World Markets for Citric, Ascorbic, & Isoascorbic Acids
BCC Research
December 1, 2002 151 Pages - SKU: WA854835
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Countries covered: Global
Citric acid, ascorbic acid and iso-ascorbic acid are major food ingredients, and also play a major role in the fermentation industry. In the past ten years, the markets for these products have changed dramatically. The demand for citric acid and ascorbic acid in food and non-food applications has increased continuously and substantial capacities have been built up. Product prices have come down to historic lows, while raw materials have tended higher. Iso-ascorbic acid, introduced into the market as a cheap alternative to ascorbic acid, is losing importance, as competition from ascorbic acid is becoming stronger. This report reviews the markets for ascorbic acid, citric acid and for iso-ascorbic acid and puts much emphasis on the description of production processes and costs, as only a very efficient technology will ensure the survival of producers in the future. Market trends and tendencies of production costs are extrapolated until 2007. A company section profiles the most important producers and describes, in detail, the situation in China, as Chinese producers have become key players in this business.
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Additional InformationSTUDY GOAL AND OBJECTIVES
Since the early 1990s, food and feed ingredient markets have been characterized by a dynamic development not seen before. Due to population growth, an increasing standard of living in many countries of the world, and a change in population structure, the requirements for food in general and for different types of foods are changing. While in Western Europe and in the U.S. population growth is small, significant growth rates in Asia, Africa and Latin America drive the global demand for food, including animal products, which again require an increasing amount of compound feed. More disposable income in Europe, in the U.S. and in most Asian countries is changing attitude vis-à-vis food qualities. The requirements for food processing are increasing. The aging population predominantly in Western countries also adds to an increased demand for high quality foods. The intensified activities of women and men reduce the time available to prepare foods from crude products and drive the demand for pre-packed, preserved and processed food products.
Consequently, the demand for specific ingredients used in preparing high quality and preserved foods also increases. While 10 years ago food preservation was of little importance from a global perspective, it is now one of the key issues for every food processor. Several additives are enjoying a high popularity, especially when they significantly contribute to food preservation and additionally support an appealing presentation, or add some other value to preserved foods.
Of outstanding importance in this sector are ascorbic acid, isoascorbic acid and citric acid. Ascorbic acid, in addition to its role in preservation, has a vitamin character. The popularity of vitamin C is still increasing as scientific data support its beneficial affect on human health. Isoascorbic acid is the isomer of ascorbic acid and has a strong popularity for the preservation of meat and fish products. Citric acid is a standard acidulant and, due to its flexibility, it is virtually found in every preserved food. Until the early 1990s, ascorbic acid was essentially sold as a vitamin in supplements or pharma-like products produced only by a few companies, and it was highly priced. Today, strong competition, especially from China, drives prices down and makes production economics the key issue in vitamin C production.
Use of vitamin C in foods and feed became very popular for various reasons. Isoascorbic acid is a relatively new product, licensed for use in the U.S. for 10 years and in Europe only since 1995. However, since that time it strongly competes with ascorbic acid and some market segments virtually switched completely from the use of ascorbic acid to isoascorbic acid. Citric acid is a typical fermentation product, originally produced by large fermentation companies in Western countries. The Chinese impact on the citric acid market, in combination with an expansion of its use in food as well as in detergents, is still extremely strong and forces producers to continuously improve processes and focus on economies of scale.
These market dynamics make it difficult for producers and users of these products to keep a complete overview of the markets, the driving forces behind them, the different available production technologies, and the competition.
STUDY FOCUS
This report focuses on the markets, production economics and companies active in the production and marketing of:
ascorbic acid
isoascorbic acid
citric acid.
Since Chinese producers of all of these products play an outstanding role and were partly responsible in the past for stimulating the market's dynamics, a section of the report is specifically devoted to the description of Chinese companies active in the business. Special attention is given to a detailed analysis of the market dynamics and application of these products, production processes and key players in the market.
CONTRIBUTION OF THE STUDY
BCC Inc. seeks to provide insight into an industry that is responsible for the advancement of production technology and the design of new food products. Citric acid technological applications, for example in detergents, contributed particularly to the design and marketing of more environmentally friendly consumer products. The report is intended to assist companies and players in the food, supplement and chemical industry by providing them with a comprehensive overview of the industry in order to make strategic and business planning easier and more reliable. As economy of scale is key in the production of the reviewed products, the report should also be of relevance to companies considering expansion and diversification into products which still show a high level of use by the application industry and higher market dynamics than other chemicals.
SCOPE AND FORMAT
Product forms and descriptions are discussed first, followed by an application review. Production technologies and economics are discussed extensively. Market data, breaking down historic and current use by segment, by geographic area and by volumes sold follow. Price trends and market value development are discussed. Each section concludes with an outlook on the markets to 2007. An extensive section on the industry structure follows. Market shares of individual companies are shown, strategies described and profiles of major producing companies are given. Since Chinese producers are major participants in these products, a fairly complete overview and company characterization of Chinese companies active in the reviewed business concludes this report.
METHODOLOGIES
The methodology applied in this report is based on
Review of the application sectors for the products;
Description and analysis of production processes;
Detailed characterization of the markets and market forces;
Presentation of producing companies; and
Strategies of Chinese companies and their impact on global market dynamics.
INFORMATION SOURCES
In the Western hemisphere, there is a limited number of producers of the reviewed chemicals, which are well known. In China however, the picture is less transparent and in addition to a few major companies, many small factories are still active and supply local, regional and international markets. The use of the products is well documented, however, production technologies, production volumes and market values are less reviewed. Therefore, direct contact with the producers and suppliers of raw materials allows the presentation of reliable and confirmed data.
ANALYST'S CREDENTIALS
Ulrich März is experienced both as a food scientist and technical economic analyst in the field of food and feed ingredients. He has made significant contributions to technology, and performed industry and market analysis of vitamins, colorants, enzymes, organic acids, amino acids, and other fermentation derived food and feed ingredients, with BCC multi-client and custom studies. Dr. März has been with BCC for over 5 years. M.Sc., Chemical Engineering; Ph.D., Economics and Management, University of Stuttgart, Germany.
Introduction
Study Goal And Objectives
Study Focus
Contribution Of The Study
Scope And Format
Methodologies
Information Sources
Analyst's Credentials
Related Bcc Reports
Bcc On-Line Services
Summary
Summary Table:
Global Market Values Of Isoascorbic Acid, Ascorbic Acid And Citric Acid, Through 2007 ($ Millions)
Summary Figure:
Global Market Values Of Isoascorbic Acid, Ascorbic Acid And Citric Acid, 2001 And 2007 ($ Millions)
Overview
Table 1. Global Market Values For Isoascorbic Acid, Ascorbic Acid And Citric Acid, Through 2007 ($ Millions)
Table 2. Market Value Forecast Of Isoascorbic Acid, Ascorbic Acid And Citric Acid By Application Segment, 2007 ($ Millions)
Figure 1. Market Value For Isoascorbic Acid, Ascorbic Acid And Citric Acid By Application Segment, 2007 ($ Millions)
Table 3. Market Value Forecast For Isoascorbic Acid, Ascorbic Acid And Citric Acid By Region, 2007 ($ Millions)
Figure 2. Market Value Forecast For Isoascorbic Acid, Ascorbic Acid And Citric Acid By Region, 2007 ($ Millions)
The Global Market For Isoascorbic Acid
Background
Physical/Chemical Properties
Table 4. Erythorbic Acid Data Sheet
Table 5. Sodium Erythorbate Data Sheet
Applications
Antioxidant Function
Reducing Function
Reaction With Peroxide
Reactions With Metal Ions
Table 6. Comparison Of The Composition Of Developers For Graphic Art With And Without Sodium Erythorbate
Reaction With Amines And Other Technical Applications
Table 7. Further Potential Applications For Erythorbic Acids And Intended Effects
The Use Of Erythorbic Acid In Meat Curing
Europe
Table 8. Structure Of The Processed Meat Market By Product Type In The Eu, 2001 (%)
Table 9. Consumption Of Sausages, Bacon And Ham In The Eu, Through 2001 (Thousand Tons)
Figure 3. Sausage, Ham And Bacon Consumption In The Eu, 1987-2001 (Thousand Tons)
Table 10. Ham, Bacon And Sausage Consumption By Eu Country, 2001 (Thousand Tons)
Figure 4. Ham, Bacon And Sausage Consumption By Eu Country, 2001 (%)
Eastern Europe
Market Potentials
Outside Europe
Table 11. Ham, Bacon And Sausage Consumption In The U.S., Asia And The Rest Of The World, 2001
Government Regulations
Production Processes
Figure 5. Flow Chart Of The Two Different Processes For The Production Of Erythorbic Acid
Direct Fermentation Process
Table 12. Media Requirements For The Direct Fermentation Process Of Erythorbic Acid
Production Economics
Table 13. Estimated Production Costs For Direct Fermentation Of Erythorbic Acid, 2000-2001
Figure 6. Estimated Production Costs For Direct Fermentation Of Erythorbic Acid, 2000-2001 (%)
Chemical Modification Of 2-Keto-Gluconic Acid
Table 14. Media Requirements For The Production Of 2-Keto-Gluconic Acid By Serratia Marcescens
Production Economics
Table 15. Estimated Production Costs For 2-Keto-Gluconic Acid Fermentation And Conversion To Erythorbic Acid, 2001
Price Developments
Table 16. Price Developments Of Erythorbic Acid And Sodium Erythorbate, 1981-2001 ($/Kg)
Figure 7. Price Developments Of Erythorbic Acid And Sodium Erythorbate, Including Polynomial Approximations, 1981-2001 ($/Kg)
Market Developments
Sales To The Food Segment
Table 17. Erythorbic Acid Sales For Food Applications By Region, Through 2001 (Thousand Tons)
Figure 8. Erythorbic Acid Sales For Food Applications By Region, 1985-2001 (Thousand Tons)
Europe
Table 18. Sales Of Erythorbic Acid In Selected Eu Countries For Food Applications, 2001
Sales In Other Segments
Table 19. Sales Of Erythorbic Acid By Application, 2001
Figure 9. Sales Of Erythorbic Acid By Application, 2001 (%)
Current And Future Demand
Table 20. Global Market For Erythorbic Acid, Through 2007
Table 21. Global Market Value Of Erythorbic Acid By Region, Through 2007 ($ Millions)
Figure 10. Market Value Of Erythorbic Acid By Region, Through 2007, ($ Millions)
The Global Market For Ascorbic Acid
Background
Physical/Chemical Properties
Ascorbic Acid
Table 22. Ascorbic Acid Data Sheet
Calcium Ascorbate
Table 23. Calcium Ascorbate Data Sheet
Sodium Ascorbate
Table 24. Sodium Ascorbate Data Sheet
Table 25. Ascorbic Acid Polyphosphate Data Sheet
Ascorbyl Palmitate
Table 26. Ascorbyl Palmitate Data Sheet
Toxicity
Table 27. Overview Of Toxicological Data Of Various Ascorbic Acid Forms
Principal Sources In Nature
Table 28 Overview Of Vitamin C Concentrations In Various Fruits, Vegetables And Animal Products
Degradation
Table 29. Vitamin C Losses In Fruits And Vegetables Under Storage
Table 30. Vitamin C Losses In Fruits And Vegetables During Processing
Applications
Metabolism
Relevance In Humans
Physical Health
Mental Health
Cancer
Human Vitamin C Requirements
Table 31. Typical Requirements For Vitamin C In Humans
Table 32. Increased Demand Of Vitamin C In Humans Under Special Conditions
Pharmaceutical And Otc Applications
Table 33. Examples Of Supplement Products Containing Vitamin C
Animal Relevance And Feed Applications
Table 34. Recommended Vitamin C Enrichments Of Compound Feed For Farm Animals
Cosmetics Applications
Food Applications
Food Enrichment
Table 35. Vitamin C Enriched Food Products
Antioxidant Additives
Table 36. Vitamin C Additions To Food Products And Its Functions As An Antioxidant
Government Regulation
Production Processes
Fermentation-Chemical Synthesis Method
Figure 11. Flow-Chart Of The Reichstein Process
Production Economics
Table 37. Production Costs For Vitamin C Based On The Reichstein Process
Figure 12. Relative Importance Of Cost Positions In The Production Of Vitamin C According To Reichstein Process (%)
Two-Stage Fermentation Process
Figure 13. Flow-Chart Of The Two-Stage Fermentation Process
Production Economics
Modified Production Processes
Price Developments
Background
Market Entry Of China
Price Trends
Table 38. Price Development Of Ascorbic Acid Products, Through 2001 ($/Kg)
Figure 14. Price Development Of Ascorbic Acid Products And Polynomial Approximation, 1991-2001 ($/Kg)
Competitiveness
Market Developments
Global Consumption By Application
Table 39. Global Ascorbic Acid Consumption By Application, Through 2001 (Thousand Tons)
Figure 15. Global Ascorbic Acid Consumption By Application, 1991-2001 (Thousand Tons)
Food
Table 40. Global Consumption Of Ascorbic Acid In Foods By Function, 2001
Figure 16. Global Consumption Of Ascorbic Acid In Foods By Function, 2001 (%)
Feed
Table 41. Global Consumption Of Ascorbic Acid In Feed, 2001
Figure 17 Global Consumption Of Ascorbic Acid In Feed, 2001 (%)
Pharmaceutical, Supplement, Otc Products
Table 42. Global Consumption Of Ascorbic Acid In Pharmaceutical, Supplement And Otc Products, 2001
Figure 18. Global Consumption Of Ascorbic Acid In Pharmaceuticals And Supplements, 2001 (%)
Cosmetics
Table 43. Global Consumption Of Ascorbic Acid In Cosmetics, 2001
Product Forms And Formulations
Table 44. Use Of Ascorbic Acid By Form, Through 1995 And 2001 (%)
Figure 19. Use Of Ascorbic Acid By Form, 1995 And 2001 (%)
Markets By Region
Table 45. Consumption Of Ascorbic Acid By Region, 2001
Figure 20. Total Ascorbic Acid Consumption By Region, 2001 (%)
Food
Table 46. Consumption Of Ascorbic Acid In Food By Region, 2001
Pharmaceuticals And Supplements
Table 47. Consumption Of Ascorbic Acid In Pharmaceutical And Supplement Applications By Region, 2001
Feed
Table 48. Consumption Of Ascorbic Acid In Feed By Region, 2001
Cosmetics
Table 49. Consumption Of Ascorbic Acid In Cosmetics By Region, 2001
Development Of Market Value
Table 50. Structure And Development Of Market Value Of Ascorbic Acid, Through 2001
Table 51. Market Value Of Ascorbic Acid By Region, 2001
Figure 21. Market Value Of Ascorbic Acid By Region, 2001 ($ Millions)
Table 52. Total Market Value Of Ascorbic Acid By Application, 2001
Figure 22. Total Market Value Of Ascorbic Acid By Application, 2001 ($ Millions)
Current And Future Demand
Future Demand In The Food Sector
Table 53. Ascorbic Acid Consumption In Food, Through 2007 (Thousand Tons)
Figure 23. Ascorbic Acid Consumption In Food, 2001 And 2007 (Thousand Tons)
Future Demand In The Pharmaceutical Sector
Future Demand In Pharmaceutical Sector (Cont.)
Table 54. Ascorbic Acid Consumption In The Supplement Market, Through 2007 (Thousand Tons)
Future Demand In Feed Applications
Table 55. Ascorbic Acid Consumption In The Feed Market, Through 2007 (Thousand Tons)
Future Demand In Cosmetic Applications
Future Demand For Other Applications
Overall Volume Development
Table 56. Demand For Ascorbic Acid By Application, 2001-2007 (Thousand Tons)
Table 57. Demand For Ascorbic Acid By Region, 2001-2007 (Thousand Tons)
Price Developments
Raw Materials
Economies Of Scale
Depreciation Costs
Labor Costs
Table 58. Expected Price Developments For Ascorbic Acid, Through 2007 ($/Kg)
Market Value Development By Region
Table 59. Market Value Of Ascorbic Acid By Region, Through
2007 ($ Millions)
Figure 24. Market Value Of Ascorbic Acid By Region, 2001 And 2007 ($ Millions)
The Global Market For Citric Acid
Background
Physical/Chemical Properties
Table 60. Citric Acid Monohydrate Data Sheet
Table 61. Citric Acid Anhydrate Data Sheet
Table 62. Tri-Sodium-Citrate Data Sheet
Production Processes
Process Description
Table 63. Major Raw Materials In The Production Of Crystalline Citric Acid Based On Molasses (1 Ton)
The Lurgi Process
Table 64. Typical Physical/Chemical Consumption Data For The Lurgi Process Of Citric Acid Production (1 Ton Citric Acid Anhydrate)
Production Economics
Table 65. Production Costs Of Citric Acid, 2000 ($/Ton) 1)
Figure 25. Total Production Costs Of Citric Acid (Pan System) (%)
China Production Costs
Western Production Costs
Price Developments
Table 66. Development Of Citric Acid Anhydrate Prices, Through 2001 ($/Kg)
Figure 26. Price Development Of Citric Acid Anhydrate And Polynomial Trend Line, 1985-2001 ($/Kg)
China Versus The West
Table 67. Prices Of Citric Acid By Form, 2001 ($/Kg)
Market Developments
Background
Table 68. Global Citric Acid Consumption, 1983 Through 2001 (Thousand Tons)
Market Developments By Application
Table 69. Citric Acid Consumption By Application, 2001 (Thousand Tons)
Figure 27. Citric Acid Consumption By Application, 2001 (%)
Consumption In Food
Beverage Applications
Table 70. Recipe For The Production Of Orange Lemonade
Table 71. Recipe For The Production Of Lemon Lemonade Premix
Table 72. Standard Citric Acid Additions In Various Beverages
Fruit And Vegetable Applications
Table 73. Citric Acid Needed To Obtain Desired Ph In Canned Vegetables (% Of Weight)
All Food Applications
Table 74. Citric Acid Consumption In Food By Application, 2001 (Thousands Tons)
Figure 28. Citric Acid Use In Food By Application, 2001 (%)
Geographic Breakdown
Table 75. Citric Acid Consumption In Food By Region, 2001 (Thousand Tons)
Figure 29. Citric Acid Consumption In Food By Region, 2001 (%)
Consumption In Feed
Table 76. Usage Of Citric Acid In Feed By Region, 2001 (Thousand Tons)
Consumption In Pharmaceutical And Otc Applications
Table 77. Usage Of Citric Acid In Pharmaceuticals And Otc Products By Region, 2001 (Thousand Tons)
Consumption In Cosmetic Applications
Table 78. Usage Of Citric Acid In Cosmetic Production By Region, 2001 (Thousand Tons)
Consumption For Detergents And Cleaners
Table 79. Typical Washing Powder Recipe
Table 80. Use Of Citrates By Type Of Detergent In Western Europe, Through 2001 (Thousand Tons)
Figure 30. Use Of Citrates By Type Of Detergent In Western Europe, 1990 And 2001 (Thousand Tons)
Table 81. Consumption Of Citrates In Detergents By Region, 2001 (Thousand Tons)
Figure 31. Consumption Of Citrates In Detergents By Region, 2001 (Thousand Tons)
Consumption For Technical Applications
Table 82. Citric Acid In Technical Applications By Region, 2001 (Thousand Tons)
Overall Citric Acid Consumption By Region
Table 83. Overall Consumption Of Citric Acid By Region, 2001 (Thousand Tons)
Figure 32. Total Consumption Of Citric Acid By Region, 2001 (Thousand Tons)
Formulations Used
Table 84. Product Forms Of Citric Acid And Their Relevance In Various Applications, 2001
Development Of Market Value
Table 85. Global Market Value Of Citric Acid, Through 2001
Table 86. Market Value Of Citric Acid By Region, 2001 ($ Millions)
Figure 33. Market Value Of Citric Acid By Region, 2001 ($ Millions)
Table 87. Market Value Of Citric Acid By Application, 2001 ($ Millions)
Figure 34. Market Value Of Citric Acid By Application, 2001 (%)
Current And Future Demand
Future Demand In The Food Sector
Table 88. Consumption Of Citric Acid In The Food Sector By Region, Through 2007 (Thousand Tons)
Figure 35. Consumption Of Citric Acid In The Food Sector By Region, 2001 And 2007 (Thousand Tons)
Table 89. Consumption Of Citric Acid In Foods By Category, Through 2007 (Thousand Tons)
Future Demand In The Pharmaceutical Sector
Future Demand In The Feed Sector
Future Demand In The Cosmetics Sector
Future Demand For Detergent Applications
Table 90. Consumption Of Citric Acid In Detergents By Region, Through 2007 (Thousand Tons)
Table 91. Consumption Of Citric Acid By Application Segment, Through 2007 (Thousand Tons)
Figure 36. Consumption Of Citric Acid By Application, 2001 And 2007 (Thousand Tons)
Table 92. Overall Consumption Of Citric Acid By Region, Through 2007 (Thousand Tons)
Figure 37. Overall Consumption Of Citric Acid By Region, 2001 And 2007 (Thousand Tons)
Future Price Developments
Development Of Market Value
Table 93. Global Market Value Of Citric Acid, Through 2007
Company Profiles And Strategies
Ascorbic Acid
Market Shares
Table 94. Market Shares For Vitamin C, 1985-2001 (% Of Total)
Figure 38. Market Shares Of Major Companies For Vitamin C, 2001 (%)
Table 95. Production Of Vitamin C By Chinese Companies, 2001 (Thousand Tons)
Figure 39. Production Of Vitamin C By Major Chinese Companies, 2001 (%)
Company Strategies
Company Strategies (Continued)
Company Strategies (Continued)
Profiles Of Nonwestern Vitamin C Producers
Indian Companies
Ambalal Sarabhai Enterprises Ltd., Baroda
Jayant Vitamins
Chinese Companies
Henan Zhongyuan Pharmaceutical Factory
Aland-Siangsu Jiangshan Pharmaceutical Company
China Pharmaceutical Enterprise And Investment Corporation Ltd.
Anhui Stone Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Bengbu
Weisheng Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd.
China Shijiazhuang Pharmaceutical Group
Shanghai Sunve Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd.
Zhongguo Pharmaceutical Group
Northeast Pharmaceutical Group Company (Nepg)
Hebei Welcome Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd.
Western Producers
F. Hoffmann La Roche
Basf
Erythorbic Acid
Market Shares
Table 96. Chinese Erythorbic Acid Producers, 1993 (Tons)
Table 97. Chinese Erythorbic Acid Producers, 2001 (Tons)
Figure 40. Market Shares Of Major Isoascorbic Acid Producers, 2001 (%)
Company Strategies
Company Strategies (Continued)
Company Profiles
Roquette
Fujisawa Pharmaceutical Co.
X'ian Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd
Citric Acid
Market Shares
Table 98. Market Shares For Citric Acid, 1986-2001
Figure 41. Market Shares Of Major Producer Of Citric Acid, 2001 (%)
Table 99. Production Of Citric Acid By Minor Producers, 2001 (Thousand Tons)
Table 100. Citric Acid Producers In China, 2001 (Tons)
Table 100 (Continued)
Table 100 (Continued)
Table 101. Relative Importance Of The 10 Leading Citric Acid Producers In China, 2001 (%)
Company Strategies
Company Profiles
Western Companies
Roche
Adm
Cargill
Jungbunzlauer
Tate & Lyle
Chinese And Other Companies
Budi Acid Jaya
Gadot
Sorini Corporation
Biochemical Group Bengbu
Roche Zhongaya (Wuxi) Citric Acid Ltd.
List Of Tables
Summary Table:
Global Market Values Of Isoascorbic Acid, Ascorbic Acid And Citric Acid, Through 2007 ($ Millions)
Table 1 Global Market Values For Isoascorbic Acid, Ascorbic Acid And Citric Acid, Through 2007 ($ Millions)
Table 2 Market Value Forecast Of Isoascorbic Acid, Ascorbic Acid And Citric Acid By Application Segment, 2007 ($ Millions)
Table 3 Market Value Forecast For Isoascorbic Acid, Ascorbic Acid And Citric Acid By Region, 2007 ($ Millions)
Table 4 Erythorbic Acid Data Sheet
Table 5 Sodium Erythorbate Data Sheet
Table 6 Comparison Of The Composition Of Developers For Graphic Art With And Without Sodium Erythorbate
Table 7 Further Potential Applications For Erythorbic Acids And Intended Effects
Table 8 Structure Of The Processed Meat Market By Product Type In The Eu, 2001 (%)
Table 9 Consumption Of Sausages, Bacon And Ham In The Eu, Through 2001 (Thousand Tons)
Table 10 Ham, Bacon And Sausage Consumption By Eu Country, 2001 (Thousand Tons)
Table 11 Ham, Bacon And Sausage Consumption In The U.S., Asia And The Rest Of The World, 2001
Table 12 Media Requirements For The Direct Fermentation Process Of Erythorbic Acid
Table 13 Estimated Production Costs For Direct Fermentation Of Erythorbic Acid, 2000-2001
Table 14 Media Requirements For The Production Of 2-Keto-Gluconic Acid By Serratia Marcescens
Table 15 Estimated Production Costs For 2-Keto-Gluconic Acid Fermentation And Conversion To Erythorbic Acid, 2001
Table 16 Price Developments Of Erythorbic Acid And Sodium Erythorbate, 1981-2001 ($/Kg)
Table 17 Erythorbic Acid Sales For Food Applications By Region, Through 2001 (Thousand Tons)
Table 18 Sales Of Erythorbic Acid In Selected Eu Countries For Food Applications, 2001
Table 19 Sales Of Erythorbic Acid By Application, 2001
Table 20 Global Market For Erythorbic Acid, Through 2007
Table 21 Global Market Value Of Erythorbic Acid By Region, Through 2007 ($ Millions)
Table 22 Ascorbic Acid Data Sheet
Table 23 Calcium Ascorbate Data Sheet
Table 24 Sodium Ascorbate Data Sheet
Table 25 Ascorbic Acid Polyphosphate Data Sheet
Table 26 Ascorbyl Palmitate Data Sheet
Table 27 Overview Of Toxicological Data Of Various Ascorbic Acid Forms
Table 28 Overview Of Vitamin C Concentrations In Various Fruits, Vegetables And Animal Products
Table 29 Vitamin C Losses In Fruits And Vegetables Under Storage
Table 30 Vitamin C Losses In Fruits And Vegetables During Processing
Table 31 Typical Requirements For Vitamin C In Humans
Table 32 Increased Demand Of Vitamin C In Humans Under Special Conditions
Table 33 Examples Of Supplement Products Containing Vitamin C
Table 34 Recommended Vitamin C Enrichments Of Compound Feed For Farm Animals
Table 35 Vitamin C Enriched Food Products
Table 36 Vitamin C Additions To Food Products And Its Functions As An Antioxidant
Table 37 Production Costs For Vitamin C Based On The Reichstein Process
Table 38 Price Development Of Ascorbic Acid Products, Through 2001 ($/Kg)
Table 39 Global Ascorbic Acid Consumption By Application, Through 2001 (Thousand Tons)
Table 40 Global Consumption Of Ascorbic Acid In Foods By Function, 2001
Table 41 Global Consumption Of Ascorbic Acid In Feed, 2001
Table 42 Global Consumption Of Ascorbic Acid In Pharmaceutical, Supplement And Otc Products, 2001
Table 43 Global Consumption Of Ascorbic Acid In Cosmetics, 2001
Table 44 Use Of Ascorbic Acid By Form, Through 1995 And 2001 (%)
Table 45 Consumption Of Ascorbic Acid By Region, 2001
Table 46 Consumption Of Ascorbic Acid In Food By Region, 2001
Table 47 Consumption Of Ascorbic Acid In Pharmaceutical And Supplement Applications By Region, 2001
Table 48 Consumption Of Ascorbic Acid In Feed By Region, 2001
Table 49 Consumption Of Ascorbic Acid In Cosmetics By Region, 2001
Table 50 Structure And Development Of Market Value Of Ascorbic Acid, Through 2001
Table 51 Market Value Of Ascorbic Acid By Region, 2001
Table 52 Total Market Value Of Ascorbic Acid By Application, 2001
Table 53 Ascorbic Acid Consumption In Food, Through 2007 (Thousand Tons)
Table 54 Ascorbic Acid Consumption In The Supplement Market, Through 2007 (Thousand Tons)
Table 55 Ascorbic Acid Consumption In The Feed Market, Through 2007 (Thousand Tons)
Table 56 Demand For Ascorbic Acid By Application, 2001-2007 (Thousand Tons)
Table 57 Demand For Ascorbic Acid By Region, 2001-2007 (Thousand Tons)
Table 58 Expected Price Developments For Ascorbic Acid, Through 2007 ($/Kg)
Table 59 Market Value Of Ascorbic Acid By Region, Through 2007 ($ Millions)
Table 60 Citric Acid Monohydrate Data Sheet
Table 61 Citric Acid Anhydrate Data Sheet
Table 62 Tri-Sodium-Citrate Data Sheet
Table 63 Major Raw Materials In The Production Of Crystalline Citric Acid Based On Molasses (1 Ton)
Table 64 Typical Physical/Chemical Consumption Data For The Lurgi Process Of Citric Acid Production (1 Ton Citric Acid Anhydrate)
Table 65 Production Costs Of Citric Acid, 2000 ($/Ton) 1)
Table 66 Development Of Citric Acid Anhydrate Prices, Through 2001 ($/Kg)
Table 67 Prices Of Citric Acid By Form, 2001 ($/Kg)
Table 68 Global Citric Acid Consumption, 1983 Through 2001 (Thousand Tons)
Table 69 Citric Acid Consumption By Application, 2001 (Thousand Tons)
Table 70 Recipe For The Production Of Orange Lemonade
Table 71 Recipe For The Production Of Lemon Lemonade Premix
Table 72 Standard Citric Acid Additions In Various Beverages
Table 73 Citric Acid Needed To Obtain Desired Ph In Canned Vegetables (% Of Weight)
Table 74 Citric Acid Consumption In Food By Application, 2001 (Thousands Tons)
Table 75 Citric Acid Consumption In Food By Region, 2001 (Thousand Tons)
Table 76 Usage Of Citric Acid In Feed By Region, 2001 (Thousand Tons)
Table 77 Usage Of Citric Acid In Pharmaceuticals And Otc Products By Region, 2001 (Thousand Tons)
Table 78 Usage Of Citric Acid In Cosmetic Production By Region, 2001 (Thousand Tons)
Table 79 Typical Washing Powder Recipe
Table 80 Use Of Citrates By Type Of Detergent In Western Europe, Through 2001 (Thousand Tons)
Table 81 Consumption Of Citrates In Detergents By Region, 2001 (Thousand Tons)
Table 82 Citric Acid In Technical Applications By Region, 2001 (Thousand Tons)
Table 83 Overall Consumption Of Citric Acid By Region, 2001 (Thousand Tons)
Table 84 Product Forms Of Citric Acid And Their Relevance In Various Applications, 2001
Table 85 Global Market Value Of Citric Acid, Through 2001
Table 86 Market Value Of Citric Acid By Region, 2001 ($ Millions)
Table 87 Market Value Of Citric Acid By Application, 2001 ($ Millions)
Table 88 Consumption Of Citric Acid In The Food Sector By Region, Through 2007 (Thousand Tons)
Table 89 Consumption Of Citric Acid In Foods By Category, Through 2007 (Thousand Tons)
Table 90 Consumption Of Citric Acid In Detergents By Region, Through 2007 (Thousand Tons)
Table 91 Consumption Of Citric Acid By Application Segment, Through 2007 (Thousand Tons)
Table 92 Overall Consumption Of Citric Acid By Region, Through 2007 (Thousand Tons)
Table 93 Global Market Value Of Citric Acid, Through 2007
Table 94 Market Shares For Vitamin C, 1985-2001 (% Of Total)
Table 95 Production Of Vitamin C By Chinese Companies, 2001 (Thousand Tons)
Table 96 Chinese Erythorbic Acid Producers, 1993 (Tons)
Table 97 Chinese Erythorbic Acid Producers, 2001 (Tons)
Table 98 Market Shares For Citric Acid, 1986-2001
Table 99 Production Of Citric Acid By Minor Producers, 2001 (Thousand Tons)
Table 100 Citric Acid Producers In China, 2001 (Tons)
Table 101 Relative Importance Of The 10 Leading Citric Acid Producers In China, 2001 (%)
List Of Figures
Summary Figure:
Global Market Values Of Isoascorbic Acid, Ascorbic Acid And Citric Acid, 2001 And 2007 ($ Millions)
Figure 1 Market Value For Isoascorbic Acid, Ascorbic Acid And Citric Acid By Application Segment, 2007 ($ Millions)
Figure 2 Market Value Forecast For Isoascorbic Acid, Ascorbic Acid And Citric Acid By Region, 2007 ($ Millions)
Figure 3 Sausage, Ham And Bacon Consumption In The Eu, 1987-2001 (Thousand Tons)
Figure 4 Ham, Bacon And Sausage Consumption By Eu Country, 2001 (%)
Figure 5 Flow Chart Of The Two Different Processes For The Production Of Erythorbic Acid
Figure 6 Estimated Production Costs For Direct Fermentation Of Erythorbic Acid, 2000-2001 (%)
Figure 7 Price Developments Of Erythorbic Acid And Sodium Erythorbate, Including Polynomial Approximations, 1981-2001 ($/Kg)
Figure 8 Erythorbic Acid Sales For Food Applications By Region, 1985-2001 (Thousand Tons)
Figure 9 Sales Of Erythorbic Acid By Application, 2001 (%)
Figure 10 Market Value Of Erythorbic Acid By Region, Through 2007, ($ Millions)
Figure 11 Flow-Chart Of The Reichstein Process
Figure 12 Relative Importance Of Cost Positions In The Production Of Vitamin C According To Reichstein Process (%)
Figure 13 Flow-Chart Of The Two-Stage Fermentation Process
Figure 14 Price Development Of Ascorbic Acid Products And Polynomial Approximation, 1991-2001 ($/Kg)
Figure 15 Global Ascorbic Acid Consumption By Application, 1991-2001 (Thousand Tons)
Figure 16 Global Consumption Of Ascorbic Acid In Foods By Function, 2001 (%)
Figure 17 Global Consumption Of Ascorbic Acid In Feed, 2001 (%)
Figure 18 Global Consumption Of Ascorbic Acid In Pharmaceuticals And Supplements, 2001 (%)
Figure 19 Use Of Ascorbic Acid By Form, 1995 And 2001 (%)
Figure 20 Total Ascorbic Acid Consumption By Region, 2001 (%)
Figure 21 Market Value Of Ascorbic Acid By Region, 2001 ($ Millions)
Figure 22 Total Market Value Of Ascorbic Acid By Application, 2001 ($ Millions)
Figure 23 Ascorbic Acid Consumption In Food, 2001 And 2007 (Thousand Tons)
Figure 24 Market Value Of Ascorbic Acid By Region, 2001 And 2007 ($ Millions)
Figure 25 Total Production Costs Of Citric Acid (Pan System) (%)
Figure 26 Price Development Of Citric Acid Anhydrate And Polynomial Trend Line, 1985-2001 ($/Kg)
Figure 27 Citric Acid Consumption By Application, 2001 (%)
Figure 28 Citric Acid Use In Food By Application, 2001 (%)
Figure 29 Citric Acid Consumption In Food By Region, 2001 (%)
Figure 30 Use Of Citrates By Type Of Detergent In Western Europe, 1990 And 2001 (Thousand Tons)
Figure 31 Consumption Of Citrates In Detergents By Region, 2001 (Thousand Tons)
Figure 32 Total Consumption Of Citric Acid By Region, 2001 (Thousand Tons)
Figure 33 Market Value Of Citric Acid By Region, 2001 ($ Millions)
Figure 34 Market Value Of Citric Acid By Application, 2001 (%)
Figure 35 Consumption Of Citric Acid In The Food Sector By Region, 2001 And 2007 (Thousand Tons)
Figure 36 Consumption Of Citric Acid By Application, 2001 And 2007 (Thousand Tons)
Figure 37 Overall Consumption Of Citric Acid By Region, 2001 And 2007 (Thousand Tons)
Figure 38 Market Shares Of Major Companies For Vitamin C, 2001 (%)
Figure 39 Production Of Vitamin C By Major Chinese Companies, 2001 (%)
Figure 40 Market Shares Of Major Isoascorbic Acid Producers, 2001 (%)
Figure 41 Market Shares Of Major Producer Of Citric Acid, 2001 (%)
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