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- Electromyelogram (EMG)/Nerve Conduction Velocity (NCV)
- Surface EMG, Spinoscopy
- Electromyography, Anal or Urethral External Sphincter
- Perception Threshold/Sensory Nerve Conduction Threshold (SNCT)
- Sensory/Somatosensory Evoked Potentials (
- Visual and Auditory Evoked Response Tests
- Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS): Therapy
- Headaches, migraine, tension, other
- Cervico-occipital and cluster headaches - related procedures
- Cranial Electrical Stimulation
- Dihydroergotamine (DHE); Histamine desensitization therapies
- Neuroimaging Studies for Headaches -Refer to the Radiology section
- Multiple Sclerosis (MS) - Diagnosis and Therapy
- Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT)
- NeuroControl Freehand System
- Neurofeedback Training
- Neuropsychological Testing (NPT) - refer to the preceding guideline in the Neurology Studies section
- Percutaneous Neurotomy for Chronic Cervical Pain
- Sensory stimulation for coma patients
- Spasticity - Neurosurgical procedures
- Selective peripheral denervation (Bertrand procedure) for spastic torticollis
- Neurosurgical management of spasticity
- Spinal tap/lumbar puncture (LP), diagnostic
- Stereotactic cingulotomy
- Stereotaxic Depth Electrode Implantation
- Sympathetic therapy for chronic pain management - refer to DME chapter for guideline
- Sympathectomy, Thoracoscopic
- Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS)
- Conservative therapy
- Low Level Laser Therapy for the Treatment of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS)
- Carpal Tunnel Release
- Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA) - Hospitalization indications
- Trigeminal Neuralgia - Radiofrequency Ablation, Other therapies
- Parkinson’s disease
- Deep brain/thalamic electrical stimulation for intractable tremors (Parkinson’s, dystonias, other tremors)
- Pallidotomy for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease
- Fetal tissue Cell (mesencephalic, adrenal-brain and fetal xenograft) transplantation for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease
- Thalamotomy for movement disorders
- Seizures/Epilepsy - diagnosis and management
- Electroencephalographic biofeedback for intractable seizures
- Surgical evaluation for intractable seizure disorders - Grid Monitoring
- Vagus Nerve Stimulation for the treatment of refractory seizures, depression
- Diabetic Neuropathy - refer to the preceding neurological testing section
- Peripheral neuropathy with loss of protective sensation (LOPS)
- H-wave stimulation for diabetic peripheral neuropathy with LOPS
- Surgical decompression for diabetic neuropathy
- Cognitive Rehabilitation (CR)
- Sensory or auditory Integration Therapy/Training (
- Constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT)
- Head Injury - assessment and management (
- Hippotherapy/Therapeutic Horseback Riding/Equestrian Therapy
- Hypothermia following acute brain injury
- Induced Lesions of Nerve Tracts, Medicare NCD
- Intra-operative Electromyographic Monitoring of Cranial Nerves
- Intraoperative Neurophysiologic Monitoring
- Invasive Intracranial Pressure Monitoring
- Shunt, subcutaneous lumbar
- Stroke prevention - Angioplasty of intracerebral arteries
- Stroke units
- Thalamotomy for movement disorders
- Ulnar Nerve Transposition, Decompression or Release
- Vagus Nerve Stimulation for the treatment of depression, seizures
- Vestibular - refer to ENT chapter
- Videopupillography/Tropicamide Drop Test Alzheimer’s Disease
- Ziconotide Intrathecal Infusion (Prialt®) for Severe Chronic Pain
- Neurology/Neurosurgery Referral Guideline Links
- Neurology/Neurosurgery Notes
- Back and Neck Pain - Evaluation and Procedures;
- Back and Neck Pain - Evaluation and Procedures; Refer to Apollo’s Medical Review Criteria for Managing Care, DME chapter for additional related guidelines
- Low back pain - evaluation and management introduction (‘acute’, ‘slow to recover’)
- Algorithm for ‘slow to Recover’ back pain evaluation
- Anterior Spinal Surgery, Endoscopic/Minimally Invasive
- Artificial/Prosthetic Intervertebral Discs/Disc replacement
- Cervical Spine - refer to related guidelines throughout this section
- Cervical pain, acute, without preceding trauma - guideline
- Cervical nerve root entrapment - surgical indications
- Cervical Laminoplasty
- Spinal Instability, cervical - lateral screw fixation
- Chymopapain Chemonucleolysis
- Endoscopic/Minimally Invasive Anterior Spinal Surgery- refer to Anterior Spinal Surgery
- Epidural injections - steroids, nerve blocks - refer to spinal stenosis and the Anesthesiology section: Nerve blocks
- Epidural adhesions - neurolysis
- Facet Denervation: Neurotomy, Rhizotomy, or Articular Rhizolysis
- Facet Denervation: Percutaneous Radiofrequency
- Implantable Infusion Pumps for Chronic Severe Back Pain
- Intervertebral Discs/Disc replacement - refer to ‘Artifical/prosthetic intervertebral discs’
- Intradiscal Electrothermal Therapy (IDET)
- Laminectomy
- Laser assisted spinal endoscopy
- Machines to treat low back pain
- Magnets for the treatment of chronic low back pain
- Microdiscectomy, Percutaneous Lumbar Discectomy, automated
- Neuroreflexotherapy (NRT)
- NucleoplastyTM
- Percutaneous vertebroplasty/kyphoplasty
- Postural Reconstruction Physiotherapy
- Prolotherapy
- Scoliosis - Therapies
- Spinal fusion/arthrodesis
- Spinal Instability, lumbo-sacral - Pedicle screw fixation
- Spinal stenosis
- Interspinous distraction or dynamic stabilization for spinal stenosis (X-stop or Dynesys)
- Surface electrical muscle stimulation for juvenile scoliosis- refer to guideline in DME chapter
- Trigger Point Injections
- Vertebroplasty, kyphoplasty - refer to percutaneous
- Neuroradiology Guidelines
- Spine - diagnostic radiology - Refer to CT and MRI sections that follow and the Skeletal-muscular chapter related topics
- Low back pain imaging studies
- Myelography and Cisternography
- Discography
- Scoliosis in children - indications for radiography
- Videofluoroscopy of the spine (Motion X-rays, Dynamic Spinal Visualization)
- Epidurogram/Epiduroscopy
- Cervical spine; Diagnostic radiology; post-trauma
- Skull x-rays- post-trauma
- Diagnostic Arteriography/Angiography/Venography - Indications
- Cervicocerebral angiography
- MRI/CT Overview
- CT Overview
- Whole body CT Scans
- CT angiography (CTA)
- Computerized Tomography (CT or CAT) including headaches, extracranial head, brain, and thoracic scans; High-resolution CT (HRCT)for Pulmonary Studies
- MRI Overview including Standing and Sitting MRIs
- MRI - Brain
- MRI - Orbit, Face, and Neck
- MRI - Spine
- Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA) including Venography Neurovascular Imaging (update
- Magnetic Resonance Neurography/Peripheral Nerves (MRN)
- Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS)/Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)
- Magnetic Source Imaging (MSI)/Magnetoencephalography (MEG)
- Neuroimaging Studies for Headaches, Other
- Resources: Neuroimaging
- Alzheimer’s Disease 2007 - 55 page clinical guideline - contents list on page 2 of guideline
- ADHD 2007 - 53 page clinical guideline - contents list on page 2 of guideline
- References & Resources for Clinical Review Guideline Topics - Autism, Asperger, PDD
- Neurology and Neurosurgical web site resources
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