Continuous-Fiber Nanotube Composites
61 Technological Advances Required Before Nanotubes Can Be Used In A Continuous-Fiber Composite
62 Market For Continuous-Fiber Nanotube Composites, Through 2004
63 Requirements For High-Performance, Discontinuous-Fiber Composites
64 Performance Enhancement By Nanotube Fillers In Polymer Matrixes
65 Market For Discontinuous-Fiber Nanotube Composites, Through 2004
66 Requirements For Hydrogen Storage Using Nanotubes
67 Organizations Filing Nanotube Patents, Through June 2000
68 Nanotube Patents By Type, Through June 2000
69 Nanotube Synthesis Patents, Through 2000
70 Nanotube Patents By Application, Through June 2000

List Of Figures
Summary Figure:  The Market For Nanotube Applications, Through 2004

1 Sales Of Carbon Nanotubes For Short-Term Applications, Through 2004
2 Sales Of Carbon Nanotubes For Short-Term Applications, Including High Surface Area, Through 2004
3 Sales Of Carbon Nanotubes For Short- And Long-Term Applications, Through 2004
4 Research Materials Market For Carbon Nanotubes, Through 2004
5 Nanotube Driven Field Emission Display Market, 2004
6 Nanotube-Driven Field Emission Device Market, 2004
7 Market For Afm Tips, Through 2004